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Fuels and Fuels and Lubricants for Lubricants for Small EnginesSmall Engines
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Jim WillsJim Wills
Biosystems Engineering and Biosystems Engineering and Environmental Science Environmental Science DepartmentDepartment
Extension Extension University of TennesseeUniversity of Tennessee
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Two Main Types of Small Two Main Types of Small Engines on Lawn and Engines on Lawn and
Garden EquipmentGarden Equipment
Four-Stroke Cycle Four-Stroke Cycle Two-Stroke CycleTwo-Stroke Cycle
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Cooling SystemCooling System
Most engines on lawn and Most engines on lawn and garden equipment are garden equipment are air cooledair cooled
Fan on flywheel circulates air Fan on flywheel circulates air over engine for cooling while over engine for cooling while engine is runningengine is running
Water cooled engines have Water cooled engines have radiator and liquid coolant radiator and liquid coolant circulating in water jacket circulating in water jacket around enginearound engine
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Flywheel/FanFlywheel/Fan
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Four-Stroke EnginesFour-Stroke Engines
Four strokes* of the engine for one Four strokes* of the engine for one power cyclepower cycle
Stroke 1 – Intake Stroke 1 – Intake Stroke 2 – CompressionStroke 2 – Compression Stroke 3 – Stroke 3 – PowerPower Stroke 4 – ExhaustStroke 4 – Exhaust
* A stroke is one up or down movement * A stroke is one up or down movement of the piston in the cylinder of the piston in the cylinder
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Four-Stroke OperationFour-Stroke Operation
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Typical Four Stroke Lawn Typical Four Stroke Lawn and Garden Equipmentand Garden Equipment
Push-Type Lawn MowersPush-Type Lawn Mowers Lawn TractorsLawn Tractors Garden TractorsGarden Tractors Pressure WashersPressure Washers Chippers/ShreadersChippers/Shreaders Garden TillersGarden Tillers
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Two Stroke OperationTwo Stroke Operation
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Typical Two-Stroke Typical Two-Stroke EquipmentEquipment
ChainsawsChainsaws Weed TrimmersWeed Trimmers Leaf BlowersLeaf Blowers Hedge ClippersHedge Clippers Air CompressorsAir Compressors Small Garden TillersSmall Garden Tillers Some push type lawnmowersSome push type lawnmowers
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Four-Stroke Engine Four-Stroke Engine CharacteristicsCharacteristics
Separate fuel tank and oil Separate fuel tank and oil reservoirreservoir
Heavier/larger than same HP two-Heavier/larger than same HP two-cyclecycle
Cannot be tilted much to sideCannot be tilted much to side Longer engine lifeLonger engine life Larger HP usesLarger HP uses
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Two-Stroke Engine Two-Stroke Engine CharacteristicsCharacteristics
Fuel and oil are mixed in fuel Fuel and oil are mixed in fuel tanktank
No separate reservoir for oilNo separate reservoir for oil** Can be operated on side and Can be operated on side and
upside downupside down Lighter/smaller for given HPLighter/smaller for given HP Shorter overall engine lifeShorter overall engine life Usually more noise and smokeUsually more noise and smoke* Some boat motors and motorcycles have* Some boat motors and motorcycles have a reservoira reservoir
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Main Causes of Main Causes of PrematurePremature
Small Engine FailureSmall Engine Failure(Short Engine Life)(Short Engine Life)
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DirtDirt!!
60% to 70% of all failures are 60% to 70% of all failures are caused by dirtcaused by dirt** getting into getting into engineengine
*Dust, insects, bits of grass, etc.*Dust, insects, bits of grass, etc.
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Service air filter on aService air filter on a regular basis (usually regular basis (usually
once a season)once a season)
Service more often under Service more often under dusty or adverse dusty or adverse conditionsconditions
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For every gallon of For every gallon of gasoline used, the air gasoline used, the air
filter must clean 10,000 filter must clean 10,000 to 11,000 gallons of airto 11,000 gallons of air
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Air Filter – Paper TypeAir Filter – Paper Type
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CarburetorCarburetor
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Failure to use proper oil*Failure to use proper oil*
* Viscosity (thick or thin)* Viscosity (thick or thin)
* API Classification (SJ, SL, Etc.)* API Classification (SJ, SL, Etc.)
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Failure to change oil on a Failure to change oil on a regular schedule regular schedule
MileageMileage Hours of useHours of use Time of use (weeks, months, Time of use (weeks, months,
etc.)etc.)
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Failure to maintain proper Failure to maintain proper oil level in crankcaseoil level in crankcase
Check dip stickCheck dip stick Check oil level plugCheck oil level plug
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Checking Oil LevelChecking Oil Level
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Failure to useFailure to use clean, fresh fuel clean, fresh fuel
Dirty fuel tankDirty fuel tank Dirty fuel canDirty fuel can Dirty funnelDirty funnel Trash/dirt around fuel capTrash/dirt around fuel cap
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Install a fuel filter on fuel Install a fuel filter on fuel line if not factory equippedline if not factory equipped
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Fuel FilterFuel Filter
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Use a suitable fuel Use a suitable fuel container to prevent fuel container to prevent fuel contamination and insure contamination and insure
safetysafety
Metal cans will eventually rust insideMetal cans will eventually rust inside Plastic containers will not rustPlastic containers will not rust Use a funnel with mesh filterUse a funnel with mesh filter
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Can Good Plastic FuelCan Good Plastic Fuel
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Failure to use proper Failure to use proper fuelfuel
Unleaded fuel is cleaner burningUnleaded fuel is cleaner burning Choose proper fuel octane levelChoose proper fuel octane level Do not use fuel containing alcoholDo not use fuel containing alcohol Use lead substitutes if 1974 or olderUse lead substitutes if 1974 or older
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Operating tips to extend Operating tips to extend engine lifeengine life
Let engine idle for two minutes Let engine idle for two minutes before stoppingbefore stopping
Never stop under loadNever stop under load Avoid stalls and sudden impactsAvoid stalls and sudden impacts
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Avoid ImpactsAvoid Impacts
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Flywheel KeywayFlywheel Keyway
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SAFETY!!!SAFETY!!!
Use approved fuel containersUse approved fuel containers Never fuel a hot engineNever fuel a hot engine Stop engine before making Stop engine before making
repairs or adjustmentsrepairs or adjustments
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Motor OilsMotor Oils
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Castrol Brand OilCastrol Brand Oil
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Functions of Motor OilFunctions of Motor Oil
LubricateLubricate moving parts moving parts SealSeal around gaskets, seals, around gaskets, seals,
piston ringspiston rings CleanClean contaminates from engine contaminates from engine
partsparts Remove excess heatRemove excess heat from engine from engine
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Oil container has Oil container has information on oil information on oil
quality and viscosityquality and viscosity
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API (American Petroleum API (American Petroleum Institute) circle contains Institute) circle contains API Service Classification API Service Classification
and Viscosityand Viscosity
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API CircleAPI Circle
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VISCOSITYVISCOSITY
Is the oil thick or thin?Is the oil thick or thin? Affected by temperatureAffected by temperature Affected by shear of oil Affected by shear of oil
molecules in lubrication processmolecules in lubrication process All oils are tested at same All oils are tested at same
temperatures to establish temperatures to establish viscosity ratingviscosity rating
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Viscosity ValuesViscosity Values
SAE 0W, 5W, 10W, 15W, 20WSAE 0W, 5W, 10W, 15W, 20W SAE 30, 40, 50SAE 30, 40, 50 SAE 10W-30, 5W-30, 15W-50, 10W-SAE 10W-30, 5W-30, 15W-50, 10W-
40, etc.40, etc.
““W” means suitable for wintertime W” means suitable for wintertime use (cold temperatures)use (cold temperatures)
““SAE”- Society of Automotive SAE”- Society of Automotive EngineersEngineers
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API Service API Service ClassificationsClassifications
““S”S” - for gasoline engines - for gasoline engines (S- Spark ignition)(S- Spark ignition) ““C”C” - for diesel engines - for diesel engines (C- Compression ignition)(C- Compression ignition)
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Gasoline ClassesGasoline Classes
SASA, SB, SC, SD, SE, SF, SG, SH, , SB, SC, SD, SE, SF, SG, SH, SJ,SJ, SL SL
SA is lowest qualitySA is lowest quality SL is highest qualitySL is highest quality
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Diesel ClassesDiesel Classes
CACA, CB, CC, CD, CE, CF, CG, , CB, CC, CD, CE, CF, CG, CHCH CA is lowest qualityCA is lowest quality CH is highest qualityCH is highest quality
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Petroleum Based OilsPetroleum Based Oils
Base stock of about 85% oil by Base stock of about 85% oil by volumevolume
Additives of about 15% by Additives of about 15% by volumevolume
Additives include detergent, Additives include detergent, anti-oxidation, anti-corrosion, anti-oxidation, anti-corrosion, extreme heat, extreme pressure, extreme heat, extreme pressure, anti-rust, etc.anti-rust, etc.
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Value of Oil Additives?Value of Oil Additives?
Slick 50, T-Plus, STP, Motor Slick 50, T-Plus, STP, Motor Honey, etc.Honey, etc.
Usually not worth the price !!!Usually not worth the price !!!
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T-Plus AdditiveT-Plus Additive
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Why Change Motor Oil?Why Change Motor Oil?
Replace additivesReplace additives Remove contaminants ( water, Remove contaminants ( water,
acid, carbon, etc.acid, carbon, etc.
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When to Change Motor When to Change Motor Oil?Oil?
At recommended mileage At recommended mileage
(3,000 on cars, trucks, campers, (3,000 on cars, trucks, campers, etc.)etc.)
At 50 hours on small enginesAt 50 hours on small engines More often under severe conditions More often under severe conditions
(pulling heavy loads, steep(pulling heavy loads, steep
climbing, etc.)climbing, etc.) Change when oil is Change when oil is hothot, not cold, not cold
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Changing Brands of OilChanging Brands of Oil
You You do notdo not have to use the same have to use the same brand of oil brand of oil foreverforever in a given in a given engineengine
To change brands, drain old brand To change brands, drain old brand and replace with new brand – and replace with new brand – change oil filter at same timechange oil filter at same time
Use Use samesame viscosity viscosity
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Oil for Your Small Oil for Your Small EnginesEngines
SAE 30SAE 30** SAE 10W-30SAE 10W-30 Synthetic oilSynthetic oil * Above 40 degrees F* Above 40 degrees F
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Temperature ChartTemperature Chart
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Synthetic Motor OilSynthetic Motor Oil
BetterBetter than petroleum based oil than petroleum based oil More expensiveMore expensive
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Synthetic OilsSynthetic Oils
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Advantages of Synthetic Advantages of Synthetic OilOil
More detergent additiveMore detergent additive Better cold weather lubricationBetter cold weather lubrication Better high temperature protectionBetter high temperature protection Longer engine lifeLonger engine life Better lubricationBetter lubrication Better fuel efficiencyBetter fuel efficiency Can be mixed with petroleum oilCan be mixed with petroleum oil
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Disadvantages of Disadvantages of SyntheticSynthetic
Expensive (about $4.50/quart)Expensive (about $4.50/quart) Not recommended for Not recommended for
turbochargersturbochargers Not for dirty engines (inside of Not for dirty engines (inside of
engine)engine) Not for most dieselsNot for most diesels Not for new enginesNot for new engines
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Tips for Synthetic UseTips for Synthetic Use
Use same viscosityUse same viscosity Can be mixed with petroleum Can be mixed with petroleum
based oilbased oil Use regular oil filterUse regular oil filter Change at same change intervalsChange at same change intervals
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Oils for Two-Cycle Oils for Two-Cycle EnginesEngines
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Not the same as engine Not the same as engine oilsoils
Different additive packageDifferent additive package Different viscosityDifferent viscosity Higher priceHigher price Different mix ratiosDifferent mix ratios Different rating systemDifferent rating system
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Mix with GasolineMix with Gasolinefor Engine Lubricationfor Engine Lubrication
Use only two-cycle oilsUse only two-cycle oils Use proper ratio of gas to oilUse proper ratio of gas to oil Use proper type of oil (TC or TSC-3)Use proper type of oil (TC or TSC-3) One mix and exact mix simplify One mix and exact mix simplify
mixingmixing
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Mix RatiosMix Ratios
PartsParts of gas and oil to be mixed of gas and oil to be mixed Can be Can be ounces, pints, quarts, gallonsounces, pints, quarts, gallons Examples: Examples: 16:1 16 parts gas to 1 part oil16:1 16 parts gas to 1 part oil 24:1 24 parts of gas to 1 part oil24:1 24 parts of gas to 1 part oil 50:1 50 parts of gas to 1 part oil50:1 50 parts of gas to 1 part oil
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Making one gallon mixMaking one gallon mix
128 ounces in one gallon128 ounces in one gallon 16:1 mix16:1 mix 16 parts gas (128 oz.) to 1 part 16 parts gas (128 oz.) to 1 part
oil oil (8 oz.)(8 oz.) 50:1 mix50:1 mix 50 parts gas (128 oz.) to 1 part 50 parts gas (128 oz.) to 1 part
oil oil (2.6 oz.)(2.6 oz.)
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Two-Cycle Oil ClassesTwo-Cycle Oil Classes
TA, TB, TA, TB, TC*,TC*, TD TD TSC-1, TSC-2, TSC-1, TSC-2, TSC-3*,TSC-3*, TSC-4 TSC-4 ONE MIX*ONE MIX* EXACT MIX*EXACT MIX*
* For lawn and garden equipment* For lawn and garden equipment
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Two-Cycle OilTwo-Cycle Oil
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Two-Cycle OilTwo-Cycle Oil
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Exact Mix OilExact Mix Oil
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Fuels for EnginesFuels for Engines
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Octane Ratings for Octane Ratings for GasolineGasoline
Octane rating is a measure of Octane rating is a measure of resistance to pre-ignition of fuelresistance to pre-ignition of fuel
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Engine IgnitionEngine Ignition
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Octane RatingsOctane Ratings
87 Octane – Regular87 Octane – Regular 89 Octane – Regular+89 Octane – Regular+ 91+ Octane - Premium91+ Octane - Premium
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87 Octane Fuel87 Octane Fuel
Low resistance to pre-ignition – Low resistance to pre-ignition – usually usually bestbest for 4-cycle lawn and for 4-cycle lawn and garden and automobile engines garden and automobile engines that are that are not high compressionnot high compression
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89 Octane Fuel89 Octane Fuel
Best for engines that knock or Best for engines that knock or ping slightly on 87 octane fuel or ping slightly on 87 octane fuel or older engines with slight carbon older engines with slight carbon build-up in combustion chamberbuild-up in combustion chamber
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91+ Octane Fuels91+ Octane Fuels
Best for Best for high compressionhigh compression engines or engines that knock or engines or engines that knock or ping on 89 octane fuelsping on 89 octane fuels
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Compression ExamplesCompression Examples
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Leaded vs. Unleaded GasLeaded vs. Unleaded Gas
Lead was banned by EPA in 1989 Lead was banned by EPA in 1989 because of air pollutionbecause of air pollution
Lead was put in gasoline to boost octane Lead was put in gasoline to boost octane levelslevels
Some engines built before 1974 need Some engines built before 1974 need lead to lubricate exhaust valves and lead to lubricate exhaust valves and seatsseats
Use a lead substitute in pre-1974 Use a lead substitute in pre-1974 modelsmodels
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Octane BoostersOctane Boosters
Tetraethyl Lead*Tetraethyl Lead* Ethanol AlcoholEthanol Alcohol Methanol AlcoholMethanol Alcohol OxinolOxinol MTBE (Methyl Tertiary Butyl MTBE (Methyl Tertiary Butyl
Ether)*Ether)*
* Now Banned from use* Now Banned from use
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Seasonal Blends of Seasonal Blends of GasolineGasoline
Winter Blend – Winter Blend – Very VolatileVery Volatile Spring Blend – Moderately Spring Blend – Moderately
VolatileVolatile Summer Blend – Low VolatilitySummer Blend – Low Volatility Fall Blend – Moderate VolatilityFall Blend – Moderate Volatility
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GasoholGasohol
A mixture of 90% gasoline and A mixture of 90% gasoline and 10% alcohol (usually ethanol)10% alcohol (usually ethanol)
About 40% less air pollution from About 40% less air pollution from gasoholgasohol
Can cause severe problems in Can cause severe problems in some engines used infrequentlysome engines used infrequently
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Problems with GasoholProblems with Gasohol
Alcohol attracts water to fuel Alcohol attracts water to fuel systemsystem
Alcohol destroys plasticizers in Alcohol destroys plasticizers in gaskets, o-rings, seals, floats, gaskets, o-rings, seals, floats, diaphragms, etc.diaphragms, etc.
Alcohol causes severe corrosionAlcohol causes severe corrosion Alcohol dissolves some additives Alcohol dissolves some additives
in two-cycle oilsin two-cycle oils
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Gasohol vs. GasolineGasohol vs. Gasoline
Gasohol – 78,000 BTU’s per Gasohol – 78,000 BTU’s per gallongallon
Gasoline – 115,000 BTU’s per Gasoline – 115,000 BTU’s per gallongallon
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Gasohol and Small Gasohol and Small EnginesEngines
Avoid use of gasohol fuels in Avoid use of gasohol fuels in small engines- small engines- especially two-especially two-cycle enginescycle engines
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Fuel Useful Life*Fuel Useful Life*
GasolineGasoline – about 90 days – about 90 days Gasoline + Two-cycle oilGasoline + Two-cycle oil – About – About
60 days60 days Diesel FuelDiesel Fuel – About two years – About two years
* Depends greatly on * Depends greatly on temperature temperature and humidityand humidity
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Fuel StabilizersFuel Stabilizers
Can be added to fuel in storage Can be added to fuel in storage containercontainer
Can be added to fuel storage tanksCan be added to fuel storage tanks Can be added to fuel tank on engineCan be added to fuel tank on engine Can be added to fuel tank for long Can be added to fuel tank for long
term storage of equipment*term storage of equipment*
* Run engine for five minutes to * Run engine for five minutes to distribute stabilizer to all parts of fuel distribute stabilizer to all parts of fuel systemsystem
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Fuel Life with Fuel Life with StabilizersStabilizers
Gasoline – Up to Gasoline – Up to two yearstwo years Gasoline + Oil – Up to Gasoline + Oil – Up to one one
yearyear Diesel Fuel – Over Diesel Fuel – Over two yearstwo years
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Stabilizer Brands*Stabilizer Brands*
STA-BILSTA-BIL GUMOUTGUMOUT McCulloghMcCullogh OthersOthers
*Available at Wal-Mart, K-Mart, Auto *Available at Wal-Mart, K-Mart, Auto parts stores, etc.parts stores, etc.
*Costs about 10 cents/gallon of fuel*Costs about 10 cents/gallon of fuel
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STA-BIL StabilizerSTA-BIL Stabilizer
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Disposal of Used OilDisposal of Used Oil
Contains carcinogens !!!Contains carcinogens !!! Do notDo not pour on ground !!! pour on ground !!! Collect oil in suitable containerCollect oil in suitable container Take to recycling center for Take to recycling center for
disposaldisposal Centers will also take gear oil, Centers will also take gear oil,
transmission fluid, antifreeze, transmission fluid, antifreeze, freon,freon,
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Used OilUsed Oil
One gallon will foul taste of one One gallon will foul taste of one million gallons of fresh watermillion gallons of fresh water
Toxic to plants and animalsToxic to plants and animals Can be refined into new oil*Can be refined into new oil*
*One gallon of used oil will make *One gallon of used oil will make 2.5 quarts of new oil2.5 quarts of new oil
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Off Season Storage Off Season Storage of Small Enginesof Small Engines
Change engine oilChange engine oil Drain fuel tankDrain fuel tank** Clean exterior of engineClean exterior of engine Remove spark plug, add one table Remove spark plug, add one table
spoon oil, replace spark plugspoon oil, replace spark plug Cover loosely to keep cleanCover loosely to keep clean Store in dry locationStore in dry location
* Add fuel stabilizer to fuel tank* Add fuel stabilizer to fuel tank
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Adding Oil At SparkplugAdding Oil At Sparkplug
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Cleaning Engine ExteriorCleaning Engine Exterior
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Liquid Cooling SystemsLiquid Cooling Systems
Circulating fluid (coolant) assists Circulating fluid (coolant) assists in removing heat of combustionin removing heat of combustion
Coolant is usually a mixture of Coolant is usually a mixture of antifreeze and waterantifreeze and water
Coolant must be changed Coolant must be changed periodicallyperiodically to remove corrosion to remove corrosion and replace additivesand replace additives
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Antifreeze TypesAntifreeze Types
Ethylene glycol (Ethylene glycol (greengreen)) Propylene glycol (Propylene glycol (greengreen)) Long-Life ethylene glycol Long-Life ethylene glycol
((orangeorange))
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Replacing Antifreeze*Replacing Antifreeze*
Regular antifreezeRegular antifreeze – Drain, flush – Drain, flush and replace every one to two yearsand replace every one to two years
Long life antifreezeLong life antifreeze – Drain, flush, – Drain, flush, replace every 5 years or 100,000 to replace every 5 years or 100,000 to 150,000 miles150,000 miles
* Additives include corrosion * Additives include corrosion inhibitors, sealers, water pump inhibitors, sealers, water pump lubricant, heat transfer compoundslubricant, heat transfer compounds
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ToxicityToxicity
Ethylene glycol – very toxicEthylene glycol – very toxic Propylene glycol – non toxicPropylene glycol – non toxic**
* Will be slightly toxic after use in * Will be slightly toxic after use in cooling system – picks up cooling system – picks up contaminants such as lead, contaminants such as lead, mercurymercury
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Freeze ProtectionFreeze Protection
Pure antifreeze – Pure antifreeze – minus 9 Fminus 9 F 50% water + 50% antifreeze – 50% water + 50% antifreeze –
minus 34 Fminus 34 F 30% water + 70% antifreeze – 30% water + 70% antifreeze –
minus 84 Fminus 84 F
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Boil-Over ProtectionBoil-Over Protection
Pure antifreeze – Pure antifreeze – 98 degrees F98 degrees F 50% water + 50% antifreeze – 50% water + 50% antifreeze –
265 F265 F 30% water + 70% antifreeze – 30% water + 70% antifreeze –
282 F282 F
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Mixing Anti-FreezesMixing Anti-Freezes
Regular antifreeze (Regular antifreeze (greengreen) and ) and Long-life antifreeze (Long-life antifreeze (orangeorange) ) cannotcannot be mixed !!!!!!!be mixed !!!!!!!
Regular antifreeze contains Regular antifreeze contains alkalinealkaline corrosion inhibitors corrosion inhibitors
Long life antifreeze contains Long life antifreeze contains organic acidorganic acid corrosion inhibitors corrosion inhibitors
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The Beginning of a The Beginning of a Better Maintenance Better Maintenance
Program and Longer Life Program and Longer Life for Engines on for Engines on YourYour Lawn and Garden Lawn and Garden
EquipmentEquipment