Download - USGBC NY Upstate Chapter R333 Domestic Hot Water: Usage Research DHWUR Hugh Henderson March 22, 2014
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USGBC NY Upstate ChapterR333
Domestic Hot Water: Usage ResearchDHWUR
Hugh Henderson
March 22, 2014
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How much hot water do normal and Net Zero type householders use? New NYS research and old assumptions will be trotted out for all to review.
CourseDescription
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LearningObjectives
1. Define hot water use profiles (how much is used in homes) and hot water use patterns (where it is used
in homes)
2. Analyze areas where hot water is wasted
3. Describe hot water use in multifamily buildings
4. Explain how centralized hot water systems are beneficial for certain applications
At the end of the this course, participants will be able to:
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Domestic Hot Water Use ResearchDomestic Hot Water Use Research
March 22, 2014March 22, 2014
Hugh I. Henderson, Jr. P.E.Hugh I. Henderson, Jr. P.E.CDH Energy Corp.CDH Energy Corp.Cazenovia, NY Cazenovia, NY
Sponsors:Sponsors:
NYSERDA NYSERDA DOE Building AmericaDOE Building America
5
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Importance• Water heating 2nd largest load in NY Homes
– Bigger than cooling; approaching space heating in some highly-efficient homes
– Many technologies are being developed
• Performance differences between DHW technologies are not always clear– Performance/efficiency depends on water use
(64 gallons/day may not apply any more)– Use patterns can effect different systems in
different ways
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“BROADER” Project Overview
• Side-by-Side Laboratory Testing– Impose the same water use pattern on systems
and compare performance
• Field Testing– Confirm actual field-measured performance– Quantify load profiles in actual homes– Understand impact of HW distribution
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Laboratory Testing – Solar/HPWH
8
Unit 3SOLAR
Unit 4SOLAR DRAIN
Unit 8HPWH
(EF=2.4)
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Laboratory Testing – HE Gas
9
Unit 6HE COND TANK
(TE=0.96)
Unit 7HYBRID(TE=0.90)
Unit 5TANKLESS(EF=0.94)
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Lab InstrumentationMeasure
• Flow, ΔT & Q out• Fuel input
Control• Inlet water temp• Flow rate• Specify as daily profile
(multiple draws: time, flow, duration)
10
Gas Storage and Tankless Water Heaters (Units 1, 2, 5, 6, & 7)
Natural gas
Electric
FW
Flow Limiters (1 & 2 gpm)
Solenoid Valves
FG
WE
TC TH
TFG
Cold in Hot out
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Lab Results
11
http://cloud.cdhenergy.com/dhw_lab/
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Field Testing Goals
• Measure HW load profiles (simple sites)• Measure inputs, thermal outputs and efficiency
under actual conditions (detailed sites)• Measure component status and operating
conditions: water T, space T & RH (detailed sites)• HW Distribution: install temperature sensors on
distribution piping to: – allocate water draws to key end uses (sinks, showers,
dishwashers, etc)
– Estimate HW “waste” in distribution piping
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Two Kinds of “Simple” Sites
• Collect 15-minute flow data– Using CR10x and CR10 loggers
• Collect 15-minute AND event data– Using CR200 logger– Collect 5-sec data during a hot water draw and for 25
seconds after flow stops
• All sites manually collected
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15-minute Profile – 2 People February
14
15-Minute Daily Profile for 2-Person Home in February
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Hour of Day
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
Flo
w (
gpm
)
Site 1Site 3Site 5Site 9Site 10Site 11Site 13Site 14Site 15
9 SitesAverage Daily Total: 42.6 gal/dayDaily Range: 0.0 to 110.8 gal/day
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15-minute Profile – 2 People August
15
15-Minute Daily Profile for 2-Person Home in August
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Hour of Day
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
Flo
w (
gpm
)
Site 3Site 5Site 9Site 10Site 11Site 13Site 14Site 15Site 16
9 SitesAverage Daily Total: 32.9 gal/dayDaily Range: 0.0 to 82.6 gal/day
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15-minute Profile – 4 People February
16
15-Minute Daily Profile for 4-Person Home in February
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Hour of Day
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
Flo
w (
gpm
)
Site 4Site 7Site 12Site 17Site 18
5 SitesAverage Daily Total: 71.3 gal/dayDaily Range: 10.9 to 193.0 gal/day
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HW Use Depends on Household Size and Season
17
Average Daily Hot Water Use
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
0
50
100
150
200
250
Hot W
ate
r U
se (
Gal/D
ay)
2-Person Households (10 Sites)
4-Person Households (5 Sites)
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Day-to-Day Use Varies
18
Average Daily Hot Water Use for 2-Person Household (10 Sites)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
0
50
100
150
200
250H
ot W
ater
Use
(G
al/D
ay)
6.2 7.8 8.8 9.0 8.4 8.3 8.8 8.9 9.0 6.8 4.6 4.8
Median
Average +/- 1 Std. Dev.
Maximum / Minimum
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Everything Varies!
19
Average Daily Hot Water Use for 2-Person Household (10 Sites)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
0
50
100
150
200
250
Hot
Wat
er U
se (
Gal
/Day
)
Site 1 AverageSite 3 AverageSite 5 AverageSite 9 AverageSite 10 AverageSite 11 AverageSite 13 AverageSite 14 AverageSite 15 AverageSite 16 Average
Overall Average
+/- 1 Standard Deviation
Site Average with Min / Max Bar
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Cold Water Temperatures Vary
20
Entering Water Temperature
Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct
2012 2013
30
40
50
60
70
80
Dai
ly M
inim
um E
WT
(F)
S ite 1 (Private)Site 2 (Public)Site 3 (Public)Site 4 (Public)Site 5 (Public)Site 8 (Public)
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CW Temperature Affects HW Use
21
Daily Hot Water Use
30 40 50 60 70 80
Daily Minimum EWT (F)
0
200
400D
aily
Hot
Wat
er U
se (
gallo
ns)
S ite 1 (Private)
Site 2 (Public)
Site 3 (Public)
Site 4 (Public)
Site 5 (Public)Site 8 (Public)
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15-minute HW Use is Not the Entire Story
• HW use actually occurs as draw events– How many events?– How much per draw?– When do draws occur?– Which end use or fixture?
• The size of draw events can effect system performance– i.e., big draws make resistance elements come ON
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12/02/12 08:00:05 GAL = 8.79
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
:0 :1 :2 :3 :4 :5 :6 :7
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Flo
w R
ate
(gpm
)
DHW Site 1
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
:0 :1 :2 :3 :4 :5 :6 :7
-10
0
10
20
30
Tem
pera
ture
Ris
e (
F) TH - Hot TC = Cold
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1
2
3 4 5
12/02/12 08:00:05 Intervals=84
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
:0 :1 :2 :3 :4 :5 :6 :7
40
60
80
100
120
140
Tem
pera
ture
(F
)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1
2 3 4 5
TF6: Fixture Temp 6 - Master Bath Sink: Rise= 3.8 TF7: Fixture Temp 7 - Bathroom 2 Sink: Rise= 0.3
TT1: Trunk Temp - Master Bathroom: Rise= 40.7 TT2: Trunk Temp - Bathroom 2: Rise= 5.8
Master Shower
Useful GAL = 8.03 (TT > 100. )
A Typical HW Draw Event
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24
Date Total
Gallons Total
Events 0-0.
1
0.1-
0.2
0.2-
0.3
0.3-
0.4
0.4-
0.5
0.5-
0.6
0.6-
0.7
0.7-
0.8
0.8-
0.9
0.9-
1.0
0-1
1-2
2-3
3-4
4-5
5-6
6-7
7-8
8-9
9-1
0
Ove
r 10
1/1/2013 74.9 139 87 19 3 4 3 3 3 2 3 0 127 6 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 21/2/2013 53.0 116 75 15 9 4 2 3 0 1 0 1 110 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 21/3/2013 95.3 94 56 17 5 2 0 0 0 0 1 2 83 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 31/4/2013 144.8 181 103 30 4 2 4 3 4 2 5 3 160 9 4 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 61/5/2013 54.8 87 55 15 3 4 2 0 0 1 0 1 81 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 21/6/2013 93.4 138 96 15 7 1 0 3 2 2 0 1 127 4 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 21/7/2013 63.5 73 46 10 3 3 1 0 1 0 0 1 65 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 11/8/2013 53.3 75 50 10 2 1 0 2 2 2 0 0 69 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 31/9/2013 131.8 131 87 16 3 2 3 6 1 1 1 0 120 0 2 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 5
1/10/2013 49.1 97 73 11 2 3 0 1 1 0 2 0 93 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 21/11/2013 88.9 90 61 11 3 1 1 3 1 1 0 0 82 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 31/12/2013 88.2 98 67 13 3 1 0 2 1 1 0 2 90 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 31/13/2013 59.4 90 48 24 1 2 1 1 1 0 0 2 80 5 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 21/14/2013 62.0 130 93 12 5 1 3 4 3 0 2 2 125 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 11/15/2013 37.2 44 24 6 5 1 1 4 0 0 1 0 42 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 11/16/2013 66.3 65 34 7 3 1 5 0 2 2 2 1 57 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 21/17/2013 40.9 72 34 9 6 7 3 1 4 2 0 0 66 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 11/18/2013 69.9 117 90 9 3 3 2 1 1 1 0 0 110 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 31/19/2013 9.8 50 32 9 3 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 48 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01/20/2013 65.6 95 57 12 2 7 3 0 1 0 0 1 83 7 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 21/21/2013 48.3 86 50 10 5 3 2 2 2 3 1 0 78 3 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 11/22/2013 43.5 97 57 18 5 3 1 2 2 2 0 0 90 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 11/23/2013 24.0 42 24 5 2 4 2 2 1 0 0 0 40 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11/24/2013 34.0 41 24 10 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 39 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 11/25/2013 59.8 93 43 21 4 4 3 2 3 1 2 0 83 2 3 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 11/26/2013 34.8 85 62 9 0 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 81 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 11/27/2013 21.0 56 39 3 4 2 2 1 2 0 0 0 53 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11/28/2013 57.4 81 48 19 3 1 2 3 0 0 0 0 76 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 31/29/2013 26.5 35 20 5 2 4 1 0 0 1 0 0 33 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11/30/2013 43.5 99 60 10 8 3 3 2 1 0 0 2 89 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 11/31/2013 39.6 62 33 12 6 3 1 3 0 0 1 1 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Average 59.2 89 Median 54.8 90
No of EventsHot Water Use Bins (0.1 gallon) Hot Water Use Bins (1 gallon)Site 1 Jan-13
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Simple Sites – Event Data
25
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Sensor Locations“Detailed” Site 1
26
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Kitchen Sink Draw Event
27
12/02/12 09:05:50 GAL = 0.27
45. 50. 55. 0. 5. 10. 15.20. 25. 30. 35.
:5 :6
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0F
low
Rat
e (g
pm)
DHW Site 1
45. 50. 55. 0. 5. 10. 15.20. 25. 30. 35.
:5 :6
-10
0
10
20
30
Tem
pera
ture
Ris
e (F
)
TH - Hot TC = Cold
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2
3
4 5
12/02/12 09:05:50 Intervals=10
45. 50. 55. 0. 5. 10. 15.20. 25. 30. 35.
:5 :6
40
60
80
100
120
140
Tem
pera
ture
(F
)
1 2 3 4 5
6
7 8
1
2 3
4 5
TF2: Fixture Temp 2 - Kitchen Sink: Rise= 5.5 TF3: Fixture Temp 3 - Sink (half bath): Rise= 0.4
TT3: Trunk Temp 3 - Kitchen Trunk: Rise= 21.6 TT4: Trunk Temp 4 - Half Bath Trunk: Rise= 0.2
Kitchen Sink
Useful GAL = 0.00 (TF > 90. )
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“Classified” Event Data
28
DHW Site 1 12/02/12 00:07:35 to 12/21/12 22:53:55 (Total Events = 1524 )
0 20 40
HW Use (Gal)
0
1
2
3
4
5
Dra
w R
ate
(gpm
)
Dishwasher 30Kitchen Sink 361Halfbath Sink 69Washing Mach 17Utility Sink 3Master Sink 127Master Shower 35Bath2 Sink 53Bath2 Shower 19
Classified Events = 714
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“Classified” Event Data
29
DHW Site 1 12/01/12 07:45:00 to 04/02/13 23:00:55 (Total Events = 8534 )
0 20 40
HW Use (Gal)
0
1
2
3
4
5
Dra
w R
ate
(gpm
)
Dishwasher 185Kitchen Sink 2095Halfbath Sink 260Washing Mach 88Utility Sink 42Master Sink 842Master Shower 190Bath2 Sink 212Bath2 Shower 91
Classified Events = 4005
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Classification Success Rate
30
Useful = T is Over 90°F at Fixture
Site 1
Events per day
Total HW Use
(gpd)
Useful HW
(gpd)
Wasted HW
(gpd)Useful
%
Dishwasher 1.5 2.7 2.4 0.3 90%Kitchen Sink 17.0 9.1 5.7 3.3 63%Halfbath Sink 2.1 0.7 0.1 0.5 21%Washing Mach 0.7 9.1 8.3 0.8 91%Utility Sink 0.3 0.9 0.5 0.4 53%Master Sink 6.8 2.2 0.6 1.5 28%Master Shower 1.5 17.8 17.0 0.8 95%Bath2 Sink 1.7 1.2 0.6 0.6 49%Bath2 Shower 0.7 8.4 7.7 0.8 91%Unaccounted 36.8 3.4 0.0 3.4 0%All Events 69.4 55.4 42.9 12.5 77%Classified 33 52.0 42.9 9.1 82%% Classified 47% 94% 100% 73%
No of Days: 123 No of Events: 8534
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Able to Assign HW to End Uses
31
-
20
40
60
80
100
120
Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5
HW
Use
(gal
/day
)
Wash Mach/Utility
Kitchen
Bath Showers
Bath Sinks
Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5Classified Events 47% 39% 53% 17% 57%Classified Use 94% 98% 94% 88% 98%
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Is Delivered HW “Useful”
32
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5
Porti
on o
f D
raw
tha
t is
"U
sefu
l"
Bath Sinks
Bath Showers
Kitchen
Wash Mach/Utility
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Anecdote: Tankless WH Retrofit
33
Site 3 (excluding vacations)
31 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 4 11 18 25 1 8 15 22 29 6 13 20 27 3 10 17 24 1
January February March April May June
020
40
60
80
100
120
Wat
er U
se (
gal/d
ay)
AVG = 34.5 AVG = 32.8
31 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 4 11 18 25 1 8 15 22 29 6 13 20 27 3 10 17 24 1
January February March April May June
0
50
100
150
Dra
w E
vent
s (n
o/da
y)
AVG = 52.3 AVG = 19.7
Same Use, Fewer Events
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Anecdote: HPWHs & Resist Elements
34
DHW1 - 04/10/13 to 12/02/13
0 50 100 150 200
Hot Water Use (gal/day)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0C
onve
rsio
n E
ffici
ency
(-)
E lements ON
Ouch!
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Anecdote: Multi-Family Use
35
30 40 50 60 70
Makeup Water Temperature (F)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120W
ater
Use
(ga
l/apt
-day
)
Constant (C) Demand (D) Temp Mod (TM) Both (D&TM)
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Preliminary Conclusions• HW Use is about 40 gallons per day for 2 people, but:
– varies across the day– varies across the season– household size and behavior matter– significant day-to-day variations
• HW use is not an average profile, but a series of draw events (about 1 gal per draw)
• Draw events can significantly affect the performance of certain systems: HPWH & Solar
36
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This concludes The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems Course
Tracie Hall, Executive Director
USGBC New York Upstate Chapter
727 East Washington Street
Syracuse, NY 13210
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