Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 33
What is the HCI Issue?
• Is interface the real concern?
• Is issue a matter of accomplishing work, some set of tasks?
• Are we focusing on wrong thing?
• We do not discuss std telephone interfaces often.
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 44
“Doing Work” View - 2
• Understand user and human behavior
• How does an architect approach custom home design for new client?
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 55
• Interesting, pleasing, attractive, inviting
• Effective to use
• Intuitive: Alan Kay’s children- Can a caveman use it?
• Organized, hierarchically structured, clean
What good interface principles- 1
do we already know?
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 66
• Help functions, Search, etc
• Consistent form (aka design integrity)
• Automatic assistance- Completions- Spelling- Wizards
What good interface principles- 2
do we already know?
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 77
• Lead the user- Prompts- Indicate nature of any problem- Specific communication
• Navigational aids: systems often huge- Where am I ??- What does interface want from me?
What good interface principles- 3
do we already know?
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 88
• Meaningful error msgs- Don’t send you elsewhere- Give useful number (info)- Area of inadequate traditions
• Multiple paths to a function
• Keep it simple- KISS
What good interface principles- 4
do we already know?
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 99
• Gain user’s trust
• Bottom up is probably most acceptable
• Simple tasks should remain simple
• WYSIWYG – easy to get started- Piano v violin
What good interface principles- 5
do we already know?
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 1010
Our history hurts us…- 1
• Developed some poor communications habits
• Natural language is terribly ambiguous
• Resources were scare
• Other priorities, historically
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 1111
Our history hurts us… - 2
• Error Messages- Early computing: “Compiler error”- Even now: Sys Error EM732851- Error from wrong level: page fault …
• Small, cluttered road signs
• Confusing directions- 400 S HOV Interchange on I15
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 1212
Our history hurts us: KE007 - 3
KE007KE007 1 Sep 19831 Sep 1983
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 1313
Our history hurts us… KE007 - 4
• Korean Airlines Flight KE007
• 269 onboard, veered over Russian airspace in Pacific; was shot down
• Pilot/Navigator keyed in numerical coordinates by hand for flight plan- Possible transcription error
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 1414
Our history hurts us… KE007 - 5
How about:
• Automatic download?
• Picking from menu?
• Symbolic names?
• Confirmation playback?
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 1515
Our history hurts us… KE007 - 6
How about:• Context check (like type-checking…)?
- Pilot, run, time, plane, schedules, assignments, etc
• Skyteam/ DL downloadable (filtered) timetable- All SkyTeam / All Delta- Only Connecting, Direct, Nonstop
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 1616
Our history hurts us… KE007 - 7
How about:
• Monitors, Alarms, Inhibitors?
• Confirmation message?- Aviation tower communications- Telephone technical conversations
• Parity checks?
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 1717
Audi• Cars took off from a standing position
• Driver error, claimed Audi…
• Whose error was it?
Our history hurts us… - 8
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 1818
Our history hurts us… - 9
NASA’s Mars Orbiter Space Probe
NASA’s Mars Polar Lander Space Probe
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 1919
Our history hurts us… - 9
NASA’s Mars Orbiter Space Probe
NASA’s Mars Polar Lander Space Probe
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 2121
Our history hurts us… - 10
NASA’s Mars Orbiter Space Probe
NASA’s Mars Polar Lander Space Probe
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 2323
Our history hurts us… - 11
• NASA space probe
• Lost major mission over units mistake
• JPL group worked in SI units
• Colorado group worked in English units
• Combining the results let to bad numbers
• Type checking issues?
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 2424
What does this sign
mean?
Culture -1
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 2525
What does this sign
mean?
Culture-2
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 2626
• Up is better than down- Religion, Dante, …
• When we refer to ourselves- We point to our noses?- Our chests?
• Point with index finger or hand ?
Culture-3
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 2727
Critical Interfaces
• Nuclear power plants: 1961 SL1 nuclear disaster - Interface had better be clear and foolproof
• Airplane cockpit- Computer graphics has simplified controls,
infomation
• Power saw, laser indicator
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 2828
Accessibility of Controls
• Where is the interface?
• Where is the emergency “Off” ?
• Access causes:
- Exposure to danger
- Confusion
- Loss of critical time
- Distraction (John Denver’s plane crash)
- Disorientation
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 2929
Parameter Overload
• Too many choices
• What does a parameter (widget) do?
• Which is the most important at this time?
• Examples
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 3030
Effect of Function: Examples
• Water faucets in a sink
• Manual gear shift: 4 on the floor
• Chords on a guitar: hard!
• Interface is dictated (confused) by needed function
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 3131
Other Historical Examples
• Books are essentially linear
• Stories or communications needs are not
• Hyper-text - Breaks the shackles of linear text stream- Digress as needed, desired
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 3232
HCI is a Design Problem
• Design is old subject
• Well studied, rich traditions
• Apply design methodologies to build better interfaces
• We will look at this viewpoint
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 3333
Important Operational Issues
• Reliability
• Availability
• Security
• Data integrity
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 3434
Important Basics
• Standardization across app’s- Apple did this first
• Integration of packages and tools- Unix does this well
• Consistency in actions, design style, terms, menus, color, fonts, etc
• Portability across platforms- Less than advertised (Quicken, eg)
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 3737
Important Stats -1
• Time to learn
• Speed of performance- How much coffee can one drink?
• Rate of errors by users- “The user is always right!”
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 3838
Important Stats -2
• Retention over time- Do you have to start at square 1?
• Subjective satisfaction- Do you like it (no explanation needed!)- Can you develop attachment for it?
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 3939
Dramatically Different Needs - 1
• Life-critical systems- Air traffic; nuclear reactors; cockpits; power
utilities; emergency, military, medical, operations
• Commercial- Banks, resv’s, inventory, point-of-sales
(Hertz, Fedex,..), registration,..
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 4040
Dramatically Different Needs - 2
• Home, office, entertainment- Obvious needs
• Exploratory, creative, cooperative systems- Bad interface (computer or otherwise) can
destroy the process
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 4141
Human Diversity
• Ergonomics, anthropometry- Anyone here “average?”
• Physical consideration- Height, stiffness, posture, shapeness, size of
working area- IPD, headsize, light sensitivity- Lefthandedness
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 4242
• Short-term memory
• Long-term memory
• (Over 40 year old users…)
• Problem solving
• Decision making - Armageddon situations
Cognitive Processes- 1
(from Engineering Abstracts)
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 4343
• Attention and set (scope of concern)
- ADHD, Ritalin population (5%)…
• Search and scanning
• Time perception
Cognitive Processes- 2
(from Engineering Abstracts)
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 4444
• Arousal and vigilance
• Fatigue
• Perceptual (mental) load
• Knowledge of results
• Monotony and boredom
Perceptual and Motor- 1
Performance Factors (ibid)
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 4545
• Sensory deprivation
• Sleep deprivation
- New driving regulations
- Medical interns/residents
• Anxiety and fear
• Isolation
Perceptual and Motor- 2
Performance Factors (ibid)
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 4646
• Aging
• Drugs and alcohol
• Circadian rhythms
Perceptual and Motor- 3
Performance Factors (ibid)
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 4747
Gender Differences
• Males and Females are different!- Aggressive comparisons- Learning environments
Positive v. Negative Reinforcement
- Sensitivities
• Much has been observed• Firm principles are scarce
- Some research at Stanford
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 4848
• Extrovert v Introvert- Extroverts like action
• Sensing v Intuition- Routine v discovering new
Carl Jung’s- 1
Personality Differences
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 4949
• Perceptive v judging- New situations v planning
• Feeling v thinking - Sensitive v logical
Carl Jung’s- 2
Personality Differences
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 5050
Recent Study Result …
• Multi-tasking does not work!
• Ergo, one should not:- Drive a car- Talk on a mobile phone
• Q: Is driving a car a single task??
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 5151
Cultural & International Diversity - 1
• Characters, numerals, special characters, diacriticals
• Left-to-right v (right-to-left or vertical reading)
• Date and time formats - What date is: 9/11/07 ?- International standards
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 5252
Cultural & International Diversity - 2
• Numeric and currency formats
- How much is: €10.000,02 ?
- How much is: 10.000,02 NOK ?
- How much is: 10.000,02 USD ?
- How much is: $10,000.02 ?
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 5353
Cultural & International Diversity - 3
• Telephones and addresses- Fixed v variable length numbers- Use the area code?- Precede City Code by “0”
+49 (0) 931 3053-0
- Where is:
Schreberstrasse 15BD-14167 BerlinGERMANY
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 5454
Cultural & International Diversity - 4
• Telephones and addresses- Fixed v variable length numbers
- Use the area code? (Washington, D.C.)
- Precede City Code by “0” ? +49 (0) 931 3053-0 (Wützburg) 011-39-06-488-0789 (Rome)
- How many digits to dial? 47 22-05-80-00 (Oslo) All calls 8 digits throughout Norway
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 5555
Cultural & International Diversity - 5
• Telephones and addresses (cont)
- Business telephone conventions Hotel Front Desk: “0” ? Outside Line: “9” These are US conventions, not abroad International:
US: 001- or 01-
Europe uses: 00+ CC
- What does dial look like? 0,1,…,9 or 1,2,…,9,0 ? 1,2,3, …9 or 9,8,7, …,1,0
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 5656
Cultural & International Diversity - 6
• Telephones and addresses (cont)
- Information US: 0, 411, 1411, 0411, 800-555-1212 Abroad: various
- Emergency US: 0, 911, other Abroad: various
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 5757
Cultural & International Diversity - 7
• Weights and measures- grams, meters, joules, centigrade, …- Stones, metric tons, gallon (US v Can)- Gas consumption:
liters per 100 km v mpg
• Names and titles, and their use- Mr., Ms., Mme, M., Dr., Esq., “The
Honorable”, Frau, Herr, - “Herr Doctor Professor Engineer”
• SSNs, national IDs, driver’s license, …• Capitalization and punctuation
- ¿ ?, …
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 5858
Cultural & International Diversity - 8
• Alphabets & Sorting sequences- Different alphabets, more characters
ç, Ø,Ö, å, æ, è, é, ê, ë, ö, ü, β …
- German has 3 recognized sorting sequences: o, ö:
Ignore umlaut; follow after all o’s; put at end Problem: ö oe , but not always…
• Punctuation: • Pluralization, grammar, spelling• Etiquette, policies, tone, formality, metaphors
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 5959
Users with Disabilities
• Can truly open doors
- Man with ALS who uses head to type
• Doing it well requires good client model
• Designer challenges
• Avoid projections of your values
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 6060
Evaluating Interfaces - 1
• Understanding of a practical problem
• Lucid statement of a testable hypothesis
• Manipulation of small number of independent variables
• Measurement of specific dependent variables
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 6161
Evaluating Interfaces - 2
• Careful selection and assignment of subjects
• Control for bias in subjects, procedures, and materials
• Application of statistical tests
• Interpretation of results, refinement of theory, and guidance for experimenters
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 6262
Possible Research Directions - 1
• Reduced anxiety of computers
• Graceful evolution of systems
• Specification and implementation of interaction
• Direct manipulation
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 6363
Possible Research Directions - 2
• Input devices
• Online assistance
• Information exploration
• Applications across platforms
Student Name ServerUtah School of ComputingFall 2007 slide slide 6565
What does this sign
mean?
Culture -1