U.S. History
Goal 2
Expansion & Reform
1801-1850
Goal 2 Vocabulary Eli Whitney Cotton gin Henry Clay American System Erie Canal Interchangeable parts Industrial Revolution Nationalism Adams-Onis Treaty Monroe Doctrine Missouri Compromise Spoils system Indian Removal Act Trail of Tears Temperance Movement Seneca Falls Convention Strike
Tariff of Abominations Whig Party John C. Calhoun Charles Grandison Finney Second Great Awakening Ralph Waldo Emerson Transcendentalism Henry David Thoreau Civil disobedience Utopian community Abolition William Lloyd Garrison Emancipation Fredrick Douglas Nat Turner Antebellum
STARTER 2/8/10
Examine the map, “The Missouri Compromise, 1820-1821” on page 223. Answer the questions below:
1. How many free states/territories were in the Union, as of 1820?
2. How many slave states/territories were in the Union, as of 1820?
3. In which two territories was slavery permitted?4. Why would Thomas Jefferson have feared for the
Union’s future after the passage of the Missouri Compromise?... In other words, what possible problems can YOU foresee in the Missouri Compromise? (Will this compromise last? Why or why not?)
Goal 2 Preview Questions
1. What was John Q. Adam’s focus as Secretary of State under Pres. Monroe? (220-221)
2. Why would settlers go west? (222)3. Trace the process a territory would
take to become a state. (222)4. Explain why Missouri’s request for
admission to the Union created conflict in 1819. (222)
5. Describe how the issue of Missouri’s statehood was resolved. (222-23)
Goal 2 Preview Questions
6. What were the two basic attitudes toward Native Americans since 1600? (226)
7. What was Pres. Andrew Jackson’s attitude toward Native Americans? (226)
8. How did the Cherokee fight the Indian Removal Act? (228)
9. What was Jackson’s reaction to Worcester v. Georgia? (228)
10. Describe the Trail of Tears. (229)11. Describe Americans’ feelings regarding
westward expansion during the 1840s. (280-81)
Goal 2 Preview Questions
12. Name four reasons people moved west in the 1840s. (281)
13. What were the results of the Black Hawk War? (281)
14. What was the purpose of the Fort Laramie Treaty? How successful or unsuccessful was it? (282)
15. Why did Mormons move west? (284-85)16. Why did Mexico invite U.S. settlers to
live there? (289)17. What led to the tensions in Texas in
the 1830s? (290
Goal 2 Preview Questions
18. Identify events in the Texas Revolution that occurred on the dates below (290-292):
Late 1833-Late 1835-March 1836-April 1836-Sept. 1836-1838-1845-
Starter 2/9/10
Color and label the Westward Expansion Map.
Use the map in your book, pages A20-A21 for help.
Only label the stages indicated on your worksheet (1-9)
Goal 2 Preview Questions continued…
19. Why was there such a delay in Houston’s request for Texas to be annexed to the U.S. and the state’s actual admittance to the Union? (292)
20. What were Pres. James K. Polk’s aspirations after the Texas Revolution? (293-94)
21. What were the territorial gains for the U.S. as a result of the War with Mexico? (297)
22. How did the California gold rush bring diversity to the west? (299)
Why did people move and settle out west?
Escape religious persecution (like the Mormons)
Find new markets for commerce Claim land for farming, ranching, and
mining Seek new employment opportunities Escape debt and financial problems
Missouri Compromise
Missouri Compromise was a line created- new states admitted South of the line would be slave states and new states North of the line would be free states
It maintained a balance of power in Congress between the free states and slave states
Indian Removal & Treaties
Native Americans were removed from the east to Indian Territory with the passage of the Indian Removal Act of 1830
The removal of the Cherokee was known as the Trail of Tears
Fighting between Native Americans in the west (Central Plains) and the U.S. government led to the Fort Laramie Treaty, which was violated by the U.S. government
Manifest Destiny
Americans came to believe that it was their destiny, ordained by God, to expand its territory to the Pacific Ocean and into Mexico
This was called “Manifest Destiny” President James K. Polk wanted to
obtain territory in Mexico
Texas Independence Mexico invited American farmers to settle in
its northern territory to help its economy Mexico and American settlers clashed over
cultural differences, especially regarding slavery
After fighting between Austin and Houston against Santa Anna (Mexico’s dictator), Texas declared its independence
Texas was eventually annexed to the United States, following conflicts within Congress over its status as a slave state
Texas annexation to the Union led to the War with Mexico
War with Mexico
Following the War with Mexico, the United States gained a great deal of territory though the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
California Gold Rush
When gold was discovered in California in 1849, thousands of people moved west
Gold prospectors were known as “forty-niners”
The population exploded and California became culturally diverse
Classwork Assignment 2/9/10
Chapter 7 Section 1 Main Idea Questions A-E (Red Books)
The questions are in the middle of the book in yellow!
STARTER 2/10/10
Examine the map on page 227, entitled “Effects of the Indian Removal Act, 1830s-1840s” and answer these questions:
1. Name the five major tribes removed as a result of the Indian Removal Act.
2. Where were most of the tribes moved?3. What do you think were some of the long-
term effects of this removal of Native Americans?
1. What was John Q. Adam’s focus as Secretary of State under Pres. Monroe?
To establish a foreign policy based on nationalism
The Adams-Onis Treaty was signed gave America Florida from Spain & the Oregon Territory
Nationalism
A devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation
2. Why would settlers go west?
a. To escape debtsb. To escape the lawc. In search of economic gaind. Plenty of cheap and fertile
lande. Change occupations
3. Trace the process a territory would take to become a state.
1st: Territory’s population would reach 60,000
2nd: Petition the government (Union) for admission as a state
3rd: Draft a state constitution4th: Elect representatives5th: Congress approved the state to
become part of the United States
4. Explain why Missouri’s request for admission to the Union created conflict in 1819.
The number of slave states and free states was not equal
Southerners were afraid they would have less power in Congress
Southerners were threatened that Northerners were trying to end slavery
Northerners thought the South was trying to expand slavery into the new territories
5. Describe how the issue of Missouri’s statehood was resolved
Henry Clay (“The Great Compromiser”) came up with the Missouri Compromise
It maintained a balance between the free states and slave states
In addition, a line was created- states admitted South of the line would be slave states and states North of the line would be free states
The Missouri Compromise
6. What were the two basic attitudes toward Native Americans since 1600?
Displace Native Americans and take away their lands
Convert them to Christians, turn them into farmers, and absorb them into white culture
7. What was Pres. Andrew Jackson’s attitude toward Native Americans?
President Jackson believed Native Americans should be moved from their lands to areas in the west
He had Congress approve the Indian Removal Act of 1830 which moved eastern tribes to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma)
8. How did the Cherokee fight the Indian Removal Act?
The Cherokee won recognition as a distinct political community in the Supreme Court case Worcester v. Georgia
What was Jackson’s reaction to Worcester v. Georgia?
Jackson refused to enforce the Supreme Court’s decision
“John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it”
10. Describe the Trail of Tears.
It was an 800 mile trip made by steamboat, railroad, and on foot
Many people died in the winter
The Cherokee were stripped of their possessions
¼ of the tribe died
Indian Removal to “Indian Territory”
11. Describe Americans’ feelings regarding westward expansion during the 1840s.
Americans believed that they were destined and ordained by God to move west
The phrase “Manifest Destiny” expressed the belief that the United States should expand to the Pacific Ocean and into Mexican Territory
MANIFEST DESTINY
Starter 2/11/10
Read “Daily Life 1820-1850: Working at Mid-Century” and examine the “Data File” on pages 266-267.
Write a one paragraph diary entry (with at date/year) explaining what your day was like as either a cotton plantation slave, mill worker, or a farmer
12. Name four reasons people moved west in the 1840s.
Escape financial problems Abundant land for ownership Mining Seeking new markets
What were the results of the Black Hawk War?
More tribes were removed from their lands in the east to Indian Territory
14. What was the purpose of the Fort Laramie Treaty? How successful or unsuccessful was it?
• The Fort Laramie Treaty was established to create peace among tribes in the west and the U.S. government and its citizens
The Fort Laramie Treaty was violated by the U.S. government
Eventually, Native Americans were put on reservations and lost total control over their lands
15. Why did Mormons move west?
The Mormons moved west to escape religious persecution
Why did Mexico invite U.S. settlers to live there?
Mexico needed to improve its economy so it offered land grants to American farmers
What let to the tensions in Texas in the 1830s?
Cultural differences between the Mexicans and U.S. settlers, especially over the issue of slavery
Slavery had been abolished in Mexico is 1824
Identify events in the Texas Revolution that occurred on the dates below
Late 1833- Austin petitions the Mexican government for self-government in TexasAustin is then imprisoned by Santa Anna
Late 1835- Texas attacks Mexico;Santa Anna destroys the Alamo
March 1836- Santa Anna kills 300 Texans at Goliad
April 1836- Sam Houston defeats Santa Anna at San Jacinto
Sept. 1836- Republic of Texas established
1838- Houston invites the United States to annex Texas1845- Texas becomes the 28th state
19. Why was there such a delay in Houston’s request for Texas to be annexed to the U.S. and the state’s actual admittance to the Union?
The delay occurred due to the debate over slavery
Texas had slaves The North feared the balance of power
between slave states and free states would be unequal again
The North also feared there would be a war with Mexico if Texas was annexed (or added) to the United States
20. What were Pres. James K. Polk’s aspirations after the Texas Revolution?
Polk wanted to bring Texas, New Mexico, and California into the Union
21. What were the territorial gains for the U.S. as a result of the War with Mexico?
The United States paid $15 million for California, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, most of Arizona, parts of Colorado and Wyoming
Then $10 million was paid for territory south of the Gila River (Gadsden Purchase)
22. How did the California gold rush bring diversity to the west?
Chinese were the largest group to come from overseas
Free blacks came looking for opportunities Mexicans were the fastest-growing
population Slaves were part of the population until
slavery was outlawed in California in 1849
SectionalismPlacing the interests of one’s own region ahead of the interests of the nation as a whole
Two Distinct Economies Develop
SECTIONALISM
NORTH
•Became industrial with the invention of interchangeable parts
•Small, self-sufficient family farms
•Little to no need for slavery
SOUTH
•Large plantations
•Cotton gin (Eli Whitney) made slavery entrenched in southern life
•More cotton was produced with the invention of the cotton gin, therefore more slaves were needed
American System(Henry Clay)NATIONALISMPURPOSE: Unite the nation economically1. Develop transportation systems & internal
improvements (roads, canals, and railroad) Specific examples: National Road, Erie Canal2. Establish a protective tariff (tax on imports) This INCREASED the cost of foreign goods-
domestic products were cheaper so more were sold These taxes would help pay for internal
improvements3. Resurrect the national bank (Second Bank of the
U.S.) Created a national currency, making it easier
for people in different regions to do business with each other
Monroe Doctrine
NATIONALISM The Monroe Doctrine warned all
outside powers not to interfere with the affairs in the Western Hemisphere; At the same time the United States would not involve itself in European affairs
Don’t create new colonies Don’t overthrow newly independent
republics in the hemisphere
Tariff of 1816-1832SECTIONALISM John C. Calhoun (Jackson’s Vice President from
South Carolina) called the tariff a “Tariff of Abominations”
According to Calhoun, the tariff forced the South to buy the more expensive Northern manufactured goods
He felt the North was getting rich at the expense of the South
South Carolina tried to nullify the tariff Henry Clay stepped in a brokered a compromise,
lowering the tariff over a 10 year period
Jackson Challenges the Bank of the U.S.
NATIONALISM
Jackson believed that the Bank of the U.S. benefited the rich rather than the citizen
Instead, Jackson deposited money into state banks, rather than the Bank of the U.S. -“pet banks”
These banks were loyal to the Democratic Party, thus called “pet banks”
Eventually the BUS went out of business
Sectional Attitudes about War with Mexico
SECTIONALISMSouth
Saw it as an opportunity to extend slavery and increase Southern power in CongressNorth
Opposed the war and saw it as a plot to expand slavery
This would create Southern dominance
Wilmot Proviso Debate
SECTIONALISM The Proviso would ban slavery in all
territories acquired in the War with Mexico The North supported the proviso because it
banned slavery in new territories The North thought slavery was unfair
competition to wage earners The South opposed the proviso The proviso never passed, but caused more
sectional tension between the North and the South
Compromise of 1850
NATIONALISMCreated by Henry Clay to solve the controversy
between free states and slave statesThe terms of the Compromise of 1850:1. North got California admitted to the Union
as a free state2. South got a strict fugitive slave law3. Popular sovereignty (allowing residents of
the new territories to vote for or against slavery) would determine the status of states in the future
Gibbons v. Ogden
Congress regulates interstate commerce The federal government has the power
to regulate everything that crosses state lines
Ex: steamboats, air traffic, TV & radio waves
Reform Movements of the 1830-1850s 2.2 Describe how the growth of nationalism
and sectionalism were reflected in art, literature, and language.
2.5 Identify the major reform movements and evaluate their effectiveness.
2.6 Evaluate the role of religion in the debate over slavery and other social movements and issues.
American Cultural PrideA clear “American” culture was emerging in the 1830s
American art and literature was developing and becoming recognized
Hudson River SchoolThe Hudson River School
was an art schoolThe artists created
paintings which celebrated the American landscape
The paintings revealed the truth in human emotion
Buffalo Bull's Back Fat, head chief, Blood Tribein the National Museum of American Art, Washington D.C.
By George Catlin
Asher DurandKindred Spirits, 1849The New York Public Library, New York City
A Lake in the Sierra Nevada by Albert Bierstadt
Frederic Church Niagara1857Oil on canvas42 1/2 x 90 1/2 in. (108 x 229.9 cm)The Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington
Transcendentalism
Transcendentalism is a form of American literature
Emphasized:• Simple living
• Celebrating nature
• Optimism
• Freedom
• Self-reliance
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Emerson was a transcendentalist New England writer
Wrote about simple living, nature, and personal emotion and imagination
Henry David Thoreau Lived in solitude at
Walden Pond in Massachusetts, writing the book Walden
Urged the concept of civil disobedience, protesting by refusing to obey the law(IMPORTANT: Ghandi & Martin Luther King adopt this view in their protests in the 21st century)
Ideal Communities Created The optimism of the
transcendentalist movement led to the development of ideal communities
Two include:
•Utopian Communities
•Shaker Communities
Utopian Communities Groups tried to form Utopian
Communities, or perfect places to live- “utopias”
They lived together with common goals such as self-sufficiency
Best known communities included New Harmony and Brook Farm
Most of these communities failed
Shaker Communities Shakers were a religious community of
New England They believed that men & women were
equal, no fighting for any reason, and they shared their goods with each other
They are well known for the style of furniture they created
Shakers vowed to never marry, therefore they could not keep their community alive
ReformTo improve or change what
is wrong, corrupt,
unsatisfactory
Reforming Prisons & Asylums The movement to
reform prisons and asylums was led by Dorothea Dix
She helped set up mental hospitals, emphasizing rehabilitation and treatment rather than punishment
Reforming Education The movement to
reform education was led by Horace Mann
He helped pass compulsory school laws (laws requiring school attendance), helped raise taxes for schools & teacher training programs.
Second Great Awakening A religious movement
that swept the country Appealed to common
people Promoted the ideas of
individualism and responsibility
Revivals were started (open to blacks and whites)
LEADER: Charles Finney (preacher)
Religion & the Slavery Debate
African Americans interpreted Christian messages as a promise of freedom for their people
The Second Great Awakening brought people of all races together to worship together
The North voiced it’s religious opposition to slavery, especially as it became more industrial
Proslavery advocates used the Bible to defend slavery (citing passages about obedience)
The abolition movement (movement to outlaw slavery) was fueled by religious leaders such as Charles Finney
Nat Turner, a Virginian slave and preacher, interpreted an eclipse as a divine sign and lead a slave rebellion
William Lloyd Garrison A white
abolitionist and editor of the abolition newspaper, The Liberator.
He called for the immediate emancipation of slaves (freeing without payment to slaveholders)
Fredrick Douglass Born into slavery,
but was taught by his master’s wife to read and write
Escaped slavery Became a famous
abolition speaker Started a
newspaper called The North Star
Defending Slavery
Some used the Bible to defend slavery citing passages that encourage servants to obey their masters
They believed that slavery benefited blacks by making them part of a prosperous, Christian civilization
Women’s Rights Movement
The Women’s Rights Movement of the 1830s was led by two female abolitions, Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Lucretia Mott
They were inspired by the abolition movement to make changes for women
Lucretia Mott
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Lucretia Mott
Women’s Rights Reformers wanted more educational
opportunities and healthcare In 1848, a women’s rights
convention was held called the Seneca Falls Convention.
There, the women issued a Declaration of Sentiments, outlining the rights that women were entitled to.
Sojourner Truth An abolitionist
who spoke out for women’s rights
Temperance Movement The temperance movement was
the movement to prohibit the drinking of alcohol
This was a movement led mostly by women and churches
Labor Reform Workers began to demand
higher wages & shorter workdays
Trade unions were established, groups of workers within the same trade that organized strikes