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CONCEPTUAL PHYSICSVibrations and Waves
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Vibration: a wiggle in timeWave: a wiggle in space and time. Cannot
exist in one place, must extend from one place to another.
http://www.stmary.ws/highschool/physics/home/videos/wave2.html
Vibration of a pendulumThe time a pendulum takes to swing to and fro
does not depend on the mass of the pendulum.Period (T): time of a to-and-fro swing
Depends only on the length (L) of the pendulum and the acceleration of gravity (g)
g
LT 2
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Wave descriptionA sine curve is a pictorial representation of a
wave.Crests: highpoint Troughs: low pointsAmplitude: distance from the midpoint to the
crest or from the midpoint to the troughWavelength: distance from the top of one crest
to the top of the next one.Frequency (f): how frequently
a vibration occurs. Unit: hertz (Hz)
T= 1/f
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Wave motion: sound and light are form of energy that travels in the form of waves.When energy is transferred by a wave, there is
no transfer of matter.Speed of sound: 340 m/sSpeed of radiant energy: (radio waves,
microwaves, infrared, light, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma) 3x108 m/s
The energy transferred from a vibrating source to a receiver is carried by a disturbance in a medium, not from matter moving from one place to another within the medium.
Wave speedDepends on the medium through which the wave
travels.Wave speed = frequency x wavelength
v= f x
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Transverse wave: the motion of the medium is at right angles to the direction in which a wave travels. Fig 25-8 p356
Longitudinal wave: motion of the medium is along the direction of the wave.Fig 25-9 p357
YouTube - Transverse and Longitudinal WavesInterference: when waves overlap
Constructive interference: when the crest of one wave overlaps the crest of another, their individual effects add together.
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Destructive interference: when the crest of one wave overlaps the trough of another, there is a cancellation of their effects.
Fig25-10 p358
Out of phase: when waves from two object arrive “out of step”
In phase: when waves from two objects arrive “in step”.
Standing waves Read p359
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Doppler effect: the change of frequency due to the motion of the source. Read p361
Bow waves Read p363Shock waves Read p364http://www.stmary.ws/highschool/physics/hom
e/videos/waves/dopplerv_14.mpg
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1) A nurse counts 76 heartbeats in one minute. What are the period and frequency of the heart’s occilations?
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2) Calculate the speed of waves in water that are 0.4m apart and have a frequency of 2 Hz.
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3) The lowest frequency we can hear is about 20 Hz. Calculate the wavelength associated with this frequency for sound that travels at 340 m/s.
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4) A monkey swings from a tree by his 0.30 m long tail. What is the period of swing of the monkey?
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5) Marla, a maid, is dusting a chandelier. As she is reaching up, she slips and grabs hold of the chandelier to catch her balance. When she lets go, the chandelier begins to swing with a period of 1.6s. How long is the cable connecting the chandelier to the ceiling?
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CONCEPTUAL PHYSICSVibrations and Waves