Urinary, Reproductive, and Development Systems
Urinary SystemFunction: help keep the body in homeostasis by controlling the composition and volume of blood by removing and restoring selected amounts of water and solutes
urinary bladder - the storage organ for urine
urethra - a single tube that drains urine from the urinary bladder out the body
kidneys - the paired organs that remove waste products and stabilize both the volume and composition of the plasma within the blood
ureters - paired muscular tubes that transports urine from the kidneys to the bladder
Nephron – Functional unit of the kidneyafferent arteriole
renal corpuscle ( containing glomerulus)
efferent arteriole OR proximal convoluted tubule
loop of henle
distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct
Reproductive System Function of Reproductive System: to perpetuate the species
Gonads - reproductive organs, male - testes and female - ovaries
Male reproductive system - responsible for the production of hormones and the formation, nutrition, storage, transport, and delivery of the male gamete - sperm
TestesEpididymisDuctus (vas) deferensSpermatic cordSeminal vesiclesProstrate glandBulbourethral glandsUrethraPenis
Female reproductive system - responsible for the production of hormones and the formation, support, transport, and delivery of the female gamete - ovum. Additionally, the female reproductive system protects and supports the developing embryo and nourishes the growing fetus
ovariesuterine tubes: fallopian tubes or oviducts, fimbriae, infundibulum, ampulla,isthmusUterus: body,cervixVagina
Development terms
spermatazoa (sperm)– deliver paternal chromosome to ovum
ovum (egg) – provides nourishment and maintenance of embryo as well as contributing maternal chromosomes
fertilization – fusion of two haploid (half normal # of chromosomes)
gametes producing a diploid (normal # of chromosomes) zygote.
• Fertilization normally occurs in ampulla of uterine tube.
• Spermatozoa travel from vagina to ampulla.
•Only 1 spermatozoa penetrates to fertilize ovum.
•Nucleus of ovum and sperm in fertilized egg are male and female pronucleus which fuse to produce one nucleus (zygote).
•Zygote starts dividing (cleavage) in uterine tube, implants in endometrium (glandular inner lining) of uterus, continues dividing to produce embryo (fertilization to 3 months) then fetus (3 months to delivery).
placenta –structure that permits diffusion between fetal and maternal circulatory systems
umbilical cord – connecting stalk between fetus and placenta NOTE – uterus and fetus push many abdominal organs out of normal position during development
Fetal Circulation
Blood travels from the mother to the placenta then to the fetus through the umbilical vein to the ductus venosus (a shunt to bypass the liver and directly enter the IVC), then to the IVC and into the RA. From the RA blood travels either to:
1) the foramen ovale (opening b/t atria) to the LA to the LV then through the aorta
2) the RV to the pulmonary trunk to either:
a) the lungs and then back to the LA to the LV and then to the aorta
b) through the ductus arteriosus (a blood vessel that connects the pulmonary trunk to the aortic arch
in the fetus) and then to the aorta
Once blood enters the aorta it either travels through:
1) systemic circulation
2) the internal iliac arteries to the umbilical arteries back to the placenta
Birth Stages
full term pregnancy – fetus in uterus, cervix closed
dilation stage – fetus in uterus, cervix open, amnion ruptures (water breaks)
expulsion stage – fetus in uterus, start of head passage
expulsion stage – fetus in uterus, end of head passage
placental stage – ejection of placenta from uterus, note umbilical cord containing umbilical artery (blue) and vein (red)