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U.S. Imperialism Era1898-1920
*Spanish-American War, 1898
*American Expansionism
*World War I
Power Point created by Robert L. Martinez Primary Content Sources: The Americans (McDougal Little) & Mastering The Grade 11 Taks Social Studies Assessment (Killoran, Zimmer, Jarrett).
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Spanish-American War, 1898
"Cuban volunteers in their barracks. Many of these were cigar makers at Tampa. "The "Army of the Cuban Republic" was made up from 40 Cubans from
Jacksonville, 200 from New York, and 150 from Key West. They set sail on the Florida to join the rebels on May 21st.
http://www.floridamemory.com/OnlineClassroom/PhotoAlbum/n041306.cfm
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The Spanish-American War marked a major turning point in U.S. foreign relations. At the conflicts conclusion, America would emerge
as a world empire.
http://www.floridamemory.com/OnlineClassroom/PhotoAlbum/pr10233.cfm
American troops in Havana, Cuba.
http://www.solpass.org/7ss/Images/war.gif
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In 1895, Cuban workers rebelled against Spain, seeking their independence. A Spanish army was sent to
Cuba to crush the rebellion with brutal force. Several factors led to U.S. intervention in the conflict.
http://www.zpub.com/cpp/caw5.jpg
Spanish Frigate “Vizcaya”
http://www.hazegray.org/features/santiago/vizc06.jpg
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SPANISH TROOPS MARCHING THROUGH SAN JUAN, THE CAPITAL OF PUERTO RICO (a Spanish possession.)
http://www.antiquemapsandprints.com/p-0145.jpg
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Many Americans felt they had a moral obligation to help the Cuban people in their struggle for
independence from Spain.
America’s Founding Fathers signing the Declaration of Independence from Great Britain.
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Reasons for War: Cuban Independence, U.S. military and economic interests in Latin America, the Caribbean, and the Pacific, and the sinking of the U.S.S.
Maine.
http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/images/d5300hh4.jpg
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Publishers like William Heart and Joseph Pulitzer sensationalized news events to sell newspapers. Their newspapers deliberately distorted the news from Cuba with exaggerated stories of atrocities.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Journal98.gif
William Randolph Hearst
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Front Page “Hearst” newspaper illustration:“Male Spanish officials strip search an American woman tourist in Cuba looking for messages from rebels.”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_journalism
Illustrations such as the one on the right was printed to elicit anger from American
readers.
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De Lome LetterThe Spanish ambassador called
President McKinley “weak” in a private letter that was published in the press. De Lome’s letter angered Americans
against Spain.
http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=53
http://www.williammckinley.net/
De LomePresident McKinley
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The American government sought to protect American investments
(example: sugar & rum) in Cuba and to block any interruption of U.S. trade with
Cuba.
http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/cuba/cuba1850-7.gif
Cuban Sugar Industry
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January 25, 1898 -- The U.S.S. Maine enters Havana harbor, about three weeks later it mysteriously explodes.
“Remember the Maine”
http://www.smplanet.com/imperialism/remember.html
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The battleship U.S.S Maine was mysteriously blown up in Havana in February, 1898. The
press blamed the explosion on Spanish sabotage, enraging American public opinion.
http://www.floridamemory.com/OnlineClassroom/PhotoAlbum/n045404.cfm
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/apr25.html
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In 1898, President William McKinley, finding it difficult to resist the public outcry after the
destruction of the U.S.S Maine, asks Congress for a declaration of war against
Spain. On April 20th, the United States declares war.
http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/wm25.html
http://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl12.htmlPresident McKinley
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In the Caribbean, hostilities began with a naval blockade of Cuba. The Spanish
fleet is effectively sealed up in the harbor of Santiago de Cuba.
http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/n120000/n191610t.jpg
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The Spanish fleet tries to escape the American blockade at Santiago harbor. A naval battle ensues, and the Spanish fleet is destroyed.
http://www.homeofheroes.com/wallofhonor/spanish_am/images/12_battle2.jpg
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Attempted Escape of Spanish Fleet
http://www.homeofheroes.com/wallofhonor/spanish_am/12_santiago.html
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In June 1898, American forces landed in Cuba. American forces begin to converge on the port city of Santiago. The army consisted of 17,000 soldiers, including four African-American regiments (called Buffalo soldiers) of regular army and the volunteer Rough Riders, a cavalry unit. The key to capturing
the city of Santiago was controlling the high grounds of San Juan Hill.
http://www.veteranmuseum.org/images/cuba-landing.jpg
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On the way to secure San Juan Hill, a bloody and dramatic charge took place on nearby Kettle Hill.
Without direct orders, Teddy Roosevelt, the Rough Riders, and two African-American regiments
attacked and took Kettle Hill.
http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/documents/spanam/Rrid1.jpg
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The battle of San Juan Hill is the bloodiest and most popular of all
battles during the Spanish-American war.
http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/1898/sanjuan1.gif
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Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders
http://www.floridamemory.com/OnlineClassroom/PhotoAlbum/pr10253.cfm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_Riders
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“Speak softly and carry a big stick. You will go far.”
- Teddy Roosevelt
http://www.teddyroosevelt.com/teddy_roosevelt_pictures.htm
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http://www.bartleby.com/51/13.gif
Lt. Col. Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough Ridersconducting regimental drills in San Antonio, Texas,
prior to fighting the Spanish in Cuba.
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Rough Riders in San Antonio
http://www.frfrogspad.com/m1895mg.jpg
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Rough Rider Reunion 1902,San Antonio, Texas
At the 1902 reunion in San Antonio, the Rough Rider veteransagreed to purchase an artificial leg for Private Charles Buckholdt,
who had lost his leg in a fight.
http://www.sharlot.org/exhibits/1898/images/resampled/reunionsanantoniomil238pe%20.JPG
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Rough Riders charging up San Juan Hill
http://www.teddyroosevelt.com/
http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/documents/spanam/RRIDS.JPG
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American forces quickly overcame the Spanish navy in the Philippines and defeated Spanish
troops in Cuba.
http://www.floridamemory.com/OnlineClassroom/PhotoAlbum/pr10237.cfm
Skirmish lines in Cuba
http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h01000/h01256.jpg
http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/dp/pennies/SPANISH.JPG
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As a result of the war, the United States acquired the Philippines, Puerto Rico,
and Guam.
Guam in the Pacifichttp://www.map-zone.net/map/guam/
Puerto Rico in the Caribbeanhttp://www.infoplease.com/atlas/state/puertorico.html
Philippines in the Pacific
http://www.middleeastnews.com/MapofPhilippines.html
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• The victory of San Juan Hill boasts morale and pride of the American people.
• Spain loses control of its possessions in the Caribbean.
• Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders emerge as national heroes.
• San Juan Hill catapults Roosevelt’s political career.
Consequences of San Juan Hill
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Political Cartoon:American Imperialism
http://history.grand-forks.k12.nd.us/NDhistory/LessonImages/Sources/Cartoons/john%20bull.jpg
The cartoon displays Uncle Sam showing off in front of other world powers, while balancing the “primitives” of its newly acquired territories. ..Notice the racial tone andarrogance of the political cartoon.
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The U.S. insisted that Cuba add to its new Constitution, the Platt Amendment,
commanding Cuba to stay out of debt and giving U.S. the right to intervene in the
country and the right to buy or lease Cuban land for naval and fueling stations.
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Guantánamo Bay Naval Base at the southeastern end of Cuba has been used by the United States Navy for more than a century, and is the oldest overseas U.S. Navy Base and the only one in a country with which the United States does not have diplomatic relations.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base
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After the brief war, the United States emerges from the war in possession of
an overseas empire.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:10kMiles.JPG
Presidential Campaign Poster for Mckinley-Roosevelt
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National HeroAfter the war with Spain, Roosevelt returned a hero and was soon elected governor of New York and then later
won the vice-presidency.
http://www.vw.vccs.edu/vwhansd/HIS122/Teddy/Images/trgov.jpg
http://www.politicalbadges.com/1896%20Theodore%20Roosevelt%20(for%20Governor%20stud).jpg
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American Expansionism & the Panama Canal
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ImperialismDefined as the domination of one country by another.
European imperialists had seized vast territories in Africa and Asia. Many Americans felt that the
moment was now right for U.S. imperialism. With the closing of the American frontier, the nation
continued its expansion overseas.
http://asms.k12.ar.us/classes/humanities/worldstud/97-98/imper/Philippines/USA.HTM
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Some advocates argued that since the United States was now an industrial power, colonies
could provide needed raw materials for American factories and a guaranteed market
of U.S. manufacturers.
http://www.jackdaw.com/pc-282-65-american-imperialism.aspx
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Others saw colonial expansion as a way of showing that the United States was a great nation, arguing the country should grab a
few colonies before nothing was left. Inspired by Manifest Destiny.
http://en.dcdatabaseproject.com/Image:Uncle_Sam_BNW_1.jpg
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In particular, these voices favored American control of the Caribbean, building a canal through Panama, and the acquisition of
islands in the Pacific as coaling stations for ships trading with Asia.
http://www.canalmuseum.com/
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Opponents felt that imperialism violated America’s democratic principles. They
reminded citizens that America was also once a colony and had fought a war with
Great Britain to break the chains of imperialism.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Washington_Crossing_the_Delaware.png
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During these Imperialist years, the United States acquired a colonial empire in the
Pacific consisting of the Philippines, Guam, Hawaii, Samoa, and Midway.
http://www.historywiz.com/laimp-mm.htm
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Formerly part of the Spanish empire, the Philippines came under U.S. rule after the Spanish-American
War. Filipino rebels had expected independence and fought against U.S. control until they were defeated
in 1902.
Filipino Rebels
http://asms.k12.ar.us/classes/humanities/worldstud/97-98/imper/Philippines/USA.HTM
http://people.bu.edu/juliango/publications_files/GoFostercover%2520copy.jfif
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In the mid-19th century, American settlers built sugar and pineapple plantations on Hawaii. These settlers
overthrew the Hawaiian queen in 1893 despite her protests. American companies such as Dole
(Sanford Dole) had a vested commercial interest in Hawaii and the American gvoernment supported
those interests. After the outbreak of the Spanish-American War, Congress voted in favor of the
annexation of Hawaii in 1898.
http://harwich.edu/depts/history/pp/imperialism/sld006.htm
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The U.S. announced the Open Door Policy, favoring equal trading rights for all foreign nations in China. In 1900, the Box Rebellion threatened foreigners in
China. An international army, with U.S. participation, crushed the rebellion, but Americans opposed any
attempt by other nations to use the rebellion to dismember China.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Boxer1900.jpg
Boxer Rebel
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Gunship Diplomacy
In 1853, the United States had forced open an isolationist Japan to Western trade and
influence when Commodore Matthew Perry landed there with American navy.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:PerryFleet.jpg
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Panama CanalMilitary importance: Naval strategists believed
that the United States needed a large navy and a canal through Central America to
establish itself as a world sea power.
http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h73000/h73411.jpg
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President Roosevelt took steps to build a canal that would allow ships to cross between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans without circling South America. The Isthmus of Panama, the narrowest point in Central America, was a natural place to build the canal, but
posed may challenges.
http://harwich.edu/depts/history/pp/imperialism/sld049.htm
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Natures Challenges and the Panama Canal
• Tropical climate• Disease-carrying mosquitoes• Mountains
http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/library/historical/medical_history/yellow_fever/assets/panama.jpg
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When Panamanian rebels declared their independence from Columbia in 1903,
Roosevelt sent U.S. warships to protect them.
http://www.panamacanalcountry.com/images/US%20stamp%20of%20Ancon%20crossing%20Canal.jpg
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In return for U.S. protection, the new government of Panama gave the United
States control of the Panama Canal Zone, a ten-mile wide strip of land
through the center of Panama.
http://www.smplanet.com/imperialism/joining.html
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• Construction of the canal began in 1904.• To prevent malaria and yellow fever, the
U.S. Army cleaned up swamps where infected mosquitoes had bred.
http://yellowfever.lib.virginia.edu/reed/images/03-NC.jpg
http://www.tea.state.tx.us/student.assessment/resources/online/2006/grade11/ss/images/8graphicaa.gif
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They built a series of locks that raised shops to an artificial lake, across the central highland, and then lowered them back to sea level on the other
side.
http://z.about.com/d/cruises/1/0/r/w/1/panama_canal021.jpg
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It took the Army Corps of Engineers ten years to build the enormous locks and to remove millions of tons of earth to
complete the canal.
http://www.smplanet.com/imperialism/joining.html
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In the early 20th century, the U.S. government extended the Monroe Doctrine through the Roosevelt
Corollary.
http://www.mexicolore.co.uk/uploadimages/169_02_2.jpg
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In 1904, President Theodore Roosevelt declared that the U.S. would act as an “international police power” in Latin
America. Rather than let European nations intervene to collect their debts, the U.S.
would act for them.
http://history.ucsc.edu/history25b/4-24slides_files/slide0010_image058.jpg
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The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine was used to justify sending troops into Haiti, Nicaragua, Honduras and the Dominican Republic. In this way,
the United States protected its interests in the Panama Canal. Later, President Wilson intervened in
both the Caribbean region and Mexico.
www.csub.edu/~gsantos/jpgs/img0099.jpg
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The Great War
http://www.doglegs.net/cclovett/World%20War%20I.jpg
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Since the War of 1812, Americans had successfully avoided “entanglements” with Europe. A new turning
point in U.S. policy was reached when America entered WWI.
http://www.gwpda.org/photos/bin15/imag1406.jpg
American armored troops going forward in
the Argonne, France, September 26, 1918
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How does isolationist America get involved?
http://www.greatwardifferent.com/Great_War/Childrens_Books/Stories_of_the_Great_War/Stories_of_the_Great_War_03.jpg
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How does WW I begin?
http://www.greatwardifferent.com/Great_War/Trenches/War%20Illustrated%20-%20Hindenburg%20Line%20006.jpg
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A devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation, nationalism led to
competitive and antagonistic rivalries among nations.
German Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1917
http://www.stahlgewitter.com/jpg_17/kaiser_wilhelm_sofia1.jpg
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In this atmosphere of competition, many feared Germany’s growing power in Europe. In addition,
various ethnic groups resented domination by others and longed for their nations to become
independent. Many ethnic groups looked to larger nations for protection (for example: Russia &
Europe’s Slavic peoples.)
http://www.gwpda.org/photos/bin06/imag0577.jpg
Imperial Guards passingReview before Kaiser Wilhelm II.
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ImperialismFor centuries, European nations built empires, slowly
extending their economic and political control over various peoples of the world. Colonies supplied the
European imperial powers with raw materials and provided markets for manufactured goods.
http://web.library.emory.edu/subjects/humanities/history/Nationalism/Nationalism.jpg
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As Germany industrialized, it competed with France and Britain in the contest
for colonies.
http://armsandinfluence.typepad.com/photos/arms_and_influence_refere/kaisersmall1.JPG
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New Technology vs. Old Standards
German soldier prepared for gas warfare, but what about the horse?
http://www.gwpda.org/photos/bin05/imag0472.jpg
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Each nation wanted stronger armed forces than those of any potential enemy, the imperial powers followed a policy of
militarism- the development of armed forces and their use as a tool of diplomacy.
http://www.firstaif.info/42/images-42/german-soldiers6.jpg
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The machine gun, poison gas, airplanes, and submarines are introduced into
modern warfare, preventing either side form winning a quick victory.
http://www.old-picture.com/american-history-1900-1930s/pictures/World-Tank-War-I-001.jpg
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Zeppelin Attacks (Blimps)
http://www.ww1-propaganda-cards.com/index.html
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Aircraft of WW I
http://www.firstaif.info/42/level2/weapons/aircraft-german.htm
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Dogfights:Aircraft in WW I
http://www.ww1-propaganda-cards.com/index.html
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By 1890, Germany was the strongest nation, which had set up an army
reserve system that drafted and trained young men.
http://www.gwpda.org/photos/bin16/imag1530.jpg
WW I German Unit on march.
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As an island nation, Britain had always relied on its navy for defense and protection of its shipping routes. The British navy was the
strongest in the world.
http://www.gwpda.org/photos/bin19/imag1802.jpg
British Fleet heading out to sea.
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In 1897, Wilhelm II, Germany’s Kaiser, decided that his nation should become a major sea power in order to compete
against the British.
http://www.gwpda.org/photos/bin19/imag1835.jpg
SMS Kaiser
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Soon British and German shipyards competed to build the largest battleships and
destroyers.
http://www.gwpda.org/photos/bin19/imag1818.jpg
Deck of a British Warship
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France, Italy, Japan, and the United States quickly joined the naval arms races.
U.S.S. Texas
http://www.gwpda.org/photos/bin07/imag0670.jpg
U.S. Floating Mine
http://www.gwpda.org/photos/bin07/imag0662.jpghttp://www.gwpda.org/photos/bin03/imag0272.jpg
Italian cruiser San Giorgio
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By 1907 there were two major defense alliances in Europe.
a. The Triple Entente (the Allies)
b. The Triple Alliance (Central Powers)
http://www.ww1-propaganda-cards.com/te015slide.html
Germany versus the Triple Entente (the Allies).
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The alliance system provided a measure of international security because
nations were reluctant to disturb the balance of power.
http://www.ww1-propaganda-cards.com/index.html
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Triple Entente• Consisted of France, Britain, and Russia.
http://www.historiasiglo20.org/GLOS/images/tripleentente.jpg
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German Propaganda Poster: Anti- Triple Entente
http://www.ww1-propaganda-cards.com/te020slide.html
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Triple Alliance
Consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.
http://www.ww1-propaganda-cards.com/index.html
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The assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a Serbian. The assassination touched
off a diplomatic crisis. On July 28, 1914, Austria-Hungary declares war against Serbia.
Archdukes car shown riddled with bullets.
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The alliance system pulled one nation after another into the conflict. On August 1, Germany, obligated by treaty with Austria-Hungary, declares war on Russia. On August 3, Germany declares war on Russia’s ally
France.
http://www.ww1-propaganda-cards.com/r008slide.html
Germans in control of the Russian “Bear.”
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The Great War BeginsAfter Germany invaded Belgium, Britain
declares war on Germany and Austria-Hungary.
http://www.gwpda.org/photos/bin05/imag0489.jpg
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Germany’s Schlieffen plan called for a holding action against Russia, combined with a quick drive through Belgium to Paris; after France
had fallen, the two German armies would defeat Russia.
WW I German soldiers on their wayTo the Western Front
http://www.gwpda.org/photos/bin03/imag0203.jpg
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Unable to save Belgium, the Allies retreated to the Marne River in France, where they halted
the German advance in September 1914. After struggling to outflank (get around) each other’s armies, both sides dug in for a long
siege.
http://www.wereldoorlog1418.nl/warpictures/battlefield01/images/11-roclincourt-kw64.jpg
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By the spring of 1915, two parallel systems of deep, rat-infested trenches crossed France from the
Belgian coast to the Swiss Alps.
German soldiers lice hunting in the trenches near Reims (1915)
http://www.wereldoorlog1418.nl/warpictures/battlefield01/images/13-lice-hunting-kw70.jpg
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French in the Trenches
http://www.greatwardifferent.com/Great_War/Trenches/Images%20-%20Field%20with%20French%20007.jpg
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Western Front
http://www.firstaif.info/42/images-42/map1915.gif
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Between the trenches lay “no man’s land” – a barren expanse of mud pockmarked with
shell craters and filled with barb wire. Periodically, the soldiers charged enemy
lines, only to be mowed down by machine gun fire.
WW I German machine-gunners on the Western front.
http://www.gwpda.org/photos/bin03/imag0258.jpg
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This bloody trench warfare, in which armies fought for mere yards of ground, continued for over three years. Final casualties totaled about 1.2 million, yet only about seven miles
of ground changed hands.
http://www.firstaif.info/42/images-42/trench-warfare.jpghttp://www.greatwardifferent.com/Great_War/Trenches/Trenches_Carillo_01.htm
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World War I
http://www.mtsu.edu/~kmiddlet/history/women/gif/wwi-seeds2.gif
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President Wilson attempted to follow the traditional policy of neutrality. Despite his
efforts, the United States eventually became involved in the conflict.
http://amhist.ist.unomaha.edu/module_files/Neutrality%20Cartoon%201.GIF
President Woodrow Wilson
http://www.books-about-california.com/Images/Presidents_War_Message/Woodrow_Wilson.jpg
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Closer ties with the Allies
Many Americans traced their ancestry to Britain. A common language and history tied Americans to the British. Britain and France shared the same democratic political system.
http://www.artchive.com/artchive/h/hassam/allies_day.jpg
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Americans were shocked at Germany’s invasion of neutral Belgium.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWbelg.JPG
Germans patrolling a small Belgium town.
http://www.greatwardifferent.com/Great_War/Germans_in_Belgium/Kriegsbilder%20-%20Belgium%20003.jpg
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The Zimmerman telegraph: a secret message from the German government, promised to
return territories to Mexico if they acted against the United States. Americans were
outraged when the telegram appeared in the newspaper.
http://rutlandhs.k12.vt.us/jpeterso/MOREWW1/ZMMRMN.JPG
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A British blockade kept foreign food and arms. Germans only had submarines to fight back.
http://www.ncwiseowl.org/WebQuest/amhistory/Images/frontpag.jpg
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In 1915, a German submarine sank the British passenger ship Lusitania, killing most passengers, including 128 Americans.
Germany pledged not to sink any ocean liners without prior warning.
http://flatrock.org.nz/topics/history/assets/lusitania_7_may_1915.jpg
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By 1917, Germany was suffering near starvation, and announced unrestricted
submarine warfare.
http://www.germannotes.com/hist_ww1_uboat1.jpg
http://home.snu.edu/~dwilliam/s97/casualties/sub.jpg
http://www.sorbie.net/S_sinkinga.jpg
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Despite the announcement of unrestricted submarine warfare, U.S. merchant ships continued to sail to
Britain. When the number of ships sunk by German submarines increased dramatically, President Wilson
asked Congress to declare war.
President Wilson appearing before Congress.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Wilson_announcing_the_break_in_the_official_relations_with_Germany.jpg/800px-Wilson_announcing_the_break_in_the_official_relations_with_Germany.jpg
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President Wilson won popular support by explaining that the war was necessary “to
make the world safe for democracy.”
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.books-about-california.com/Images/Presidents_War_Message/Woodrow_Wilson.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.books-about-california.com/Pages/Presidents_War_Message/Presidents_WarMessage_text.html&h=500&w=313&sz=27&hl=en&start=10&tbnid=rquMKrb0J0SwMM:&tbnh=130&tbnw=81&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dwoodrow%2Bwilson%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den
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To fight the war, Wilson was given sweeping powers. He established new agencies to
regulate the wartime economy. The government supervised food and industrial
production, shipping, and the railroads.
http://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/exhibits/war/ww1/conserve.html
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Congress passed the Selective Service Act 0f 1917 to draft men for the army.
Those who actively resisted conscription or the war effort faced
imprisonment.
http://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/exhibits/war/ww1/american.html
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The Supreme Court upheld these restrictions on free speech during wartime in Schenck v.
United States.
http://www.thebestkidsbooksite.com/nonpict/fbookpict/freespeech.jpghttp://www.maxwell.syr.edu/plegal/scales/schenck.gif
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As workers were drafted and sent overseas, many women and African Americans filled
their job (part of Great Migration.)
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The arrival of American troops helped break the deadlock in Europe, leading
Germany to surrender in November 1918.
http://freepages.military.rootsweb.com/~worldwarone/WWI/TheGeographyOfTheGreatWar/images/Figure35-Page35-sm.jpg
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General John J. Pershing
Commanding General of American Expeditionary Force chasing Pancho Villa in Mexico, and fighting alongside the Allies in Europe during WWI.
Believed in aggressive combat and felt that 3 years of trench warfare had made the Allies too
defensive.
http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/graphics/pershing.jpg
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American Expeditionary ForceThe U.S. forces, led by General John Pershing, who
fought with the Allies in Europe during World War I. Nicknamed Doughboys (American infantry), American forces helped to stop the German
advance, capturing important enemy positions.
http://www.flickr.com/photos/patrick_q/268183163/http://www.landships.freeservers.com/jpegs/us_unifs/us_artyunifs_3.jpg
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The Fourteen Points stated that each major European nationality should have its own
nation and government. The Points called for freedom of the seas, reduced armaments,
and an end to secret diplomacy.
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Wilson felt the most important part of his plan was the creation of an
international peace organization, the League of Nations, which would
prevent future wars.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/images/hist_big3_versailles.jpg
Great Britain’s Lloyd George,France’s Clemenceau andAmerica’s Wilson walk in Parisduring Versailles PeaceAccords.
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The final terms of the Treaty of Versailles were extremely harsh on Germany.
Other treaties were similarly harsh on Germany’s allies, Austria and Turkey.
http://www.historyonthenet.com/WW1/images/wpvd724u.jpg
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Lands lost by Germany in Versailles Peace Treaty
http://www.historyonthenet.com/WW1/germanlosses.htm
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Key Terms of the 1919 Peace Settlement of World War I
• Germany lost territory to France and Poland, and all of its colonies.
• Germany lost its navy. Its army was reduced to the size of a police force.
• Germany had to accept blame for starting the war and was required to pay reparations (payment for damages) to the Allies.
• Austria-Hungary was divided into several new, smaller nations.
• A League of Nations was established.
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Senate rejects the League of NationsWilson hoped the League of Nations would discourage
future wars. His opponents believed it would drag Americans into unnecessary military commitments. The League of Nations failed, in part because many
major world powers, including the United States, never became members.
http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/graphic/large/Versailles.jpg
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Wilson needed two-thirds of the Senate to ratify the treaty. Wilson appealed directly to
American voters by going on a national speaking tour. Wilson failed to realize that Americans were disillusioned with world affairs. During the tour, President Wilson
suffers a crippling stroke.
http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/images/wilson2.jpg
President Wilson dies as a resultof his stroke on February 3, 1924.
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During the 1920’s, Americans once again followed George Washington’s advice “to
steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world.” Isolationism-
refusing to become involved in other countries’ affairs.
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Woman’s suffrage and the prohibition of alcohol were passed at the end of World War I, becoming
the final reforms of the Progressive Era.
Americans sought prosperity rather than further reform ending the Progressive era of reform.
http://ap.grolier.com/images/cache/001/ht13t.jpghttp://www.legendsofamerica.com/photos-americanhistory/ProhibitionPoster.jpg