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VIRUSES
VIRUS: (LATIN) REFERRING TO POISON AND OTHER NOXIOUS THINGS
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VIRUS STRUCTURE
• ENVELOPE – OUTER COVERING MADE OF PROTEIN
• CAPSID – CAPSULE MADE OF PROTEIN. ENCLOSES NUCLEIC ACID
See next screen for typical diagram
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VIRUS
STRUCTURE
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V
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V
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VIRUSES – Are they alive?Remember your 6 Unifying Principles: An
organism must fully meet all 6 to be considered living.
1. Evolution- Viruses mutate but only within a host
2. Homeostasis- Viruses do not regulate their internal environment
3. Growth & Development- Viruses do neither on their own
4. Continuity- A virus can only reproduce using a host cell
5. Energy, Matter, and Organization- A virus has no enzymes for metabolism
6. Ecology- Viruses depend on other organisms, but other organisms do not depend on viruses
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NO!Viruses are not alive!
Viruses DO NOT completely meet ANY of the 6 Unifying Principles of
Biology!
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VIRUSES ARE:OBLIGATE INTRACELLULAR
PARASITES(They are incapable of replicating except when inhabiting the
inside of a cell.)
•Viruses are a set of encapsulated genes that can be transmitted between a defined set of host
cells.
•To access a cell, a virus displays a receptor protein on its surface allowing it to be recognized
by the host cell.
•Some viruses may infect just humans, others infect a variety of organisms (what viruses
infect=host range)
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• FIRST: A virus must have a means of placing its genetic material into a host cell
• SECOND: Once in, the host cell’s normal processes are hijacked by viral proteins
• THIRD: The host cell’s DNA is reprogrammed to produce new viral proteins and genetic material at a FAST rate!
Viruses use the cell’s:Amino acids, nucleotides, and ATP (for energy)
VIRUS INFECTION
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Virus Reproduction ProcessVirus Reproduction Process
a.a. AbsorptionAbsorption
b.b. EntryEntry
c.c. ReplicationReplication
d.d. ReleaseRelease
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BACTERIA VIRUSES
• Group of viruses that infect BACTERIA only
• Called BACTERIOPHAGE or PHAGE for short
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BACTERIOPHAGE
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REPRODUCTION OF A BACTERIOPHAGE
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Latent Viruses
• “Latent” or “hidden” viruses may exist in a host
• They are inactive
• They are unrecognizable by the immune system
• They may be triggered and enter the lytic cycle
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LYTIC AND LYSOGENIC STAGES OF A VIRAL INFECTION IN BACTERIA
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Lysogenic Cycle of a Temperate Virus
Remains in cell Activated to produce new viruses
--Does not cause disease --Does not cause disease immediatelyimmediately
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HIV reproductionStep 1:
• The genome enters a special T-cell variant through two cytokine receptors
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HIV reproductionSteps 2 and 3:
• The endogenous reverse transcriptase converts the viral RNA genome into a DNA genomes.
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HIV reproductionStep 4:
• Special sequences and an integrase enzyme allow the viral DNA to incorporate into the host DNA
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HIV reproductionSteps 5 and 6:
• From the viral genome, new viral protein components are made
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HIV reproductionStep 7 and 8:
right time, the capsid reforms and the viral RNA genome is re-incorporated. New virus buds from the infected cell.
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___________________
* 200 kinds of Viruses
Symptoms include nasal discharge, obstruction of nasal breathing, swelling of the sinus membranes,
sneezing, sore throat, cough, and headache.
Common Cold
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__________________
•Poliomyelitis is a crippling disease of spinal nerve cells caused by poliovirus infection.
•The disease can strike non-immune persons of any age but affects mainly children under the age of three, and causes paralysis in one case of every 200 to 1000 infections.
•Preventable by vaccination.
Polio
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______________
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus,
or HIV.
HIV destroys the body's ability to fight infections by attacking cells of the immune
system.
STDSTD
AIDS
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______________
The vast majority of cases reported to the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) each
year occur in wild animals like raccoons, skunks,
bats, and foxes.
Infects the central nervous system, causing
encephalopathy and ultimately death.
Rabies
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______________
(Herpes simplex )
•Between 50 - 80% of all people possess this virus and is spread through direct contact with an infected individual.
•Once the virus has entered the body, it cannot be removed.
• Only 10% of HSV1 infected people ever develop a sore.
Cold Sore
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_____________
It usually occurs durally occurs during adulthood after exposure to chicken pox in childhood. The chicken pox virus remains dormant in the body.
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_____________
Most infected children will have a rash, high fever, cough, runny
nose, and watery eyes.
For every 1,000 children who get it, 1 or 2 will die from it
Spreads so easily that any child who is not immunized will
probably get it, either now or later in life.
Measles
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___________
Non-cancerous skin growths caused by a
viral infection in the top layer of the skin. Viruses
that cause them are called human
papillomavirus (HPV). STDSTD
Warts
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_______________
HSV-2 usually produces only mild symptoms or signs or no symptoms at
all.
However, HSV-2 can cause recurrent painful genital sores in many adults, and HSV-2 infection can be severe in people
with suppressed immune systems.
Regardless of severity of symptoms, genital herpes frequently causes
psychological distress in people who know they are infected.
STDSTD
Herpes
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_____________
The most common serious liver infection in the world.
It is caused by the HBV virus that attacks the liver.
HBV is 100 times more infectious than the AIDS virus. Yet, can be prevented with a safe and effective vaccine.
Hepatitis B
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C. Virologist
1. Growing cells in a controlled medium: ________________2. Serology
3. _____________is used to separate fragments of molecules based on charge and size.
4.. Studies bacteriophages.
Tissue culture
- study of biological fluids used to determine antibody response
Electrophoresis
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The End