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Uptake of Dietary PCBs by Rainbow Trout
Robert F. Carline and Patrick M. Barry
Penn. Coop. Fish & Wildlife Res. Unit
U.S.G.S. and Penn State University
H. George Ketola
U.S.G.S Tunison Lab. Aquatic Science
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Background
• 1998 PCBs discovered in PA state trout hatcheries
• 1999 PCB concentrations exceed state’s consumption advisory limits
• PCB concentrations varied among hatcheries
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Background
• 1999 Low concentrations of PCBs in fish feeds
• Feeds meet FDA standard, <200 ppb
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Objectives
1. What is the relation between concentrations of PCBs in fish feed and concentrations in trout fillets?
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Objectives
2. Of the PCBs consumed by trout, what proportion is assimilated ?
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Objectives
3. If PCBs are present in hatchery supply water, what are the relative contributions of PCBs from the water and from the feed to the total found in trout?
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Feed Formulations (*Aroclor 1260 added)
Diet Fish Meal MenhadenOil
PCB (ppb)
1 Herring Distilled 69
2 Menhaden Filtered 126
3* Menhaden Filtered 220
4* Menhaden Filtered 280
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Sampling PCBs in water
Semi-permeable membrane device (SPMD)
Flattened polyethylene tubing
91 cm long by 2.5 cm wide
0.9 grams of triolein (purified lipid)
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Experiments
• 6-month trial: 4 diets
• 3-week assimilation trial: 4 diets
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6-Month Trial
• 4 diets
• 3 tanks of trout per diet
• Monthly sampling– Food
– Fish
– Water (SPMDs)
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• PCB and lipid analyses conducted by Battelle Laboratories, Duxbury, Mass.
• Aroclor 1254/1260 standard
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Initial Trout Size
• 124 mm total length (SD = 5.9)
• 22.6 grams (SD = 3.8)
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6-Month Trial – Final Sizes
Diet Mean Length (mm)
Mean Weight (g)
1 248 197
2 242 183
3 243 185
4 246 194
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0
40
80
120
0 100 200 300
Median PCB conc. in feed - ppb
Me
dia
n P
CB
co
nc
. in
fil
let
- p
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10th Percentile 90th Percentile
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 100 200 300
Median PCB conc. in feed - ppb
Med
ian
PC
B c
onc.
in fi
llets
- pp
b
Advisory
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Objectives
2. Of the PCBs consumed by trout, what proportion is assimilated?
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Assimilation Study
• Add chromic oxide to feed – 1% by wt.
• Feed fish for 2 weeks
• Strip feces
• Analyze feces for PCBs and chromic oxide
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Assimilation Experiment
Diet % Assimilated
1 86.6
2 84.5
3 89.4
4 87.5
Mean = 87.0%
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Objectives
3. If PCBs are present in hatchery supply water, what are the relative contributions of PCBs from the water and from the feed to the total found in trout?
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SPMD Deployments
• 3 in source spring and 3 in tank with no fish
• Replace monthly
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12-Month Average
Source Spring:
293 ng PCB/SPMD
Inside Tank:
200 ng PCB/SPMD
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Mass Balance Approach
Initial Body Burden of PCBs
+
PCB uptake from feed
=
Expected Body Burden of PCBs
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Actual body burden of PCBsminus
Expected body burden of PCBs=
Uptake of PCBs from water
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Diet 2 – Month 1
Initial fillets 370 ng of PCBs
Initial carcasses 2134 ng
Absorbed from feed 1557 ng
Expected final total 4061 ng
Final fillets 754 ng
Final carcasses 3726 ng
Total final 4480 ng
Uptake from water 423 ng
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24 Monthly Comparisons
• 8 comparisons: Actual > Expected– Uptake from water
• 16 comparisons: Expected > Actual– No evidence of uptake from water
– Overall: Average difference –8.8%, meaning on average, no evidence of uptake from water
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Summary
• PCB concentrations in fillets were positively related to PCB concentrations in feed
• With feed that had 126 ppb PCBs, concentrations in fillets after 6 months did not exceed advisory limit of 100 ppb
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Summary
• PCBs were detected in the source water and there was no indication that the hatchery infrastructure contributed additional PCBs to the water
• Preliminary analyses suggest that uptake of PCBs from water was not important
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Summary
PCB uptake was primarily from the feed and trout assimilated a large a large proportion (87%) of PCBs in the feed