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Measurement Principle
Test Results
USTER® AFIS PROUSTERUSTER®® AFIS PROAFIS PRO
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2Edas/schulungsunterlagen/AFIS
Measurement Principle
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3Edas/schulungsunterlagen/AFIS
Modules• Nep Classification
• Fiber neps and seed coat neps• Count and size distribution
• Length and Maturity• Length by weight and by number• Short fiber content• Maturity ratio• Immature fiber content
• Trash• Dust• Trash• Total foreign matter
• AutoJet
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4Edas/schulungsunterlagen/AFIS
Measurement Principle: Fiber Individualizer
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5Edas/schulungsunterlagen/AFIS
Measurement Principle: Optical sensors/detectors
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6Edas/schulungsunterlagen/AFIS
Measurement Principle
• Fiber individualizer separates the cotton sample into three main components:
Lint Trash DustFibers, shortfibers, neps,seed coat
neps
trash, dust, fiber fragments,very large seed coats withlittle or no attached fibers
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7Edas/schulungsunterlagen/AFIS
Measurement Principle
• The nep module is able to distinguish between neps and seed coat neps
• Each event (fiber, nep, SCN, ) has its own distinct electrical waveform
• Each samples waveform is compared to a standard waveform to determine which classification it most resembles
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8Edas/schulungsunterlagen/AFIS
Measurement Principle
Voltage U
Nep signal
Fiber signal
Time t
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9Edas/schulungsunterlagen/AFIS
Measurement Principle
0
1
2
3
4
5
-1
6
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
AREA
THRESHOLD VOLTAGE
TIME OF FLIGHT
PEAK VOLTAGE
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10Edas/schulungsunterlagen/AFIS
Measurement PrincipleLength & nep measurement• Optical system• Single fiber measurement• Measured with an opto-electronic sensor• Fiber creates signal/impulse converted to an
electrical signal analyzed and evaluated by computer
Trash & dust measurement• Separate sensor• Same measurement principle as for the length &
nep measurement
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11Edas/schulungsunterlagen/AFIS
Nep Module
Measures: Fiber neps and
seed coat neps
Count and size distribution
Seed Coat Nep
Fiber Nep
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12Edas/schulungsunterlagen/AFIS
Nep Module
• Fiber Neps
entanglements of several fibers
generated under mechanical treatment of the cotton fibers during harvesting, ginning, opening and cleaning in the spinning mill
amount depends on the cotton origin/variety and harvesting method
neps are mainly reduced in carding and combing
amount of reduction depends on the machinery performance and the quality the spinning mill wants to achieve
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13Edas/schulungsunterlagen/AFIS
Nep Module
• Seed Coat Neps
fragments of cottonseed that still have some fibers attached
created mainly in ginning, when the fibers are separated from the seed
amount depends on the quality and the aggressiveness of the ginning process
removal in carding is very difficult, since the attached fibers tend to stick with the process
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14Edas/schulungsunterlagen/AFIS
Nep results
Data Product: Nep Cnt/ g – Nep Count
Nep [m] – Nep Size
SCN Cnt/ g – Seed Coat Nep Count
SCN [m] - Size
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15Edas/schulungsunterlagen/AFIS
Nep Classification Histogram
Distribution of fiber neps (dark)and seed coat neps(shaded) by size (m)
Nep Count per gramSize (m)
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16Edas/schulungsunterlagen/AFIS
Nep Module
> 4131 – 4021 – 3011 – 20
< 10
Seed Coat Neps/ gram
Very high> 451High301 – 450
Medium201 – 300Low101 – 200
Very low< 100
DescriptionNeps / gram
• Ranges of Neps and Seed Coat Neps in Raw Cotton (Upland)
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17Edas/schulungsunterlagen/AFIS
Length ModuleMeaning and significance of fiber length: Fiber length is one of the most important
characteristics of cotton Defines the spinnability of the fiber Basis for cotton trading AFIS length measurement targeted towards
process control of spinning mill
USTER® AFIS measurements: Length by weight and by number in [in] or
[mm] Summary table and histograms
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18Edas/schulungsunterlagen/AFIS
Length Module• Difference between by number and by
weight measurement
(n) “by number” (w) “by weight”
4 fibers = 100% 4 fibers = 300 g = 100%
2 short fibers = 50% 2 short fibers = 100g = 33%
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19Edas/schulungsunterlagen/AFIS
Length Module• Difference between by number and by weight
measurement
Europe USA
Johannsen-Zweigle Suter-Webb
2 Systems
by number by weight
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20Edas/schulungsunterlagen/AFIS
"by number" "by weight"
Measured Calculated
Shows the true fiber lengthdistribution in the sample
Biased towards the longerfibers. Longer fibers "weigh"more than shorter fibers
Short and long fibers aretreated equally
Result is looking "better" thanthe "by number" results.
gives more accurateresults for the optimization ofthe processes in spinning
used by mills that are usedto the results of the combsorter array methods such asthe Suter-Webb-Array UQL is close to theclasser’s staple
Length ModuleComparison of the length systems
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21Edas/schulungsunterlagen/AFIS
Length Measurement
Length by weight Length by number
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22Edas/schulungsunterlagen/AFIS
Length Measurement: Data ProductLength distribution by weight:
L (w) Mean length (weight) of the fibers in the sampleL (w) CV [%] Variation of the fiber length around average (weight) [%]SFC (w) [%] Short Fiber Content in [%] of all fibers below 0.50 inches or
12.7 mm (weight)UQL (w) Upper Quartile Length (weight); length of the longer 5% of
all fibers in the sample
Length distribution by number:
L (n) Mean length (number) of the fibers in the sampleL (n) CV [%] Variation of the fiber length around average (number) [%]SFC (n) [%] Short Fiber Content in [%] of all fibers below 0.50 inches or
12.7 mm (number) L (n) 5% The 5% Length (number); length of the longer 5% of all
fibers (number)
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23Edas/schulungsunterlagen/AFIS
Fiber length
Short fiber content SFC (n, w)
100%
L½"
L (n,w)UQL(w)
L2,5%(n) L5%(n)
0% 25% 50%
Length Measurement• Graphic representation of the length values in the
staple diagram
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24Edas/schulungsunterlagen/AFIS
Length (w) Report
Distribution of fiberlength (dark) andshort fiber content(shaded) by weight
L(n)[in]
Length (w)
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25Edas/schulungsunterlagen/AFIS
Length (n) Report
Distribution of fiberlength (dark) andshort fiber content(shaded) by number
Length (w)L(n)[in]
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26Edas/schulungsunterlagen/AFIS
Length Module: Short Fiber Content
• Cotton length is determined by variety• first length development, then development of the
walls initially, the fibers have more or less the same
length length is reduced with any mechanical
treatment (harvesting, ginning, opening, cleaning)
• mainly reduced at combing• control of the SFC very important for the spinning
performance and the yarn quality
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27Edas/schulungsunterlagen/AFIS
Length Module
> 1512 – 149 – 116 – 8< 5
Short Fiber Content (weight)
Very high> 34High29 – 33
Medium24 – 28Low19 – 23
Very low< 18
DescriptionShort Fiber Content (number)
• Ranges of Short Fiber Content (w) and (n) in Raw Cotton (Upland)
* For long staple cottons, other values apply. The differences are smaller.
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28Edas/schulungsunterlagen/AFIS
Maturity Module
Measures:
• Maturity ratio
• Fineness
• Immature Fiber Content
• Summary table and histograms
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29Edas/schulungsunterlagen/AFIS
Fiber MaturityAfter length development, cellulose is deposited insidethe hollow fiber:
fiber is maturingmaturity = degree of cell wall thickness
= amount of cellulose inside the fiber
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30Edas/schulungsunterlagen/AFIS
Fiber Maturity Calculation of the fiber maturity
Perimeter P
Area A1
Lumen
Perimeter P
Area A2
To calculate the mean degree of thickening theta, a circular cross-section of the measured fiber having a perimeter P is calculated, and subsequently area A1 is divided by area A2.
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31Edas/schulungsunterlagen/AFIS
Fiber Maturity Calculation of the fiber maturity
ExampleCumulative percent Theta Frequency
Mature fibers (R)
Thinwalled fibers
Immaturefibercontent (IFC)
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32Edas/schulungsunterlagen/AFIS
Fiber Maturity Calculation of the fiber maturity
For this example, the following apply:
Mature fiber content R = 37.6%
Immature fiber content IFC = 10.3%
Maturity (according to Lord):
0.83 0.7200
10.337.6 0.7200
IFC-R M
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33Edas/schulungsunterlagen/AFIS
Fiber Maturity Measurement
• AFIS measures the fiber shape
• Each fiber is measured from two different angles by the optical sensor
• Depending on the shape, cotton fibers are divided into:
• Fully mature - typical convolutions of a mature fiber
• Immature - less obvious convolutions, more flat• Dead - no convolutions, completely flat, “ribbon
like”
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34Edas/schulungsunterlagen/AFIS
Immature Fiber Content
• IFC = Immature Fiber ContentPercent of all fibers within a cotton sample that have a cell wall thickness 25% of the full area
• Effects of immature fibers Dyestuff is deposited in the cellulose immature fibers: no cellulose for the dyestuff to remain
color differences, barré, white specs!
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35Edas/schulungsunterlagen/AFIS
Fiber Maturity MeasurementConvolution of mature cotton fibers
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36Edas/schulungsunterlagen/AFIS
Fiber Maturity MeasurementCross-section of mature cotton fibers
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37Edas/schulungsunterlagen/AFIS
Fiber Maturity MeasurementMature and immature cotton fibers
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38Edas/schulungsunterlagen/AFIS
Fiber Maturity MeasurementImmature cotton fibers
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39Edas/schulungsunterlagen/AFIS
Fiber Maturity MeasurementImmature fiber nep in the fabric (shiny nep)
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40Edas/schulungsunterlagen/AFIS
Fiber Fineness [mtex]
• Determined optically by analyzing the fiber shape passing the sensors
• Algorithm determines fineness based on the shape and form of the fibers and their specific weight
• Mature fibers contain more cellulose heavier
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41Edas/schulungsunterlagen/AFIS
Fiber Maturity
Small perimeter &“fairly mature”
Medium perimeter &“less mature”
Medium perimeter &“fairly mature”
Large perimeter &“well mature”
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42Edas/schulungsunterlagen/AFIS
Maturity Measurement
Data Product:Fine mtex Fineness [millitex]IFC [%] Immature Fiber Content [%]Mat Ratio Maturity Ratio [%]
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43Edas/schulungsunterlagen/AFIS
Maturity Report
Distribution of fibercell wall thickness (dark) and immature fiber content (shaded)
[%]Maturity
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44Edas/schulungsunterlagen/AFIS
Fineness Report
Distribution of fiberfineness (mtex)
[%]Fineness[mtex]
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45Edas/schulungsunterlagen/AFIS
Maturity Module
> 0.950.91 – 0.950.86 – 0.900.76 – 0.85
< 0.75
Maturity Ratio
> 180171 – 180161 – 170151 – 160
< 150
Fineness (mtex)
Very high> 15High12 – 14
Medium9 – 11Low6 – 8
Very low< 6
DescriptionImmature Fiber Content
(%)
• Ranges of Maturity, IFC and Fineness in Raw Cotton (Upland)
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46Edas/schulungsunterlagen/AFIS
Trash ModuleMeasures:• Dust particles smaller than 500 microns• Trash particles larger than 500 microns• Summary table and histograms• Count and size distribution
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47Edas/schulungsunterlagen/AFIS
Trash Module• Definition Trash: “foreign” particles, i.e. not related to any physical properties of cotton fibers.
ITMFDefinition
Particle Size [m]
Dust
RespirableDust
MicroDust Dust Trash
Trash
15 20 500
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48Edas/schulungsunterlagen/AFIS
Trash Module
Data Product:Total Cnt/ g Count of all particles per gramMean Size Mean size of all particles [m]Dust Cnt/ g Dust particle count per gramTrash Cnt/ g Trash particle count per gramVFM [%] Visible Foreign Matter [% by weight]
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49Edas/schulungsunterlagen/AFIS
Trash Module: Trash Report
Distribution of dust (dark)and trash (shaded)by size (m)
Size[m]
Particle Count per Gram
Dust
Trash
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50Edas/schulungsunterlagen/AFIS
Trash Module
> 151111 – 15076 – 11026 – 75
< 25Trash Count/ g
> 3.012.31 – 3.001.21 – 2.300.61 – 1.20
< 0.60V.F.M.%
Very high> 1001High601 – 1000
Medium351 – 600Low201 – 350
Very low< 200DescriptionDust Count/ g
• Ranges of Trash, Dust Content and Visible Foreign Matter in Raw Cotton (Upland)
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51Edas/schulungsunterlagen/AFIS
Trash Module• The amount of trash / dust particles in raw
cotton depends highly on:• origin of the cotton• harvesting method• soil conditions
• The amount of trash / dust particles in cotton in the processes in the spinning mill depends highly on:
• the performance of the machinery• suction systems