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Using hubs to increase smallholder farmers’ access to services: Experiences from the East
Africa Dairy Development Project
Gender and Market Oriented Agriculture (AgriGender 2011) Workshop Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
31st January–2nd February 2011
Isabelle Baltenweck and Immaculate Omondi
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Basic project information• Vision: doubling household dairy income by year 10
through integrated interventions in dairy production, market-access and knowledge application.
• Target of 179,000 families• 4 (and a half) year pilot phase in Kenya, Rwanda and
Uganda• Consortium led by Heifer International, with
TechnoServe, ILRI, ABS-TCM and ICRAF• Most activities involve involvement of farmers’ groups
– Small groups of 15 to 30 farmers, for training– Larger groups (500 +), who owns cooler or manages the
bulking centre
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Cornerstone of the project: the hub approach
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Advantages of the hub approach• Improved access to inputs and services
– Physical availability– Quality– Price (bulk purchase)– Possibility to purchase on credit using the “check-
off” system
• Improved access to milk market– Chilling plant– Or bulking raw milk centre (traditional hub)
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Transforming Chilling plants to Business Hubs
TRANSPORTERSTRANSPORTERS
TESTINGTESTING
FARMERSFARMERS
FIELD DAYSFIELD DAYS
FEED FEED SUPPLYSUPPLY
AI & AI & EXTENSIONEXTENSION
VILLAGE BANKSVILLAGE BANKS
OTHER RELATED OTHER RELATED MEsMEs
HARDWARE SUPPLIERSHARDWARE SUPPLIERS
CHILLING HUBCHILLING HUB
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ILRI role in EADD
• In charge of baseline survey• Technical support to specific activities (feed
and traditional market)• “knowledge broker”- EADD is a pilot project
– capture and share lessons– pilot tests “best bets”
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Hypotheses testedThere is no difference between male and female
headed households regarding:• registration • shareholding• milk sale to chilling plants• use of services at hub Data do not allow us to do look at intra
households decision making
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Sampling and Data Collection
Consultative Participatory Process
Structured Dairy Farmer Household Interviews
Criteria obtained from 2008 & 2009 Baseline survey ILRIExisting Hub
Advanced - KipkarenNew HubStarter - Kaptumo
301 Households
Non-participating Households
Hub participating Households
New Hub Emerging - Kabiyet
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Data used
• Data collected from 301 dairy households in Kenya
– registered at the EADD hub (56%)
– Non-registered households (44%)
• Household socio-economic data collected
– Farmer characteristics
– Farm characteristics
– Hub participation
– Farmer preferences
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Registration to the Hub
% Male headed households
% Female headed households
n % n %
Households registered in EADD hubs 143 57 23 46Households not registered in EADD hubs but have registered in other group (KCC/ self-help groups) 1 <1 1 2Households not registered in EADD hubs or any other group 107 43 26 52
total 251 100 50 100.00
Households are encouraged to register at the hub when they deliver milk or access inputs or services. Data are kept by the hub management. The service is free.
There are more registered households among male headed households than among female headed households (difference not statistically significant)
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Who is registered?
Relatively large proportion of spouse (women) is registered in male headed households, either on her own (26% of the households) or jointly with head (7%).
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Challenges with group registration
Reasons Frequency Percentage Insufficient/ irregular milk production/ new to dairy farming 46 35.11 unaware of the chilling plant and its activities 36 27.48 no reason-not convinced/ never thought of it/ not interested 14 10.69 no Chilling plant/ waiting for the Chilling plant 11 8.4 Chilling plant is located far from Household (transport and access) 7 5.34 prefer cash payments/low milk prices offered 5 3.82 Inability to raise the required finances (shares and membership fees) 5 3.82 no clear benefit in joining- milk marketing 4 3.05 Mistrust/ lack of confidence in the management 2 1.53 Fear of mismanagement from previous experience (e.g. collapse of KCC) 1 0.76 No clear benefit in joining- access to inputs and services 0 0 Total 131 100
Provide more and better information to potential beneficiaries
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ShareholdingIn Chilling Plant hubs, companies are set up to own cooler and equipment. Farmers are encouraged to buy shares
•Most households have not bought shares (“wait and see attitude”)•No major difference between male and female headed households
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Milk marketing
No difference in percentage of male and female headed households selling milk to chilling plants
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Reasons for not delivering milk
Insufficient/ irregular milk production 40% low prices offered - No clear benefit from service 24% Cooler not yet installed 12% Delayed payments 7% poor quality service &/ or terms of service 7% service located far from household 4% Other 5% Interventions- Training on feed management; planning for dry season feeding- Price… how to make CP profitable and still pay “good” price to farmers??
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Use of hub services
•Fewer female headed households use Animal Health services, Agrovet and Feed store and Artificial Insemination•This is likely to have negative impact on milk production
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Decision to sell milk to chilling plant or purchase inputs at the hub
milk marketinguse of input &
services
Variables Coef. P>z Coef. P>z
1 if head is male, 0 if female 0.7 0.14 -0.32 0.68
Education of Head (years of schooling) 0.05 0.36 -0.11 0.17
Household size 0.1 0.36 0.02 0.891 if head registered as member of hub, 0 otherwise 1.81** 0.04 1.55 0.111 if spouse registered as member of hub, 0 otherwise 1.45 0.15 3.21** 0.01
Value of shares paid in USD (1 USD=Kshs.80) 0.02 0.1 0.07** 0.01
Number of total livestock kept (TLU)0.21**
* 0 0.08 0.35
1 if household keeps exotic cattle, 0 otherwise 1.24 0.17 0.74 0.471 if household keeps crossbred cattle, 0 otherwise 1.48 0.09 1.97** 0.05
No significant effect on decision to sell milk or purchase inputs
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Challenges with Hub Agrovet shop
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Challenges with Hub AI services
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Conclusions• About 70 hubs, of which 13 do not have chilling plants
(traditional market, bulking raw milk)• Hub approach provides a flexible way to provide input and
output services to small farmers, many of them are women• It however requires good governance structure and a lot of
“facilitation” to reach sustainability• Some adjustments needed for the women to participate,
and benefit fully• To better understand what’s working (and not working),
pilot testing of interventions targeted at women, the poor and the youth planned this year– Women‘ group purchase of shares– Subsidized access to inputs and services