University of Nigeria Research Publications
UGWUANYI, Cleopas Uche
Aut
hor
PG/M.Sc./92/13803
Title
The Role of Enugu State Agricultural Development Programme (ENADEP) in Rural Development: A Case Study of Nsukka Zone of
Enugu State
Facu
lty
Social Sciences
Dep
artm
ent
Political Science
Dat
e May, 1996
Sign
atur
e
THE ROLE OF ENUGU STATE AGRXCULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (ENADEP) I N RURAL DEVELOPMENT: A CASE STUDY OF NSUKKA .
ZONE OF ENUGU STATE
BEING A THESIS PRESENTED Tc THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE I N PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE R E Q U I R E M E N T OF MASTER OF SCIENCE
I N POLITICAL SCIENCE
AREAS OF EMPHASIS: RURAL DEVELOPMENT.
APPROVAL PAGE
THIS THESIS HAS BEEN APPROVED FOR THE
DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT
EXTERNAL EXAMINER.
This s t u d y was aided by many i n d i v i d u a l s too
numemus to m e n t i o n , mnetReless, I w i s h to t h a n k them
for t h e i r a s s i s t a n c e in the c o l l e c t i o n and a r r a n g e m e n t
o f datac, I w i s h to thank my ea8ernic s u p e r v i s o r ,
Dr. Nduba Echereona for giving me u n f l i n c h i n g g u i d e
t h m u g h a u t t h i s r e s e a r ~ h work. 1 a1 so a p p r e c i a t e t h e
effort of some ENAMP officers i n Enugu H e a d q u a t e r
especially M r . C a l i s t u s Okmr who h e l p e d me i n d a t a
c o l l e c t i o n .
I a1 so wish to thank some of my c o l l e a g u e s 1 i k e
Mr. Nweze So R o for giving me b o t h m o r a l and f i n a n c i a l
s u p p o r t d u r i n g t h f a stUdy, Mr. Onuchukwu, 0. N. for
d l f i g e r l t l y p r o o f reading the o r i g i n a l m a n u s c r i p t .
However, t h e most sacrifice were made b y my
r e l a t i o n s who d i d mt sat? my p o s t g r a d u a t e s t u d i e s as
a s e l f i s h end.
Cleopus Uche Ugwuanyi.
JLuaxEi
Interest i n Rural Development has grown tremendously
since early 19805, This intamst was epi tomised i n
proliferation of various agencies t h a t engender the
transfermation of rural setting I n Nigeria, Some of
t h e s e agencies are Local Government, DEPFRZ, ADP,
Community Banks and others,
mong the above agmcies for m e a l development,
ENADEP was chosen to be accossed to what e x t e n t it: h a s
go- i n rural transfornatkm in Nsukka zone of Emgu
S t a t @ * Emgu S t a t e ~ g r i c u ! Lurd. Devalapment Programme
was chosen because of its laudable objective to transform
rurd s e t t i n g of t h e skate.
This s tudy is divided into chapters . Chapter one
contains the in troductLm, where t h e mse~rcher phin ted
m real p i c t u r e of what turn2 sett ing in Nigeria l o o k s
l i k e . f t a l so contains statement of the problems,
s i g n i f i c a n t of the study, litefature review# where a l l
the qveil able l i t e r a t u r e is reviewed, kheoretical frame-
wo~k; t h e theory that 1s used here l a David Eastan
system Theoty of Input - at?kptIk matrix , method of
rese'erch end operational def init lons.
vi :
I n c h a p t e r two, the researcher d i s c u s s e d pr i .nc ip l e s
a f rural development , agcn ts of Rural Development,
Goals and o b j e c t i v e s of Rural Development, o p t i o n s
open La ENADEP for Rural Dewlapmen t and Rural Literacy
and Rural Developmentr
Chapter three explored Nsukks and its camposit ion,
Rural Economr, In Nsukka 7 ~ t q p o l i t i c a l and social
organisation, and probl.ams associated with Rural
Development I n Nsukkn rn~&
Chapter Pour conta3.n~ analysfl s and in terpre ta t ion
of data and constrelnEs to projecks implemenCatisn.
Chapter f i v e was s e t aslede f ~ r summary of the
w o ~ k , recammendation made and c m c l u s l o n made.
v i i
TABLE O F CONTENTS 1
eAGE
TXTLE PAGE bee e . . o m . i
APPROVAL PAGE *a4 ..a 0 4 ii
ACKNOWL EWEMEW 6 4 e.0 0 . . i v
CHAPTER ONE:
f NTRODUCTIOW em* *.. 1
3.1 Statement of Problem . 3 1.2 s i g n i f i c a n c e of t h e Study ... 6
1.3 L i t e r a t u r e Review .. . 0 . 0 7
1. 4 Theoret ica l Framework . o . 22
5 Hypotheses a m . e m . 28 1.6 Method of Research e.0 ..* 29
1.7 Operational D e f i n i t i o n s ... 31
References ma* me. ... 36
CHAPTER TWO8 . ' THE NATURE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT o m . 40
2* 1 P r i n c i p l e s of Rural Development 40 2@2 gents of Rural DeVelopment ... 45 . 2.3 Goals and ~bjectives of Rural
Development *e 0.. 47 2.4 Options Opera ko ENADEP f o r Rural
Development ma. ,.a 5 2 2.5 Rural L i t eracy and RUfal Development 55
References ' .a* e . . ... 57
v i i i
TABLE OF CONTENTS CONT 'D
PAGE
CHAPTER THREES
NSUKKA AND ITS COMPOSITION ... 58
3.1 Locat ion and Composition 0.0 99 3.2 Rural Economy in Nsukka zone .. . 6 0 3.3 Political and Social Organisat ion 6 7 3.4 Problemrr of Rural Development i n
Nsukka *a .I* ... 7 1
References I... .@ 1 . . 78
CHAPTER FOUR:
4.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATICN 0 .0 79
a.2 Project Evduat5.m .&* + * 4 80 4,3 Cons tra in t s to Project Implementation 94
References * a * e * 6 96
CHAPTER F I V E a
SUKPIARY, RECOMMENDATSONS AND CONCLUSION 9 7
BIBLIOGRAPHY m e & e.0 o m . 104
LIST OF TABLES
1, Feeder Roads Construckad and M a i n t a i ~ d ENADEP i n Nsukka Zone ern e r n e
2. Areas ENADEP Provided Rural water Supply i n Ndlukka pane * a m 0.e
3. D S s t r i b u t i o n of Respondents by T h e i r Response i n Improving Their Per C a p i t a Income a*@ e * * 0 , .
4. D i s t r i b u t i o n of Respondents by Their P o s i t i o n About Credit F~cd.1 St ies
5, D i s t r i b u t i o n of Respondents by Their P o s i t i o n About Provision of Rural l n f r a s ' . r u c t u r e ++. I.. m a *
6 , D i s t r i b u t i o n sf Respondents by Their P o s i t i o n on ENADEP Extmsion Services
7 , Distribution of Respondents by T h e i r Educat ional Standing * a * w o e
Dlstribu t i o n sf Respondents on Their 8. Relative Standing on General Performance
of ENADEP **e ma. e m .
CHAPTE.: ONE
INTRODUCTION
N i g e r i a l i k e a n y o t h e r
-..--1 .
c o u n t r y is confronted
w i t h the p r o b l e m s of rurar development . Since t h e
o v e r w h e l m i n g m a j o r i t y of t h e population 1 l v e s and
p r o m o t e and accelerate d e v e l o p m e n t a t grassroot leve1
bee mes t h e major p r e - o c c u p a t i o n of v a r i o u s regimes
I n Nigeria, For i n s t a n c e * t h e N a t i o n a l Devel dpment
P l a n from 1975 - 1380, the c o u n t r y ' s r u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t
p o l i c y was stipulated t h u s t
The ma in objective of rural d e v e l o p m e n t are t o i m p r o v e r..:ral p r o d u c t i v i t y and income, d i v e r s i f y r u r a l economy and g e n e r a l l y e n h a n c e t h e q u a l i t y of l i fe i n r u r a l areas... I n a d d i t i o n to r a i s i n g a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i v i t y , e f f o r t w i l l b e made to e n h a n c e the q u a l i t y of l i f e i n rural areas t h r o u g h t h e p r o v i s i o n of basic s o c i a l a m e n i t i e s s u c h p s h ~ a l kh c e n t r e s , p ipe borne water, f e and e l e c t r i c i t y . The combine o f t h e s e m e a s u r e s s h o u l d hely t h e d i s p a r i t i e s i n l i v i n g st! b e t w e e n t h e u r b a n a n d r u r a l popuAacaon.
,. TG a c h i e v e the above o b j e c t i v e , i t h a s become
' n e c e s d a r y t h a t t h e go nC and i t s a g e n c i e s 7 e f f o r t
s h o u l d be tailorr?d t o b
t h mselves must be ma
achlevislg i t , The people
p a r t i c i p a t e f u l l y and
nble to decider what i s good for t h e m s e l v e s o r i n f l u e n c e
those who make decision. In the words of J o h n M. Cohen;
The i n ~ l v e m e n t of r u r a l p o o r i n r a k i n g d e c i s i o n on d e v e l o p m e n t effort which affects them and t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n of t h e i r r e s o u r c e s t o d e v e l o p m e n t a c t i v i t i e s as w e l l as assurance t h a t t h e p o o r i n f a c t b e n e f i t s from i n t e r v e n t i o n s i n t e n d e d to h e l p them are e s s e n t i a l to r u r a l deve lopmen t . 2
The goes to a 1 arge T h i s goes t o e l a r g e e x t e n t to e x p l a i n t h a t t h e
d f v e r s i f i c a t o ec~mornic; 1 o $ 1 h e stste r ~ s t a h e a v i l y a n
1 i b e r a l i ~ a t i o n pmgramme in Nigeria. Rational
res urea a l l o c a t i o n wou ld ensure t h a t those formally
exluded but v e r y p r o d u c t i v e sector and qraups should
b e Lnkegrated i n t o the n a t i o n a l economy. R u r a l people
h a v e n~ w b e e n r e c ~ g n i s e d as one of such p r o d u c t i v e
b u t n o t f u l l y integrated group, It is w i d e l y agreed
t h a t t h e r u r a l sector remains a potential source of
e c o n o m i c g rowth to Nigeria, Zk has long been noted
t h a t t h e development of c o u n t r y l i k 6 ~ i g e r l a
massively d e p e n d s o n untapped agricultural p o t e n t i a l s
of rural comrnunit#es. There are other economic
a c t i v i t i e s i n r u r a l ereas l i k e black s m i t h i n g ,
teather work, w-~aving but a g r i c u l t u r e up Co date
r e m a i n s p redominan t .
3
I n a b i d to i n t e g r a t e t h e r u r a l sector t o t h e
e c o n o m i c 1 if e o f t h e n a t i o n , ~ g r i c u l t u r a1 ~ e v e l o p m e n t
Programrr~e was c r e a k e d Its b o o s t agri c u l t u r d p r o d u c t i o n ,
p r o v i d e b a s i c r u r a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e fo r r u r a l p e o p l e
a n d p r o v i d e i n f o r m a c i a n to r u r a l d w e l l e r s a b o u t new
t e c h n i q u e s i n a g r i c u l t u r e . R u r a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e is
i n form of r u r a l , f e e d e r roads and water s u p p l y .
Agricultural Development Pmgtarnrne a 1 so e n g a g e i n
agro-input marketing to boost h i g h y i e l d of a g r i c u l t u r a l
p r o d ~ c t s , ~ l l t h e s e are g e a r e d t o w a r d s t h e d t w e l o p m e n t
of r u r a l sector of t h e c o u n t r y . O t h e r aims may b e to
e n c o x r a g e p e o p l e ta e n g a g e i n a g r i c u l t u r e a s a l o n g
l i f e p r o f e s s i o n , c h e c k r u r a l - u r b a n d r i f t , and
i n c r e a s e p e r - c a p i t a i ncome which w i l l i n v a r i a b l y
i n c r e a s e s t a n d a r d of l i v i n g of r u r a l pmpk p o p u l a c e .
1.3. Statement of P r o b l e q t
I n N i g e r i a , l i f e i n r u r a l a r e a is u n e v i a b l e ,
Like o t h e r ~f r i c a n c o u n t r i e s , h i g e r i a i s c o n f r o n t e d b
wi'th t h e p r o b l e m of m o d e r n i s i n g h e r r u r a l a r e a s w h e r e
t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e p e o p l e 1 i v e and f i n d t h e i r
l i v e l i h o o d , N i g e r i a ' s r u r a l s c c t o r i s n o t o n l y
e c o n o m i c a l l y backward b u t a lso t h e g a p b e t w e e n i t
a n d t h e u r b a n sector has also widened i n r e c e n t
y e a r s . A 1 though we achieved p o l i t i c a l independence ,
t h e set of deve lopmenta l p o l i c i e s pursued b y
s u c c e s ~ i v e Nigerian government c o n t i n u e to resemble
i n many ways those of c ~ l o n i ~ l i s t , SO t h a t af t(9r
a b o u t s i x t y y e a r s of c o l o n i a l r u l e , and 34 y e a r s
o f p o l i t i c a l independence, r u r a l N i g e r i a has n o t
changed s i g n i f i c a n t l y . C l e r u gave a v i v i d d e s c r i p t i o n
o f r u r a l N i g e r i a in this way:
The g e n e r a l level of l i v i n g t e n d s to be v e r y l o w for the vas t m a j o r i t y of t h e popu laca , T h i s l o w g e n e r a l l e v e l of l i v i n g is manifested i n form of income ( p o v e r t y ) , i n a d e q u a t e h o u s i n g , p o o r h e a l t h , limited or no education, h i g h m o r t a l i t y and low life expec tancy . P e o p l e rise u p to t o i l d a i l y f m m down to dusk w i t h ve ry little Oiltput to show for it. They seem to by-pass by w h a t e v e r economic p r o g r e s s t h a t h a s b e e n a c h i e v e d n a t i o n a l 1 yo 3
No p e o p l e , no matter how endowed by n a t u r e , c a n
p r o v i d e a l l t h e basic needs for themse lves , ~t t h e
same time, no government: no m a t t e r how endowed c a n . hope' t o . p r o v i d e a l l t h e b a s i c needs to t h e people.
I t c a n be stated here that there fs I n t e r d e p e n d e n c e
of , a c t i v i t i e s be tween the government and t h e people.
5
I t t h e r e f o r e , becomes n e c e s s a r y t h a t t h e people
c o n c e r n e d , who r e q u i r e t h e m s e r v i c e s and f o r whom
t h e y are to be p r o v i d e d m u s t t h e m s e l v e s be made to
p a r t i c i p a t e f u l l y and e c t i v e l y i n t h e p r o v i s i o n ,
The government and I t s agencies ahou ld a c t as a
c a t a l y s t t o t h e p e o p l e where t h e r e is no develop-
m e n t a l i n i t i a t i v e s emanating f r o m the peop le ,
The b a s i c theme of this research work i e to
i n v e s t i g a t e how Enugu S t a t e Agricultural Development
Programme h a v e h e l p e d i n t r , -ns fo rmlng t h e t u t a l
sector i n Nsukka zone of t h e s t a t e , L t is p e r t i n e n t
t o pose t h e f o l l o w i n g r e s e a r c h q u e s t i o n s .
To what e x t e n t h a s Enugu S t a t e A g r i c u l t u r a l
Development Programrue h e l p e d to p r o v i d e b a s i c r u r a l
i n f r a s t r u c t u r e 1 i k e r u r a l feeder roads and r u r a l
w a t e r s u p p l y?
To what degree has Enuqu State ~ n r i c u l t u r a l
Deve10,~ment Programme C LNADEP) helped i n p r o v i d i n g
improved agricultural inputs to r u r a l f a r m e r s t o
b o o s t p r o d u c t i v i t y ?
Are t h e r e any relationship between l e v e l of
l i t e r a c y and response b ENADEPs E x t e n s i o n S e r v i c e s
' to ehe ru ra l populace o f Nsukka zone of t h e state?
Sian i f icancsb of th-8
This s t u d y is unique. This is t h e f i r s t s t u d y of
ENADEP as i n s t r u m e n t of rural deve lopment 8 ; nce i ts
c r e a t i o n i n 1991.
For many r e a s g n s , t h i s study is v e r y t i m e l y and
s i g n i f i c a n t . T h i s study w i l l h e l p u s t o better
a p p r e c i a t e t h e overall functioning of ENADEP i n r u r a l
deve lopment , c o n s t r a i n t s it faces and t h e o v e r a l l
internal d ynarnkks.
The s t u d y w i l l a l so provide empirical d a t a g o t
from t h e f i e l d o n many economic and p o l i t i c a l p r o c e s s e s
i n t h e r u r a l a rea . It w i l l a l s o h i g h l i g h t t h e problems
being f a c e d b y rural d w e l l e r s i n Niger ie and i n
Nsukka zone i n p a r t i c u l a r .
The outcome of this r e s e a r c h wrk w i l l a l s o be
a huge, c o n t r i b u t i o n b ru ra l development a g e n c i e s , - . - -
p e r s o n a l and w i l l he lp ENADEP to know to what e x t e n t
i t harp gone i n achieving i t e aim i n ru ra l t r a n s f o r m a t i o n .
.. This s t u d y will also he lp rura l dwellers and
f acme& b know development opport c n i t l e s a v a i l a b l e
for them. It w i l l a1 so h e l p s t u d e n t s and s c h o o l a r s
a s w e l l t o c a r r y o u t r e s e a r c h in r e l a t e d a r e a o f
With t h e p r e s e n t government p l a c i n g much
e m p h a s i s o n ~ r a l development ; i t is deemed to be
of u t m o s t i m p o r t a n c e i n u n d e r t a k i n g a r e s e a r c h on
Nsukka zone, This will make u s t I f i n d o u t i t s
s u c c e s s and fa i lures , t h e problems t h a t militate*
a g a i n s t a c h i e v i n g the goals of rural development
schemes. T h i a research work. w i l l goi' a l o n g way i n
a c h i e v i n g t h e aspirations of t h e present m i l - t t a r y
government.
L i t e r a t u r e Review;
The l i t e r a t u r e o n r u r a l development h a s
p r o l i f e r a t e d s i n c e t h e end of second world war and
t h e e r a of t h e "cold warM i n t e . r n a t i o n a 1 deplomacy,
A number of s c h o l a r s have w r i t t e n books on r u r a l
deve lopment , However, a l o t r e m a i n s to be done i n
s c i e n t i f i c s t u d y of r u r a l development , I t is t h e aim
of t h e s t u d y to r e v i e w t h e e x i s t i n g l i t e r a t u r e i n
t h e f i e l d and criticise where necessary t h e l i m i t a t i o n
, i n h e r e n t i n t h e p e r s p e c t i v e i n * i c h some of them
h a v e emphasised ,
T h e r e a r e number af scholars who view r u r a l
d e v e l o p m e n t from improving a q r i c u l tvr a1 method i n
r u r a l area w h i l e others see rural deve lopment as
more encompassing,
Among t h o s e who a p r o n C h e d r u r a l development
from a g r i c u l t u r a l p e r s p e c U v e is D r . Mdu H. 0. I n
t h e p ~ p e r h e p r e s e n t & on 3 r d ~ n n u a l Fanning System
Research and E x t e n s i o n which kok p l a c e from March
2 0 t h - 23rd 1991, h e d e s c r i b e d t h e r e s o u r c e poor
f a r m e r i n t h i s way8
The p o v e r t y l i m e of farmers i n Nigeria a s w e l l a s other developing c o u n t r i e s i s r a t h e r so d i f f i c u l t t o define and a s c e r t a i n . But: the resource poor f a r m e r c o u l d be d e f i n e d as t h o s e w i t h l imi ted a c c e s s resDirces ( l a n d , w a t e r , l a b o u r , c a p i t a l , t i m e and a t t e n t i o n ) . Resource p o o r f a r m e r do n o t employ h i r e d l a b o u r b u t till t h e i r small s c a t t e r e d f i e l d w i t h t h e o n l y the h e l p of f a m i l y members - . ---. and a g r i c u l t u r a l e c t i v i ties a r e g e n e r a l 1 y r a i n f ed. Obvious ly , f ertil i z e r consumpt ion is m i l f i e l d s arr< h a r d l y m a t u r e and o n l y way so i l a r e r e p l e n i s h e d i s b y fa l low or c r o p r o t a t i o n a l system.4
o f r u r a l t e c h n o l o g y which is still t r a d i t i o n a l and
unimproved p r o d u c t i o n t e c h n o l o g i e s i n t h e i r c r o p
sys tem. H e s a i d t h a t they i n c l u d e t h e u s e of
s i m p l e hand t o o l s , unselected c r o p v a r i e t i e s and
f a ' r m y a r d manure, For h i m (Abdu H. 0.) r u r a l
d e v e l o p m e n t t i e , Improvement of farm tools f o r f a r m e r s
and improvement other t e c h n o l o g i e s i n r u r a l a r e a s .
H e d i d n o t see r u r a l development i n t h e l i g h t of
p r o v i s i o n of r u r a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e l i k e r u r a l feeder
roads and r u r a l w a t e r supply . He d i d n o t relate
r u r a l development t o mass l i t e r a c y f o r r u r a l d w e l l e r s , 5
O l i s a (1992) o b s e r v e d t h a t be tween 1981 and 1985,
which f a l l s w i t h i n t h e f o u r t h n a t i o n a l development
p l an, ~ g r i c t i l t u r a l Development Programme was
i n t r o d u c e d , T h i s programme h a s t h e aim of f a c i l i t a -
t i ng r u r a l economic a c t i v l k i e s , Agr icu l t u r a l Develop-
m e n t Programme combines a g r i c u l t u r d p r o d u c t i v i t y
w i t h t h e p r o v i s i o n of economic and s o c i a l i n f r e s t r u c t u r e
s u c h as r o a d s , s c h o o l s L h o s p i t a l s and housing. 6
Ijere (1992) i d e n t i f i e d t h e f o l l o w i n g as t h e
a i m of A g r i c u l t u r a l Development Programme*
1. To make improved farm i n p u t a v a i l a b l e to
f a r m e r s a t e s t a b l i s h e d farm s e r v i c e centres,
2. To p r o v i d e f a r v e x t e n s i o n , c r e d i t , m a r k e t i n g
raxtaservfcea i n c l u d i n g equipment , v e h i c l e and
s t a f f ,
3, To c o n s t r u c t a g r i c u l t u r a l e x t e n s i o n (feeder)
r o a d s , and e a r t h dam for r u r a l water supply, 7
O l i s a and Ijere l i k e &du H. O., caxched t h e i r
r u r a l development to a g r i c u l t u r a l development ,
b h i j i n d a d i p r e s e n t e d a rdical view that r u r a l
develok:n,ent c a n n o t be e q u a t e d t o a g r i c u l t u r a l deve lop-
ment. He said t h a t i n a g r i c u l t u r a l development ,
10
emphasis i s placed on combinations o f a p p r o p r i a t e
product ion f a c t o r s , seed, f e r t i l i z e r , p e s t i c i d e ,
farm equipment a s w e l l as other s u p p o r t i n g a c t i v i t i e s
t o produce food, On t h e o t h e r hand, r u r a l development
focuses on people and t h e i r voca t iona l i t y , economical1 yb
p h y s i c a l l y and s o c i a l l y a c c e p t a b l e l e v e l of l i v i n g a s
t h e dependent v a r i a b l e * Thus w h i l e a g r i c ~ l t u r d
development of r u r a l development, r u r a1 development
i n c l u d e s a g r i c u l t u r d development. He saw r u r a l
development . as improvement of 1 i v i n g standard and
welfare o f r u r a l people. Rural we l fa re here i nc ludes
be t te r occupa t iona l s k i l l , b e t t e r h e a l t h Pacilities
and p r o v i s i o n of other b a s i c menities.' Kama Shuma
s a i d t h a t community p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n development is
a s y n e r g i s t i c approach aimed a t t o t a l development of
the area and t h e peg rle by bringing about the necessary
i n s t i t u t i o n a l and a t t i t u d e n a l changes and by d ~ k t r m r y
d e l i v e r l n g e pack age srrvice through ex tens ion method
t o encompass not on1 y economic f i e l d like development
of ag'riculture and rural industries etc, b u t a l s o t h e
e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f the specietl tea i r e d i n f r a s t r l l c t u r e <-
And s e r v i c e s *a i n the a r e a of h e a l t h and n u t r i t i o n ,
e d u c a t i o n and l i t e r a c y , b a s i c c i v i c ameni t ies , f ami ly
11
p l a n n i n g etc. w i t h u l t i m a t e o b j e c t i v e of improving
q u a l i t y o f l i f e i n r u r a l a e a s , I t i s a s t r a t e g y
to improve e c o n ~ m i c and soci a1 l i f e o f t h e r u r a l
poor, and t h e r u r a l weak i n an o v e r a l l e spect rum
of deve lopment and growth. 9
I n t h e view of J e r r y J o n e s , a t p r e s e n t ,
community deve lopment is c o n s p i c o u s l y absent from
t h e so c a l l e d i n t e g r a t e d r u r a l development i n N i g e r i a
as e p i t o m i s e d b y t h e kJorld Bank F inance Puntua
P r u j ect, Community development i s complete1 y seen
as something s p e r a t e , w i t h more o r less social w e l f a r e
c o n n o t a t i o n s n o t wor thy of mcmtion i n t h e s e grand
" i n t e g r a t e d r u r a l development** schemes. It n e e d s t o
be r e a l i s e d t h a t community development th rough the
c o o p e r a t i v e e f f o r t of t h e communi t ies c a r r y i n g o u t
t h e extra w o r k w h i c h t h e y b e l i e v e of b e i n q of b e n e f i t
t o them, r e p r e s e n t s a power fu l , l o n g term f i n a n c i a 1
resources, which w i t h improved t e c h n o l o g y c a n o n l y
i n c r e a s e . 10
A l f r e d Waterrsbn t 1974) sees r u r a l deve lopment
ap d e p l y b u r i e d i n i n t e g r a t e d mu1 ti-f a c e t e d s e c t o r i a l
a c t i v i t y i n which a g r i c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t y dominate,
He p u t s forward a model a5 rural development in t h i s way:
12
1. Low cost o f l a b o u r u s i n g , r a t h e r t h a n c a p i t a l
u s i n g t e c h n i q u e must b e a d o p t e d i n order to
employ t h e s u r p l u s a g r i c u l t u r a l l a b o u r i n r u r a l
a r e a .
2. En~playmerit g e n e r a t i n g m i n o r d e v e l o p m e n t work w i t h
h i g h l a b o u r c o n t e n t ( s u c h as c o n s t r u c t i o n of feeder
r o a d s , i r r i g a t i o n and otrhc-r w a t t a r works) a s w e l l
as s o c i a l o v e r h e a d f a c i l i t i e s ( s u c h as s c h o o l s ,
houses o r c l i n i c a l b u i l d i n g ) s h o u l d be c a r r i e d
o u t b y underemployed and s e a s o n a b l y unemployed
r u r a l 1 a b o u r , s i n c e l a b o u r i n t a n s f v e a g r i c u l t u r e
i a u n l i k e l y to p r o v i d e a l l y e a r r o u n d f u l l
employment I n t h e r u r a l a r c as .
3. Smal l scale, l a b o u r using small i n d u s t r i e s w i t h
l o w c a s i t a l r e q u i r e m e n t s h o u l d be e s t a b l i s h e d i n ' *
r u r a l areas to s d h l e n l e n t employment o p p o r t u n i t ips
i n a g r i c u l t u r e far example , t h e p r o c e s s i n g of
ayricul tural cmmodit~es produced i n t h e area - -.
coney rned and the f a b r i c a t i o n of i n p u t for
a g r i c u l t u r e s u c h as cattles, p i g s , p o u l t r y feed
m i l l s and p o t t e r y .
4, To be se l f s u s t a i n i n g , t h e model s h o u l d rest o n
f o i i n d a t i o n of local s e l f re1 i a n c e and self h e l p .
These c o m m u n i t i e s t h a t b e n e f I t from r u r a l d e v e l o p -
men t m u s t assume r e s p o n s i b i l i t y for r 7 i s i n g
r e ~ s o n a b l e p r o y o r t i o n of r - s o u r c e s . l1 Kuma Shuma
w e n t f u r t h e r t h a n AI f red ko view r u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t
i n terms of m u l t i f a c e t e d s u b j e c t c a u s i n g s e r i o u s
c o n c e r n e s p e c i a l l y to the d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s , a t
a l l s t a g e s of i t s deve lopment . Whi le i t is true t h a t
I n d i a t h e w o r l d s s e c o n d most p o p u l o u s (626 m i l l i o n
i n mid 2977) h a s become the 9 t h most i n d u s t r i a l i s e d
n a t i o n i n t h e world, effort to better t h m economic
c o n d i t i o n s o f 80% o f rural p o p u l a t i o n h a v e o n 1 y m e t a
p a r t i a l s u c e s s . H e (~huma) went f u r t h e r t o s t a t e t h a t
I n d i a ' s r u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t o b j e c t i v e s as b r e a k i n g down
t h e c o n t r a d i c t i o n that emerge from i n e q u a l i t y i n
d i s t r i b u t i o n of scarce resotirces, i n c r e a s i n g p u r c h a s i n g
power i n r u r a l area resulting i n demand fo r s o c i a l
services s u c h as educational f a c i l i t i e s , h e a l t h a n d
s a n i t a t i o n and increasing the q u a l i t y of life, 12
Dukpe O l a t u n Bosun i n h i s book N1acrj.a Neglected
R urd Majority, presented a new v iew p o i n t i n l o a k i n q
a t N i g e r i a n r u r a l sector w i t h a l l i t s i n t e r d e p e n d e n c i e s
be tween aqricul t u r e and non e g r i c u l tu ra l r a t h e r t h a n . -
a g r i c u l t u r a l sector a lone . He said t h a t the N i g e r i a n b
r u r a l sector i s n o t o n l y e c o n r ~ m i c a l l y backward , b u t
a a l s o t h a t t h e gap be tween i t and t h e u r b a n sector h a v e
14
b e e n w i d e n i n g i n r e c e n t y e a r s , H e c o n t e n d s t h a t t h e
p e r p e t u a t i o n of c o l o n i a l d e v e l o p m e n t p o l i c i e s b y
N i g e r i a n s who took the m a n t l e of l e a d e r s h i p f rqm
c o l o n i a l a d m i n i s t r a t o r s make i t v i r t u a l l y i m p o s s i b l e
f o r r u r a l p e o p l e to be affected b y d e v e l o p m e n t e f f o r t ,
Even a f t e r d e c a d e s of developmahtal both b y c o l o n i a l
g o v e r n m e n t and n a t i o n a l government, the l o t of r u r a l
y o p l e h a v e n o t b e e n improved. He s u g g e s t e d as a k e y
t o r u r a l w e l f a r e i n Niger1 a t r u r a l d i v e r s i f i c a t i o n so
as to reduce Nigeria's e x t e r n a l d e p e n d e n c e ; t h e
d e v e l o p m e n t of a p p r o p r i a t e t e c h n o l o g y t h a t a r e c o n d u c i v e
t o !r~ost e f f i c i e n t u s e of t h e e x i s t i n g r e s o u r c e e n d o w m ~ n t
i n r u r a l sector; improvement i n human r e a o u r c e c u h i c h 4
c o n s i s t s o f improvement i n r u r a l p e o p l e s h e a l t h ,
e d u c z t i o n and n u t r i t i o n end p r o v i s i o n of o t h e r s o c i a l
a m e n t f i e s ; a n i n t e g r a t e d a p p r o a c h t o r u r d deve lopmen t , 13
I n s h a r i n g t he v i e w of Dupe O l a t a n , t h a t t h e r u r a l
s e c t o r has b e e n neglect&, t h e v a l u e of h i s book is
1 imited b y t h e f a c t t h a t h e discussed r u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t
i n i s d l a t i o n from any gove rnmen t agencies that engaged
i n r u r d d e v e l o p m e n t ,
s * K. T* Williams i n h i s a r t i c l e , "The world
Bank and Peasant problemst1 sa id t h a t r u r a l sector h a s
1 arjgd behind the economy. Accord ing to him, t h e l o w
price p a i d b y u r b a n b u y e r s f o r fa rm p r o d u c e h a s a
marked e f f e c t o n a g r i c u l t u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t which i s
the main s t a y of t h e r u r a l economy. H e s a i d t h a t a t
t h e h e a r t of d e v e l o 2 m e n t i n o u r c o u n t r y , i s how t h e
economy of t h e t o v n s and t h e r u r a l sector c a n grow
in harmony. l4 ~ i l l i e m s f u r t h e r m o r e , s t a t e d t h a t t h e
l i m i t a t i o n o n t h e s t r a t e g i e s f o r r u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t to
"community d e v e l o p m e n t w and "agricul t u r a l e x t e n s i o n N
t e n d s to r e f e r r u r a l developmen; to mere a g r i c u l t u r a l
d e v e l o p m e n t . The d i s l c u s s i o n o n " i n t o g r a t e a r u r a1
d e v e l o p m e n t " , a1 so tends to dwel.1 o n orqanisational
s t r u c t u r e r a t h r t h a n i d e a l ~ g i c a l i s s u e s . BY i d e o l o g y ,
i t means g u i d i n g p h i l o s o p h y . The au thor argues i n
f a v o u r of c r e a t i o n of mperate ministry of r u r a l c o u n c i l
w i t h a t o p l e v e l a d m i n i s t r e to r as cha i rmen. However,
the a u t h o r a g r e e s w i t h Leagan t h a t v a r i a b l e s a m . - --
n e c e c s a r y for t h e achievement of development: whether
r u r a l or n a t i o n a l .
The t h i r d p o r t i o n of his book dwell e x t e n s i v e l y
o n h o y a R u r a l Development P r o j e c t o f the University of
Xfe (now Obafemi Amlowa U n i v e ~ s i t y l w h i c h t h e a u t h o r
p i l o t e d . However, sJme of t h e solutions he suggested
l i e s i n an etternpk to expcriment on t h e i n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r y
a p p r o a c h to t h e s o l u t i o n t o rural problem, It is
n e c e s s a r y t o n o t e h e r e t h a t I soya p r o j e c t has
produced no n e c e s s a r y answer t o t h e problems o f
r u r a l development. 1s
Also w r i t i n g o n r u r a l developmt?nt i n N ige r i a ,
Pi. 0. I j e r e in his book - ULUPMtng m i n a I s s u e s i n
RurAl Development, accucred t h e s u c c e s s i v e Nigeria
government o f being p k - o c c u p i e d w i t h drumming i n t o t h e
ears and heads of rural dwe l l c - r s the f a i l i n g s o f
p r e v i o u s regime rather t h a n developing the r u r a l a r ea s .
He s a i d t h i s is a general pattern a l l over t h e t h i r d
wor ld c c u n t r i e s r Ijam said t h a t c e r t a i n strategies
such as "authorlCative hrpnd~ut'~ from t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n
which p r e s c r i b e d t h e facilities s u i t a b l s for the r u r a l
area and s e c - n d l y so called ttdevelonment from below"
eg examp1 i f l e d in the c ~ n c e p k of cmmunity develooment,
have been tried in the p a s t i n an attempt to solve
the problem of rural poverty i n W g e r i a , These
s t r a t e g i e ~ have not hdwcver r~roved s u c c e s s f u l . Ijere
looked a t rural developmen' problem such as l a c k o f
~ ca-ordinated ru ra l development programme! man power
problemo; preblem of inf tastructure; problem of
f r r e l e v a n t r u r a l e d u c a t i o n t o p e c u l i a r needs and
a s - ~ i r a t i o n s of rurel area. 16
17
The book w r i t t e n .by Ijere and W i l l i a m s s u f f e r
t h e same i m m i t a t i o n as t h a t o f Dupe o l a t u n i n t h a t
t h e y are o n l y concerned w i t h r u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t a n d n o t
i n r e l a t i o n to any gavernrnhnt a g e n c y t h a t f a c i l i t a t e
r u r a l deve lopmen t . Na a t t e m p t was made t o s t u d y
e m p i r i c a l 1 y r u r a l development and a n y of gove rnmen t
a g e n c i e s like ENADEP, BgR DEFRRI, etc.
H, I. ~ j a e g b u summar ised t h a t t h e r e a r e s t i l l
i n c o h o r e n t , u n c o r d i n a t e d e f fo r t and programmes w i t h i n
i n d i v i d u a l s s e t t l e m e n t s and t h a t t h e y have r a l s d
various d e v e l o p m e n t p l a n n i n g p r o g r amrnes a t regional
and n a t i o n a l l e v e l s , H e s a i d t h a t t h e r e i s a need for
better c o r d i n a t i o n o f t h e gove rnmen t , c o m m u n i t i e s and
i n d i v i d u a l e f f o r t based on a c h i e v i n g racial. deve lopmen t , 17
D l * Kenne th Kauda, the t h e n p r e s i d e n t of Z ~ m b k a
i n t r o d u c i n g t h e second N a t i o n a l Development PI an from
1972 - 1979 s a i d for u s , d e v e l c p i n g t h e r u r a l a r e a i s a
matter of l i f e and death, t hough we do not u n d e r e s t i m a t e
the p r o b l e m s involved..., We m u s t f i r s t of a l l d e v e l o p
. t h e r u r a l areas no matter wha t o u r p e r f a m a n e e i s o t h e r
sectors. 18 Ajaegbu d i d n o t i d e n t i f y t h e p r ~ b l e m s l i k e l y
being c o n f r o n t e d b y r u r a l p e o p l e and r u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t
p e r s o n a l i n a b i d t o t r a n s f o r m t h e r u r a l p o p u l a c e and
t h e i r e n v i r o n m e n t . Kenne th Kauda f a i l e d t o u n d e r s t a n d
18
t h a t r u r a l areas c a n n o t be d e v e l o p e d i n i s o l a t i o n
w i t h o t h e r p a r t of gove rnmen t endeavour . What can be
achieved i n o t h e r sectors a p a r t f rom r u r a l a r e a c a n
be an i n d i c a t o r t h a t rural a r P a s i s d e v e l o p i n g f a s t e r .
For example, if there are i n c r e a s e i n t h e p r o d u c t i o n
of raw materials in rural areas for i n s t a n c e c o t t o n ,
a n d t h e r e is no corresponding i n d u s t r y i n u r b a n a r e a s
that b u y u p t h e s e catton a t a h i g h e r price, it t h e n
means t h a t the farmers income will B e low and t h i s 7jcheiv
aff- his level of living, In t h e s a w vein, t h e
then president of Botswana S i r Secretse Kharma
in traducing the secmnd National Development Pl an,
1970 - 1975 was of the opinion t h a t t h e g r e a t e s t p rob lem
ahead of ue is t h a t of r u r a l d e v e l o n m e n t , T h e t r a n s -
f omatSon of r u r a l c o m m u n i t i e s deverywhere p r e s e n t s
i n t r a c t a b l e problem.,, yet if t h e majority of the --. Botswana are to benefit from d r a m a t i c i n c r e a s e i n the
pace of development which has taken place s i n c e
Independence, t h i s problem must be s o l v e d . l9 Ksuda
a n d Kharma i l lus trated the ser iousness of t h e i r
regimes to transform t h e r u r a l se t t ing i n t h e i r b
v a r i o u s c o l ~ n t r y . Despite a l l the e f f o r t s p u t i n b y
a gove rnmen t and i t s agencies, life i n r u r a l s e t t i n g i s
i n a sorry state.
T. R. B a t t e r n i n h i s book, -v and T h e i r
Develomnent discussed government and o t h e r a g e n c i e s i n
devaloping c o u n t r i e s are trying to s t i m u l a t e , e d u c a t e
and h e l p people t o dcvel<?p t h e i r own community t h e m s e l v e s .
H e ap-ro chcd his taskby s t u d y i n g the aims and me thods
of government and v o l u n t a r y o r g a n i s a t i o n i n many
countries. I n doing so, he enumerates and c o n s i d e r s
various approaches assessi nq each a p p r o a c h i n t h e
context of one o r more of the actual s i t u a t i o n w i t h which
i t was d e s i g n e d to d e a l .
Th roughou t h i s book, B a t t e r n stresses the peoples
a t t i ude, t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p with o n e a n o t h e r and t h e i t
1 ikes and d i s l i k e s as i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r a f f e c t i n g t h e
success or failure i n community development; , It is
a g a i n s t t h i s background t h a t h e discussed existing method8
of s t - l e c t i n g and t r a i n i n g community development worke r s .
He alsc said t h a t . a community development: worker needs a
v e r y h i g h q u a l f t y o f . , judgement , restraint afid . . . - . . .
patfence in d e a l i n g w i t h t h e comrnun5tles and he needs
them too when compla in t a r e made t h a t progress is too
slow or resi~l t too few, 20
I W r i t i n g o n comrnunf t y d e v e l c p m e n t i n S o k a t o S t a t e ,
Lana1 analysed l t s orgnnisational, s t r u c t u r e as w e l l a s
community d e v e l o p m e n t programmes of the s t a t e , H e
abserved t h a t govermrent was p l a y i n g a p a t e r n a l i s t i c rolex
i n community develogment. According to him, t h e r e
are commc n i ties that am comple tel y 1 ack f ng in
i n i t i a t i v e who need to be s t i m u l a t e d i n o r d e r to
s e c u r e t h e i r act ive end e n t h u s i a s t i c response to 4hrr
moment, 21 Whet L e w a l emphasixed was s t i n u l ~ t i n g t h e
rural p e o p l e who do not have i n i a t i v e but h e
de-emphasised how to handle the p r m s s e s i n v o l v e d
when the r u r a l people are s p ~ r e d into action.
8 , I, Owuawalan i n h i s book, Community D e v e m e n t
-i/ ip Action: An Eastern Nf @?ria E x ~ e r i m e n t gives a 1
h i s t o r i c a l and a t the same time, an a n a l y t i c a l account
of m r a l t r ~ n s f c r m a t i o n spacing over sazventy yeara of
Eas tern Nigeria history. The book o p e n s w i t h background
i n i o r n t a t i o n o n geographkcal demographic, p o l i t i c a l ,
cul t u r d and occa~patbnal characteristics of Eastern
State, He mirrored i n a masterly d e t a i l the e a r l i e s t
attempt by col ? n i a l admknistretcrs a t dommunity
development wliich c11 t imated i n pr ice winning f t l m
*'Day Break Udi". The au t h o r regard community develop-
ment .as an e f f e c t i v e method by which the problems of
economic, and sbci a1 prw;reas of new1 y developing
e m n t r i e s c a n be tsckled demoeratical 1 y. He evaluates
t h e p a r t n e r s h i p of government and t h e people i n
supp ly ing o f community felt n e e d s w i t h p a r t i c u l a r
reference w i t h matching g r a n t and a u b s i d i e s . Through
the p a r t n e r s h i p , Owuawal am obsc rved t h a t ach ievement
were r e c o r d e d i n t h e field of h e a l t h , e d u c a t i o n , road,
CQns t rUCt ion and agricllture, a t a s k which t h e
goVerI'Unent c o ~ l d not have accompl i shed i n a l l t h e
v i l l age^ o f t h e state with i t s l i m i t e d f i n a n c i a l
r e s o u r c e s . H e dewtes h i s l a s t c h a p t e r i n ~ t u d y i n g
the r o l e of curnmuni t y development personal , the need
f o r t r a i n i n g c o m m ~ n i t y development persannel, 22
Rober t chambers book on Hansginq Ruf a1 De~eloornent~
is concerned w i t h managing the policy practica and
s t u d y of r u r a l development i n East ~ f r i c a , urn He c o n t e n d s t h a t t h e r e had been a wIde spread tendency
f o r p o l i c i e s what-=-ever t h e i r o r i g i n a l i n t e n t h n to
be b e n t " b u t and a l t e r e d i n Emplementatfon so that
t h e y p r o p o r t ionethly benefit those who are a1 ready
better off much a s we a g r e e d wikh h i m . But most of
t h e methods he discussed l i k e management by o b j e c t i v e
are direct1 y re1 ated ka aqricul t u r d workers and other
f i e l d s t a f f .
22
Sheore t i c a l Framework:
The t h e o r e t i c a l framework for a n a l y s i n g t h i s
r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t w i l l be b a s e d on s y s t e m t h e o r y of
David Easton. The main components of E a s t o n ' s model
are i n p u t s , o u t p u t and feedback.
E a s t o n (1965) saw t t p o l l k i c a l l i f e as a complex
Processes t h r o u g h which certain k i n d s of i n p u t are
converted i n t o a k i n d of o u t p u t w e may c a l l au t h o r i - 23
tatf ve p o l i c i e s , d e c i s i o n s and implementing a c t i o n s " ,
E c s ~ ~ and A p t e r (1962) Waston suggests that p o l i t i c a l
system has e s s e n t h l l y two element8 - Input (demand and
suppork) and ou kput (authoritative dec la ione r ) , 24 I t
i s this i n p u t - output matrix and feedback mechanism
t h a t e x p l a i n s the workings of a pal i t i c a l system,
h u g u s t a t e c a n be regarded as a gystem and also c a n be
I n f l u e n c e d b y the acttvities Jmth i n t e r n a l and e x t e r n a l .
~nternsi e n v i r o n m e n t include government and i t s
agencies, t h e chiefs, town bpmvement u n i o n s , soci a1
cl-ubs, age g r a d e s , traders union, r e l i g i o u s b o d i e s , q u a l i t y of p o p u l a t i o n ,
economic r e s o u r c e s within t he s t a t e , l q u a l i t y of s t a f f
of government a g e n c i e s . A l l these cons t i t u t e a forces b
t h a t i n t e r p l a y and i n f l u e n c e the per fo rmance and
. d e v e l o p r ~ e n t of t h e state.
Demand
9. Goods and services
2. Participa- t i o n i n p o l i t i c a l p r o c e s s
'i&axEA Payment of tax obediente to law self h e l p p r o j e c t ,
Feedback Loop,
The e x t e r
I
Outcome of c o n v e r s i o n p r o c e s s ,
- Develop- menta l
a c t i v i t i e s
Convers ion process
and o t h e r war1
,
Government - AU t ho r i t i e s
m t are t h e P'ederal government
--
% t h e World Bank, *hey
formulate rules and r e g u l a t i o n s t h a t af fed: the e f f e c t i v e
o p e r a t i o n of Nsukka zone and Enugu S t a t e i n general;
i n rural development. The above expresrrion was s u p p o r t e d
b y Eas ton (1965) who viewed p o l i t i c a l life as a system,
of b e h a v i o u r imbeded i n an env i ronment to the i n f l u e n c e
t o . which the political system i t s e l f is exposed to and
' i n t u r n ' r e a c t s . . He went further to s t a t e t h a t a
p o l i t i c a l system must h a v e capability to respond to b
t h e d i s t u r b a n c e s and thereby a d a p t to t h e c o n d i t i o n s
a i n which t h e y f i n d themselves , 29
Enugu s t a t e as a eystem r e c e i v e s . i n p u t from b o t h
i n t e r n a l and e x t e r n a l ~ ? n ~ i r o n m e n t . I n t e r n a l env i ronment
o f Enugu S t a t e a l s o includes Nsukka zone. I n p u t i s
made i n form of demand a n d eupjmrt . A demand a c c o r d i n g
t o E a s t o n C19653 i s a n e x p r e s s i o n of o p i n i o n t h a t a n
a u t h o r i t a t i v e a1 location w i t h r e g a r d s to a p a r t i c u l a r
s u b j e c t matter s h o u l d not be made b y these r e s p o n s i b l e
f o r d o i n g so. 26 The people of Naukka eom demands from
the Enugu S t a t e t h r o u g h it8 agency - ENADEP demand for
the p r o v i s i o n of social a r n ~ n f k i e ~ such as r o a d s , s c h o o l s ,
h e a l t h s e r v i c e s , water s u p p l y , and improved standard
of l i v i n g . They also demand f o r p a t t i c i p a t f o n i n maklnp
d e c i s i o n s t h a t affect them. The government and i t s
a g e n c i e s r e c e i v e s u p p o r t i n form o f payment of t h e i r
t a x e s , and r a t e s , o b e d i e n c e t o t h e o f f i c i a l s of
government a g e n c i e s , and self h e l p p r o j e c t from t h e
r u r a l p e o p l e i n t h e zone. Also a c c o r d i n g t o E a s t o n
( 1965)
AS it i s apgarcnt, the i n p u t provides 'what w e may c a l l We raw m a t e r l a l o n which t h e sys tem acts so as to p r o v i d e something we a r e c a l l i n g t h e o u t p u t . The c o n v e r s i o n pmcess moves t o w a r d s
b
t h e a u t h o r i t i e s s i n c e f t is towards them t h a t demands are i n i t i a l 1 y d i r e c t e d . Demand spark the basic a c t i v i t y of p o l i t i c a l system, By v i r t u e of t h e i r s t a t u s , i n a l l systems, a u t h o r i t i e s h a v e s p e c i a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of c o n c e r t i n g demand i n t o output .27
Those who h o l d political roles are concerned
w i t h making of d e c i s i o n s i n t h e name of t h e s o c i e t y
and t h e pe r fo rmance of t h e a c t i o n s , which a c h i e v e
a n d implement t h e s e decisions, and a1 l o c a t e scarce
v a l u e s and cost. Without the i n p u t made b y t h e
people of Nsukka zone, the government c a n n o t d o
a n y t h i n g and without the outputl t h a t i s t h e d e c i s i o n
of t h e a u t h o r i t i e s , the r u r a l p e o p l e i n Nsukka zone
c a n n o t I d e n t f f y the work done by the government. These
demands and s u p p o r t which comes f r o m or shaped Zn t h e
envf ronment of t h e system are converted by the a u t h o r i t i e s
o f t h e s y s t e m i n t o autput.
t"l%us there i s in te r - re1 awd a c t i v i t i e s between
the i n p u t - o u t p u t stmcture o f a system and its
e n v i r o n m e n t , I n other :'words, the i d e a of a sys tem
c o n n o t e s a n i n t e s ~ d e p e n d e n c e of p a r t s and boundary
between i t and i t s environment. ui8 (Ocophrey, 1972)
o n t h e o t h e r hand, because oP i n t e r d e p e n d e n c e of pa r t s
a change i n p r o p e r t i e s of one component i n a s y s t e m
reflects i n o t h e r components and then t h e whnle system
i s a f f e c t e d , ItFrom t h i s i t means tha t when one v a r i a b l e
Changes i n magni tude or i n q u a l i t y , others ere s u b j e c t e d
t o s t a i n s are t r ans fo rmed , t h e system Change8 p a t t e r n of
p e r f o r m a n c e or u n r u l y components ere d i s c i p l i n e d by
regul a t i n g mechanised. 29 (Geaphrey, 1972)-
26
These o u t p u t s t r u c t u r e gives a p e r c e p t i o n of
t h e b e h a v i o u r of the members of t h e s y s t e m as reflected
i n demand and support ( i n p u t ) i n t h e system. T h i s i s
because o u t p u t serves as inducement and t h e y n o t o n l y
influence, e v e n t s but also Lnf luence t h e s u c c e e d i n g
round of i n p u t t h a t find t h e i r way i n t o t h e system.
C o n s e q u e n t l y , as long as the p o l i c i e s of t h e a u t h o r i t i e s
w i l l affect t h e env i ronment o f the sys tem, demand w i l l
continue to be made into t h e system.
Eas ton (1965) surnmued up thus t
b u t p u t should not: be the terminal po in t of e i t h e r poliklcal process or of our interest i n them. The output of a c o n v e r s i o n p r o c e s s have the character of feeding back upon t h e sys tem and shapes its c o n s e q u e n t behaviour . But i f the a u t h o r i t i e s are able to take p a s t effect of o u t p u t i n t o account for t h e i r own future b e h a v i o u r , t h e y may i n some be appraised of w h a t h a s t a k e n p l a c e along the feedback loop. Thmugh t h e r e t u r n flow o f demand and s u p p o r t , a u t h o r i t i e s obtain i n f o r m a t i o n about the p o ~ s i b l e consequence of t h e i r p r e v i o u a b e h ~ v i o u r . T h i s p u t s the authorities into a p o s i t i o n to take the advantage of t h e d e c i s i o n t h a t h a s been fadback and to correct and a d j u s t the b e h a v i m r for ach ievement of t h e i r goals. Without feedback and c a p a c i t y to respond to it, no system can s u r v i v e for l o n g except by a c c i d e n t , 30
27
This feedback i s a dynamic process through which
information about performame of the system is
communicated back to i t so as to a f f e c t its subsequent
behaviourr of t h e system. So through the feedback
process, people's feeling and r e a c t i o n s to o p e r a t i o n a l
actions and performance of ENADEP are communicated
The w r k i n g of Enugu state is l i k e a s y s t e , ,' .t
Nsukka eons in the state i s a part of i ts i n t e r n a l
environment, The rural populace i n t h e zone make
demand to EnugU State government for t h e p r o v i s i o n of
8ocf a2 a m e n i t i e s l i k e feeder rural r o a d s and rural
water supply* They also make demand for improving
their standard of l iving, The p e o p l e of t h e zone a l s o
91ve support to the s t a t e government by paying t a x ,
law abiding, end also make community effort to batter
t h e i r l lv ing , The sta te a u t h o r i t i e s takes decisions
Ofi what value6 through ENADEP is going to be allocated
, , to Nsukka zone. The peop le s r e a c t l o n o are communicated
bs tk to the a u t h o r i t i e s so t h a t they make n e c e s s a r y
adjustment ,
David E a s t o n s t h e o r y i s a p p l i c a b l e to
deve lopment of r u r a l areas b e m u s e I t is when t h e
a u t h o r i t i e s know what is the need a n d a s p i r a t i o n t h r o u g h
t h e demand of the ru ra l papulacam t h a t W F ~ a r e a s
c a n be t r ans fo rmed , It is khmugh t h e s e demand
from t h e r u r a l populace that same r u r a l development
po l i d e s a r e being formulated by t h e a u t h o r i t i e s , -, . .
Having r e v l e w d ru ra l development 1 iteraturn
a v a i l a b l e and s t a t e d the t h e o r e t i c a l frmemrk it
i s now n e c e s s a r y to state the hypotResis of t h i s s tudy .
Hv-1
e x m i n i n g to what extent ENADEP have helped in rural
d e v e l o p m e n t i n t h e zone under study.
1. The p e o p l e of Ihe zone makes inouts of demlsnd
on ENADEP to improve t h e i r per c a p i t a income,
. EKADEP responds Co the demands of these r u r a l i t e s
b y p r o v i d i n g ildrpmved seed and other a q r o k i n p u t s
I. The rural populace in t h e mne also makes i n p u t
of demand on ENADEP to provide r u r a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e ,
ENADEP claims to provide rural i n f r a s t r u c t u r e 1 i k e
rural feeder roads and rura l w a t e r supply to
r u r a l 1 t e s in Nsukka zone,
111 Through t h e feedback process, p e o p l e s ' f e e l i n g s
and r e a c t i o n s are communica ted back i n t o t h e
p o l i t i c a l system. b a t of t h e r u r a l i t e s i n t h e
zone a m illiterate and t h i s to a g r e a t e r e x t e n t
affects i n f o m a t i o n flow b e t w e e n ENADEP e x t e n s i o n
s t a f f and these rural ites,
pl ETH DOLOGY
a)
Zl.!is s t u d y I s focused on rural sett ing in Nsukka
zone of Enugu State of Nigeria. It I s chosen b e c a u s e
the researcher is famil iar wi th t h e r u r a l s e t t i n g i n t h e
a r ea and t h e cost of carrying dn t h e r e s e a r c h . Nsukka
zone has s i x local g o v e r n m e n t s 4
The c h o i c e of Rsukka Bone is d e l i b e r a t e . Our
80% of i ts p o p u l a t i o n are l i v i n g i n r u r a l a r e a w i t h
a g r i c u l t u r e as t h d r predominant o c c u p a t i o n . T h e i r
method of f a i m i n g is p r e d o m i n a n t l y t r a d i t f o n a l and
c r u d e . Worst st11 1, they lack& b a s i c n e c e s s i t i e s of
1 ife,.
b) &!~1 1 n9 Pmceduggg s
Purposive sampllng technique w i l l be u s e d i n t h e
a akudy to select: the research area, This i m p l i e s a
non-probabil ity sampling method I n wh l c h t h e s t u d y
3 0
area and t h e r e s p o n d e n t s to be i n t e r v i e w e d are drawn
ko be r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of Nsukka zone which i s t h e
S t u d y a r e a , T h i s is based o n t h e r e s e a r c h e r s
d i s c r e a t i o n and p r e d i l e c t i o n of a v a i l a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n ,
The t a r g e t p o p u l a t i o n w i l l bc r u r a l dwellers and
f armera among them, ENADEP o f f i c i a l s i n h e a d q u a r t e r -
a t Enugu and some ENADEP'~ e x t e n s i o n agents i n Neukka
' zone s h a l l be i n t e r v i e w e d * I n a l l , about one hundred
and t w e n t y q u e s t i o n n a i r e s w i l l be BEs t r i b u t s d ,
c) ,Data C o l lectionr
Data f o r t h s study w i l l be o b t a i n e d from b o t h
primary and aecmdwy sources, The p r i m a r y d a t a w i l l
be based o n t h e structured q u e s t i o n n a i r e , This ~ t r u c t u r e d
q u s s t l a n n a i r e w i l l be administered to r u r a l dwellers i n
eelccted a r e a s u n d e r study, It w i l l be d e s i g n e d to
obtain background information o n the activities of
ENADEY i n p r o v i s i o n of rural water supply, feeder road8
and rural gtgr icu l tu ra l . e d u c a t i o n . Some of the ENADEP
e x t e n B i o n a g e n t s w i l l be subjected to an l n d e p t
i n t e r v i e w and also some of the EMADEP steff a t t h e
h e a d q t ~ a r t e r at: Enugu are also going t o be i n t e r v i e w e d
20 obtain t h e ways th= agency is making effort b
improve the canditfon of l i fe in rural secbr and t h e
C o n s t r a i n t t h e y f ace,
Secondary data will come f r a m textbooks, government
docurnen ts, seminars end conference papers and Other
published and unpublished ~ r k .
d 1 ~ a l vt lcal Techni-a
Descriptive tati is tics such as s imple averages,
f recpency d i s t r i b u t i o n and percentages are t o b e used
i n anal yslng t h e research data wh. never they are
a p p l i c a b l e ,
1.7 O~erational D P ~ inition~t
,Communitvl Jessie Ekrnard in hit3 work i n Community
D uelopment pub1 i s h d in &Eernationd E n c ~ c l a ~ a e d i a
p f social sciencea deffned a m m u n i t y as "terri t o r l a l l y
bounded social system or set of inter- lacking or
integrated functional sub-system (economic p o l i t i c a l
reproductive, e tc.) serving a r e s i d e n t pdpul a t i o n p l u s
the material cul ture OF physical p l a n t Chmugh which
t h e system opcrsteswb 33 T. R. Batben em~hasised t h a t
"people i n small t:edltiond cmmunfty feel that t h e y
be long and i t i s mainly these sense of belongfng t h a t
keep them observ ing community standards of conducts and
behaviour. *' 34 From t h i s definition, community is not
a c o n g t o m a r a t i o n of i n d i v i d u a l s w i t h o u t a f e e l i n g t h a t - '
t h e y b e l o n g t o a gmup. 3, S, Coleman i n h i s own
a p p r o a c h saw community as @'any human g r o u p of any s i z e
whose members h a v e a c o n s c i o u ~ l i v i n g a common l i f e
and s h a r i n g a common destinyn, 35 I n h i s e n a l y s l s of
t h e c o n c e p t , of communitys Cherles B o n j e a n c o n s i d e r s
t h e c o n c e p t to involve fcCSr) a t e r r i t o r i a l l y o r g a n i s e d
p o p u l a t i o n , (11) 8 populat ion more or less r o o t e d i n
the s o i l , i t o c c u p l e d , (111) Tndividual units l i v i n g
i n re1 a t i o n s h i p of mutual inter-dependents". 36 It is
hereby s t a t e d i n this wdrk ehet community i n t h i s
work means a g r o u p of people t h a t s h a r e a common
g e o g r a p h i c a l l o c a t i o n , common c u l t u r d traf t and
territsrial a f f i n i t y which is n o r m a l l y v i l l a g e group
which is e s s e n t i a l l y rural.
b ) pevdblaprnen t t
Development i n its own parts has been defined i n
v a r i o u s ways b y v a r i o u s v~ritors. It I s defined as a
c tMlp rehens ive c h a n g e o r tran5farmation In c-1 tu r a l , e d u c a t i o n a l , economic social. and political f h l d , 37
Here, d e v e l o p m e n t is something seen to encompass a l l b
aspects of human l i fe f r o m socia-cul t u r d t h r o u g h
p o l i t i c a l cum ec?nornic aspects of o u r life. Xn o t h e r
' words Z t may be re f inement of an e x i s t i n g order or #
w
total c o n v u l s i o n of an existing o r d e r i n t h e s o c i e t y ,
B i l l e r i n h i s awn arguemene saw it "as process not a s
a stake, S t a t e l a descriptive of c o n t e n t s w h i l e
process a r e d i s c r 1 p t i V e of these steps by which t h e
s ta te is created", 38 He therefore d e f i n e d davplopment
a s a d a p t a t i o n capacity of any unit i s i n c r e a s e d , By
a communi t v increases t h e i r c a p a c i t y to SF)-vc t h e i r
problems col l ect ive l y, then there is development,
C ) Communitv ~ e v ~ l o n m e n t i
AS c: lncepts of community and d e v e l o p m e n t has b e e n
looked i n t o above, i t i s also p e r t i n e n t to examine
whet i s community development, Dr. M . I. Okpara saw
rural deve lopment a s a self h e l p p r o j e c t , hardworking
which i s free ly undertaken through the i n s p r s a t i o n of
farmer f u t u r e , Ebr our c o ~ l n t r y , i t 2s f irst and
f ~ r e m ~ s t an endeavour to harness t h e ~lnkhusiasrn of
p e o p l e to accomplish t h e task of social and economic
d evelopment w h i c h our nation faces, 40
matefial development s u c h as roads, we ter s u p p l y or
b u i l d i n g o f achools or m a l e r n i t y c e n t r e s , t l 4 I ~ 3 r d
Robbins stated that development i s measured in terms
of r e l a t i o n to movement i n t e a l income per a head and
to note t h a t economic and m a t e r i a l w e l l b e i n g i s n o t
the o n l y a s p e c t of community. B i d d l e and B i d d l e
d e f l n e d community deve lopment as "a s o c i e t a l process w--
by which human being can become more content to l i v e
and g a i n c o n t r o l over sane Iocel aspect of f r u s t r j t i n g
and chang ing 43
The h o r l d Bank policy on rural develonment d e f i n e d
it as "a strategy designed to improve economic, and
social c o n d i t i m of spclcific qrouw of people - r u r a l
poor. 44 The d e f i n i t i o n of r u r a l development which
attempts towards integrat5.ng ideology is the one found
i n Uni ted N a t i o n s Economic and Social C ~ u n c i l p u b l i s h e d
i n October 1956 i n which c o r n u n i t y development was
d e ~ i n e d t h u s a
'fie process by which t h e effort of the people t h e m s e l v e s are u n i t e d with t h a t of t h e government authorities to Srngrove
b the economic, social and c u l t u r a l c o n d i t l o n of the communities into the l i f e of the n a t i o n and enable them to contribute f u l l y to national progress. It would not be regarded as a series of episode emhadied
i n concrete achievement, success, important thought they may be, is less important than the q u a l i t a t i v e change exprass& i n a t t i t u d e and re1 a t i o n s h i p which ~ d d s to human d i g n i t y and increase the continui nq capaci ty of people to h e l p themselves tc achieve goals which CWy d e t e r m i n e for t h m s e l v e s . 4 S
Some w r i t e r s tend to view rural development as
a mix of both urban and rural problems w h i l e o t h e r s
view it aril essentially rural. In this study, r u r a l
development will be regarded as rural phenomenon and
so should i t be. AZsa ccrrnmunity development is seen
a s t h e same as r u r a l deveboprnent. I n t h i s study,
t h e y can be used in terchanyeably.
REFERENCES
3rd National Development P l a n from 1975 - 1980, Vol. 1 (Lagos; Federa l M i n i s t r y of Economic Development 19751, p, 292,
John M. Cohan et air b v R ~ t s l Development P a r t i c i p a t i o n w Rur D e v e l o ~ m e n t .Monooraohy (Pub1 i a h e d by t h e Rpral Development Cornmi ttee C e n t r e f o r ~ n t e r n a t i o n a l S t u d l e e , Cornee U n i v e r s i t y 1977) p. 1%.
J. 0 , Clem "The Problems of Rural Development i n Nigeriafi A pzper read a t the workshop j o i n t l y o r g a n i s e d by t h e Depa r tmen t of Economics of U n i v e r s i t y of JOS and U n i v e r s i t y of Nigeria a t U . N . N + o n 28 - 31 October, 1987, p. 7.
Ebdu, H, 0. "The Role of Resource Poor F a r m e r s Under Depressing Economy i n t h e Development of a Nation". T h i s is a paper p r e s e n t e d a t the 3rd Annual Farming System R e s e a r c h and Extension i n t he Middle Be1 t mnet of N i g e r i a Baddeggl Niger S t a t e , March 20th - 23rd, 1991 (Published by the N a t i o n a l Farming R e s e a r c h Notwork, pp, 1 - 31,
O l i s a , W, L e d i n g Issues i n Rura l Davslomont (Enugu, 1992) pa 20.
Ijere, M, 0, Leading Issues i n Rural Developmwtt (Enugu: 19923, p. 20.
Mi j lndadi, N, & "Integrated Rural Development : Concepts and P l annlng Imp1 k a t i o n s t q r Community Oevelopment Journal (Volume 13, N o , 1, 1987) p. 20.
Shama Kumrr '*Rural tkvelopment i n )I I n d i a t Programmes, S t r a t e g i e s end P e r s p e c t l v c a f l . Community Development J o u r n a l (Volume 15, No. 1 J a n u a r y 1980) p. 20.
J e r r y J o n e s *'The Model Village Seharnes o f Nor< he rn Niger ia# A Model for Community Development" Community Development Journal (Volume 18, No. .1 January 1983) p, 74,
Dupe 01 atunbosunl Nigeria Neglected Rur a1 M a j o r i t y (Ibadan, Oxford U n i v e r s i t y Press, 1975) pm 160.
Sm R e T. WiLlims, "Rural Poverty t o Rural Prosperity: A Strategy to Rural Developrnmt i n Niger ia t ' ( A n Inaugural Lecture Delivered a t U n i v e r s i t y of Ife) p. 6.
S. K. T. williams. Rural Development i n ~ i g e r i a (Community of Ife Press 1978) pe 24.
H. I, ~ . j aegbu, &ban end Rural Develoment 1 Niaet Aq, (Ibadan, Heinanann E d ~ c a t i o n e l Book? L t d 1976) p. 73. '
~arnbir rr~econd National Development Plan 1972 - 1974" i n Robert: Chambers, Managing Rural Development Ideas and Exper ience From E a s t ~f rica (Uppsala: Scandinavian I n s t i t u t e of ~ f r i c a n Stud ie s 1974) p. 11,
Botawanar t Second Nat iona l DevelapmenC Plan 1970 - 1975, Ibid.
T. R, Batten, Community end Their Development (Londant Oxford U n i v e r s i t y Press, 1957) p, 190,
Memoh Lawal "%'he Theory and Practice of Community Developmenttc Ekneme Oko2 1 ( Ed). Nation& Conference on lNew LOG- Svs tea Unpublished Book pp. 549 - 76,
Ba I. O m a m e l a m * "Cornmunit y Development i n ~ c t i o n ; An Eastern Nigeria E x p e r l e n c ~ " ( O w e r r i t Image an@/$logan, 1981) .
Easton 0. Svstem Analvsis o f P o l i t i c a l L i f e ( N e w York, 196S), 17.
E c s t s i n and Apter Comparative P o l i t ics ( N e w Yorkr 1962) p, 4,
Robert Geophrey. What i s Comparative Polit ics (New Y o r k : 1972) P. 37.
T. Z. Sanders. "Community Development" In terna t iona l ~ n c v c l o p a e d i a of s o c i a l s c i e n c e s , (New York, 1968) pa 163 - 180, TI R. B a t t e n Op. cite p. 6 ,
mleman, J. Sm Background to Nationalism ( L o 6 Angeleer 1958) p, 421.
Boje im Charles Me (ed) CommunLtv Politics ( N e w York: 1971) p, 5,
Repar t on Orientation Seminer an Development Administration CCalabar r April 2973) p. 11.
Frenk Warini ( e d L Towards a New Publ i c kcimlnistration (Scfatont 1971) p. 112.
Okpara k, I, Community Development Journal @nugut 1972) pa 13.
40. Lord Robins The Thearv af Ecanouc Development $n History of Economic Thouaht,
41, B i d d l e and Biddle. Community Development Process (New Yorkr 19651, p, 79.
42. W r l d Bank, Rural Development: Sector P o l i c y Paper (wrld Bank Washington D. C. 1973) p, 13,
43. Quoted i n 0, Ekuma *ma. Chief C~mmunity Development Officer, Seminar Paper o n Leadership and Community Development (Enuqu: 1973) p - 2.
CHAPTER TWO
THE NATURE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT
2.1 Pr; n c i p l e s of Rural D e v e l o ~ m e n t :
The c o n c e p t of rural d e v e l o p m e n t h a s some b a s i c
t r u t h which need to bes exmined. These p r i n c i ~ l e s
h e l p s to g u i d e a g e n t s of rural d e v e l o p m e n t to a c h i e v e
t h e i r aim, Any d e v i a n c e from t h e s e basic and accepted
p r i n c i p l e s may h i n d e r an effective r u r a l deve lopmen t ,
1~ a P a r t i c i ~ a t i o n r
In order t::, achieve a c c e l e r a t e d p a c e i n r u r a l
d e v e l o p m e n t , the members of the community s h o u l d be
w i d e l y mobilised for t h e p u r p o s e of development, They
shauld n o t on1 y c o n t r i b u t e money, meterid and cmmunal
1 a b o u r when n e c e s s a r y but a l s o ideas. The p e o p l e shauld
p a r t i c i p a t e both i n p l a n n i n g and execution stages, The
i n p u t of s u p p o r t is maximised and p e r s o n a l i t y growth
is f u l l y aesured when there is c a m p l e t e mass p a r t i c l p ~ t l o n .
This bhenomenon of mass p a r t k i p a t i o n alsa e n g e n d e r s - -.. -
g r e a t psychological sakisf action i n t h e minds of t h e
peopla. The people s h w l d also a t t e n d eeminars and
c o n f e r e n c e s where their problems is being d l scussed
a n d make c o n t r i b u t i o n s and a s k q u e s t i o n s p e r t a i n i n g
to their w e l l be ing . Each community s h o u l d haw%
4 1
r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s who would air t h e peoales p r o b l m a a t
c o n f e r e n c e s .
2,q P e o p l e s I n i t i a t i v t = :
It i s t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of t h e people to i n i t i a t e
a n y community d e v e l o p m e n t project. The people should
d e t e r m i n e b y t h e m s e l v e s their fa1 t need -th-rn -their
p o l i t i c a l a n d a d m i n i s t r a t i v e machinery; make d i e t e l l e d
and p u r p o s e f u l plan o f these needs a d f i n a l l y u s e t h e i r
a v a i l a b l e r e s o u r c e s for e x e c u t i o n of t h e i r plan, When
a c o m m u ~ i t y has taken a d e q u a t e i n i t i a t i v e , t h e y may
so l ic i t f o r adequate a s s i s t a n c e , g r a n t o r l o a n s . I n
case where s u c h L n i t i a t i v e i s l a c k i n g , gove rnmen t s h o u l d
a c t v i g @ o u r o u s l y by using a p p r o p r i a t e a g e n c i e s or
s t r u c t u r e t o a d v i c e , arouse or s t i m u l a t e the people i n
order to s e c u r e the needed i n i t i a t i v e .
3, P l a n n e d Proqrammql
P l a n n i n g i s a c r u c i a l f a c t o r i n community
d e v e l o p m e n t . P l a n n i n g h a s b e e n def i. ned as i n t e l l i q e n t
c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h t h e i n e v i t a b l e , This d e f i n i t i o n
stresses t h e f u t u r i t y of t h e concept : of p l a n n i n g . b
Under s y s t e m c o n c e p t , p l a n n i n g i s defined as " t h e
a p r o c e s s whereby t h e s y s t e m a d a p t s i t s r e s o u r c e s to
c h a n g i n g i n t e r n a l f o r c e s , " F o r t h e p u r m s e of t h i s
42
work, community d e v e l o p m e n t p l a n n i n g i s a n i n t e g r a t i v e
a c t i v i t y which seeks to p r o v i d e f ramework of a c t i v i t#es
t h r o u g h which t h e s e 5s massive commitment of t h e
r e s o u r c e s of t h e people i n most e f f e c t i v e manner as
t o s a t i s f y t h e f e l t need of t h e community, The o u t p u t
of t h e p l a n n i n g process is s p l a n which p r e d e t e r m i n e
c o u r s e of a c t i o n and i n v o l v e s t h e f o l l o w i n g c h a r a c t e r i -
stics.
It m u s t i n v o l v e the f u t u r e .
It m u s t be a n e l e m e n t of pxx p e r s o n a l or
o r g s n i s a t i o n a l i d e n t i f i c a t i o n or c a u s a t i o n ,
It m u s t a l w a y s take i n t o f u l l a c c o u n t t h e a v a i l a b l e
and p o t e n t i a l r e s o u r c e s of t h e p e o p l e a n d mus t
make a prap :r r e l a t i o n of t h e means t o t h e e n d s ,
' It m u s t make p r o v i s i o n for e f f e c t i v e s y s t e m of
communica t ion and i n f o r m a t i o n f l o w whereby t h e
members of the community s h o u l d p a r t i c i p a t e
e i f e c t i v e l y d u r i n g p l a n n i n g p r o c e s s and s h o u l d
set u p a n effective m a c h i n e r y f o r t h e c o n t r o l and
c o r d i n a t i o n of d u v e l o p m e n t programme a c t i v i t i e s ,
I n e s s e n c e p l a n n l n g according to Kontz, is f t d e c i d i n g
advance w h a t to do, how to do i t and when t o do i t o f t 3
For t h e community development p l a n n i n g , it means
d e t e r m i n i n g i n a d v a m e the felt need of the c o m o u n i t y
43
and how to a c t u a l l y mobilise t h e p e o p l e , how to
o r g a n i s e t h e r e s o u r c e s w i t h i n and o u t s i d e t h e communi ty
a n d how t o a c t u a l l y rnobi'lbse t h e p e o p l e of t h e community
t o c a r r y o u t t h e p r o j e c t e f f e c t i v e l y , P l a n n i n g i s a n
i n t e l l e c t u a l l y demanding process, I t r e q u i r e s t h e
c o n c f o u s d e t e r m i n a t i o n of c o u r s e of a c t i o n and b a s i n g
t h e d e c i s i o n o n p u r p o s e , knowledge and c o n s i d e r e d
e s t i m a t e s , P l a n n i n g i n c o n m ~ n l t y d e v e l o p m e n t i s
important b e c a u s e it helps offset u n c e r t a i n t y a n d change , - --
to focus a t t e n t i o n e n objective, t o g a i n economy df t h e
project, a v o i d i n g waste and t o make fo r effective
control.
4 r Leadership r
If there is a n y s i n g l e f a c t o r t h a t d i f f e r e n t i a t e s
b e t w e e n s u c c e s s f u l and u n s u c c e s s f u l g r o u p , f t i s
l e a d e r s h i p . L e a d e r s h i p c a n be s e e n a s a n a r t of
i n f uer :c ing and i n s p i r i n g s u r b o d i n a t e s ' to p e r f o r m t h e i r
d u t i e s w i l l i n g l y , c o m p e t e n t l y and e n t h u s i a s t i c a l l y for
a c h i e v e m e n t of g r o u p o b j e c t i v e .
Ef f c c t i v e group l e a d e r s h i p is i n e v i t a b l e i n community
d e v e l o p m e n t , The p l a n n i n g and execut i s n of community
broject requires control, cordf nation, d i r t , c t i o n and
s u p e r v f s i o n i f desired goels a m to be met. An
e n l i g h t e n e d and effective leadership s u p p l i e s t h e s y s t e m
44
w i t h i t s v i t a l r e q u i r e m e n t c The people can be mabilised
if t h e r e i s a clear l e a d e r s h i p c a p a b l e of i n s n i r i n g
the people. An en1 iqh t e n e d l e a d e r s h i p i s p o s i t i v e
c a t a l y s t to community deve lopmen t , Community d e v e l o p -
ment is problem o r i e n t e d and e f f ~ c t i v e l e a d e r s h i p i s
a strategy fo r effective mlution to g r o u p problem,
F o r t h i s r e a s o n , community development req~ires a leader
w i t h a v i s i o n and can c o u n t an t h e s u p p o r t of h i s p e o p l e ,
5. Pfnn C o e r c i o n :
Community deve loprnent LB .a noh-coerciwe p r o c e s s ,
T h e p e o p l e of the community are le f t a l o n e to t h i n k
o u t t h e i r own n e e d s and take any m e a s u r e t h e y c o n s i d e r
a p p r o p r i a t e to s a t i s f y these needa, The s a t i s f a c t i o n
of t h e s e n e e d s i s d , ~ t e r m i n e d b y t h e p e o p l e ' s a v a i l able
r e s o u r c e s , H o w t h e non-coe rc ive p r i n c i p l e o p e r a t e
u n d e r a m e a s u r e o f social c o n t r o l , p r e s s u r e r e s u l t i n g from
heal tBy r i v a l r y and c o m p e t i t i o n o f gove rnmen t i n c e n t i v e
w h i c h may be i n form of m a t c h i n g g r a n t s , t e c h n i c a l
a s s i s t a n c e and other t y p e s of a i d s , So t h e p e o p l e of
ttie community shodld n o t be forced to u n d e r t a k e a
p r o j e c t t h a t is not gut: of t h e i r own v o l i t i o n ,
45
6. m e e m e n t with PePJLI.e's N d and Value t
Change s h o u l d n . ~ t be r e p u g n a n t to t h e p e o p l e ' s
L o r m s and v a l u e s . Community d e v e l o p m e n t is aimed a t
e n h a n c i n g t h e g e n e r a l l eve l of p e o p l e ' s s a t i sf 7 c t i o n
and i t s c o n t e n t is measured by t h e amount of s a t i s f a c t i n n
it is t o s e c u r e , An a t t e m p t to i n t r o d u c e a c h a n g e
wh ich i s r e p u g n a n t to the peoples cherf shed norms and
values r e s u l t s i n s h a r p b r e a k with the past and
c o n s e q u e n t l y d o e s not b r i n g any satisfaction to the
p e o p l e . T h i s m a k e s it necessary for p e o p l e to d e t e r m i n e
t h e i r own needs b y themse lves . hhen a p a r t i c u l a r c h a n g e
b y p e o p l e ' s t r a d i t i o n a l way is c o n s i d e r e d e s s e n t i a l ,
t h e r e s h o u l d be a programrile o f community e d u c a t i o n .
On the issue to e d u c a t e the p e o p l e s u f f i c i e n t l y o n the
e n v i s a g e d c h a n g e and convince them t h a t s u c h a c h a n g e
i s v i t a l and sa fe .
Agents of rural dzvel-pment: can be c l a s s i f i e d as
s trlrc.tura1 and nm-skructural. Structural are t h o s e
t h a t a r e establ f shed organs. For example, community
deve lo ;<men t o f f i c e r s , a g r i c 1 t u r d e x t e n s i o n s t a f f ,
c o o p e r a t i v e o f f i c e r s . These agen ts w o r k - s u n d e r c e r t a i n
agencies like DIFFRI, MimSt;R, A g r i c u l t u r a l Devel.opment
Programme and o t h e r s . Non s t r u c t u r a l a g e n t s a r e t h e
n o n - e s t a b l i s h e d organs. Exmples a r e v o l u n t a r y
agencies, town improvement union, "son of t h e soil ", teachers and youth o r g a n i s e t i ~ n s .
!&ere t h e i n i t i a t i v e of the p e o p l e d o e s n o t come
s p o n t a n e o u s l y e i t h e r as a result of i g n o r a n c e , l o w
m o t i v a t i o n o r l a c k of self d i r e c t i o n , a g e n t s of r u r a l
development helps to rjncourage, s t i m u l a t e and g a l v a n i s e
the people . They elso h e l p to i n f l u e n c e t h e p e o p l e so
t h a t t h e y c a n identify t h e i r felt needs, But i n d o i n g
this no a t t e m p t s h o u l d be made to c h o o s e p r o j e c t f o r
the p e o p l e o r decide w h a t t h e y need f o r them. The agents
of development should g u i d e the p o p 1 e* , t h rough g r o u p
process i n order to achieve t h e s e objectives, She agents
of community development a l w h e l p s the p e a p l a t o
Creak conmunf t y where thebe i s "no communitywr This
c a n be done through Using ~ p a r o p r i a t e t echniaues , e.g.
g r o u p processes to i n f u s e a sense of b e l o n g i n g and
conciausness of cummunal l i f e end "we feelhq'' . T h i s
requires a long tern p l a n of community development .
These agents of develop~nent a1 50 helps t o e d u c a t e
t h e , - )eople o n t h e n e e d s f o r change to be i n t r o d u c e d and
t o a d a p t t h e i r way of life to change. When a p r o j e c t e d
c h a n g e is opposed to peoples t r a d i t i o n a l beliefs, norms
and v a l u e s , they oppose a very great problem.
T. R. Bat t en p u t s it as thus2
One community development problem is then t o f i n d effective way of s t imula- t i n g , h e l p i n g and t each ing p e o p l e t o adopt new methods and learn new s k i l l s t * methods and s k i l l s which ere b e t t e r t han t h e p e o o l e s t r a d i t i o n a l methods and s k i l l s because they help them to qrow more food, have better h e a l t h and posses
\ more m a t e r i a l good that they have p r e v i o u s l y enjoyed.4
mmmuni t y development agents ahauld work w i t h g roups
r a t h e r t han w i t h i n d i v i d . als* They should i d e n t i f y
themse lves w i t h groups, e s t a b l i s h f r i e n d l y r e l a t i o n
w i t h them and p a r t i c i p a t e f u i l y w i t h group d i s c u s s i o n
where the peop le are convinced t h a t t h e p r o j e c t e d c h m g e
i s b e n e f i c i a l and d e s i r a b l e . During t h e p r o c e s s o f
d l s c u s s i o n , and p a r t M . p a t i o n , t he p r o j e c t e d chenged
will be accepted by t h e peop le simul t aneous l y.
2.3 0081 s and C b l e c t i v e s o f Rural Deve lo~ment t
Any community development programme should a t
l e a s t A w e same goals and o b j e c t i v e s t o achieve:
1. ' JCkmorn* ma1 &
Man h a s every d e s i r e to improve his economic
s u r v i v a l . Consequently, man's b a s i c needs are those
s l e e p , shelter and Sex. "If a l l these needs a r e no t
s a t i s f i e d and t h e o rgan i sm i s o f t e n dominated b y
p s y c h 0 1 0 g i c ~ l needs (economic nea ds) a l l o t h e r n e e d s
may become non-ex i s t ed or pushed to t h e background.115
Maslow stressed t h a t "far who i s extremely and
d a n g e r o u s l y hungry, no o t h e r i n t e r e s t e x i s t s b u t
foodH. In o t h e r wordst r u r a l development s h o u l d be
4 - g e a r e d towards i n c r e a s i n g . good p r o d u c t i o n , p r o v i s i o n
- - o f r u r a l water s u p p l y and e f f o r t s h o u l d also be made toward
e d u c a t i n g t h e r u r a l maases and i n c r e a s i n g t h e i r per
c a p i t a income.
2, S o c i a l Go&:
S o c i a l g o a l i n v o l v e s love and b e l o n g i n g n e s s , T h i s
need i 5 compl iment of our economic needs , S o c i a l needs
i n c l u d e s n o t o n l y to give and recieve, and affection
b u t a1 so t o a s s o c i a t e w i t h and be a c c e p t e d b y others
i n t h e a tmosphere o f f r i e n d s h i p , This can be achieved
t h r o u g h e d u c a t i o n e s p e c i a l l y t h m u g h esdul t e d u c a t i o n
programmes. ~ccordiw do B a t t e n , "to encmurage m a t e r i a l
deve lopn ;en t , is t o represent o n l y a p a r t o f t h e
commuility problem, it is e t l e a s t e q u a l l y i m p o r t a n t
a s chmge occurs to ensure t h a t t h e f e e l i n g or t h e b
s p i r i t o f community l a not destroyed."' The s o c i a l
re1 a t i o n s h i p of t h e members of a community l a a l s o a
p a r t of community d e v e l o p m e n t i n moral a s p e c t of
their l i v i n g and makes them to h a v e s p i r i t of o n e n e s s ,
3. Pol i t i c a l Goals t
I n community d e v e l o p m e n t , t h e e n t i r e c i t i z e n s
s h o u l d h a v e r i g h t to p a r t i c i p a t e e f f e c t i v e l y i n mak ing
of d e c i s i o n s t h a t a f f e c t s them, R u r a l i t i e s a l s o l i k e
t o h o l d c e r t a i n roles i n community circles, For a
communi ty t o be d e v e l o p i n g , e v e r y member of t h e s o c i e t y
m u s t h a v e r i g h t to hold c e r t a i n p o s t s i n t h e s o c i e t y ,
T h i s i s b e c a u s e , according to Maslow, man is p e r p e t u a l l y
w a n t i n g an imal . 8
This meana t h a t man h a s many n e e d s
w h i c h is g o i n g to be fulfilled t h r o u g h t h e community,
Thus D. A. Goalet asked a v e r y c r u c i a l q u e s t i o n , 9 t t d e v e l o p m e n t f o r whatt'. I, h i s book - Development,
f o r What q u e s t i o n e d t h e u n n e c e s s a r y and u n w a r r a n t e d
h i g h p r i c e which is belng p a i d for d e v e l o p m e n t i n some
t r a d i t i o n a l societies by W n q u e s t i o n i n g s a c r i f i c i n g
t r a d i t i o n a l v a l u e s o n the a l t e r of m o d e r n i s a t i o n and
-- stressed t h a t d e v e l o p m e n t Should be aimed -a% enhancing
the q u a l i t i e s of good life which i n v o l v e s t h r e e m a j o r
c o m p o n e n t s which are " s u s t e n a a c e , esteem and l j b e r t y w , 10
L, W, O y e t s d e f i n i t i o n of p o l i t i c a l d e v e l o p m e n t
. r u n s t h u s :
The main slennent of pol i t ica l development i n v o l v e s first, w i t h r e s p e c t to t h e p o p u l a t i o n as a whole, f r o m wide epread subject e t a t u s to an increasing numbec of acmmpanying spread of maee p a r t i c i p a t i o n , g r e a t e r a e n s i t i v i t y to t h e principlers of u n i ~ e r s a l i s t i e lat*, Second w i t h respect to governmental and general sys tern performance, political develop- ment i n v o l v e s an increase i n c a p a c i t y of the politicral system & man- p u b l i c a f f a i r s and control c o n t r o v e r s y and cope w i t h popular demand. P i n a l l y , w i t h t h e o r g a n i s a t e o n of pal i t y , pol i t ical development i n v ~ l v e s greater s t r u c t u r a l d f f f e r e n t i a t i o n , greater f u n c t i o n a l speci f i c i t y and g r e a t e r i n t e g r a t i o n of p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n s t i t u t i o n s and o r g a n i s a t i o n . 11
In any development pr"ogramme, t h e o b j e c t i v e should
be to f u l f i l t h e need a s p % r a t i o n s of t h e benef iciaries.
What happsna i n o u r rural c m u n i t i e s i s t h a t aonm
govmnment a g e n c i e s dream up ame b e a u t i f u l prof ects
and dump such a p r a f e c t st e high cost o n t h e communitiee
af- t h e n o i s y and h i a l y gubliclsed commlrsioning
ceremonies , t h e p r o j e c t k abandamd to r u r a l d w s l l s r s
wi'th m 'fund for t h e i r operait&on and maintenance, Hmce
t h e p a t h a t i c a t a t e of pe r sona l and i n f r a ~ t r u c h r r ~ l
dev/lopment i n r u r a l oomnlties. Eatabl i shment of
* f ural development committee, have not been a b l e t o h e l p
matters i n t h i s circumstances b e c a u s e of p o v e r t y
s t r i c k e n n a t u r e of the communi t i e s .
E f f o r t to develop r u r a l c o m m u n i t i e s m u s t h a v e
t h e f o l l o w i n g objectives.
a) S u s t ~ ~ i n a b l e i m p r o v e ~ e n t of t h e q u a l i t y of l i f e
and a s t a n d a r d of l i v i n g of m a j o r i t y of the r u r a l
p o p u l a c e , This w i l l i n c l u d e t h e p r o v i s i o n of
w a t e r s u p p l y for domestic and production use and
a l l s s a s o n r o a d for transportation of f a r p r o d u c t s ,
b) E n h ~ n c i ng t h e impratrement of the l r heal th c o n d i t i o n
t h r o u g h re1 i a b l e and accessible health s e r v i c e s .
C ) R a i s i n g t h e q u a l i t y , v a l u e and n u t r i t i o n a l v a l u e of
t h e i r foad i n t a k e a t a f f o r d a b l e p r i c e .
d ) Pmproving the h c u s i n g and g e n e r a l l i v i n g and
work ing c o n d i t i o n t h r o u g h e a s y p r o c u r e m e n t of farm
i n p u t s .
e) C r e a t i n g g r e a t e r human r e s c u r c e s d e v e l o p m e n t
o p p o r t u n i t i e s , more i m p o r t a n t 1 y, which w i l l l e a d
to improved p r o d u c t i o n c a p a c i t y and income level
w i t h i n t h e community.
The p r o v i s i o n of the above c o n d i t i o n s would h e l p
to l rnprove t h e y u a l 1 t y of l i fe and the w e d t h of the
' community. The afarementioned condi t ions would go a
5 2
l o n g way t o a r r e s t t h e r u r a l - u r b a n d r i f t of young
s c h o o l l e a v e r s .
2.4 Options Open to GNADEP for R u r d Develowmentt
1. ,Human Resources Development t
The re grea te s t h indrance to human deve lopmen t is
t h e l a c k of s k i l l e d and semi~skilled manpower. The
job o p p o r t u n i t y a v a i l n b l e i n urban c e n t r e s v i r t u a l l y
. attracts every e m p l s y a h l e p e r s o n leaving u n a d v e n t u r e t
some i n r u r a 1 a r e a s w l t b i n i t i a t i v e t o a c q u i r e or
d e v e l o p new s k i l l s , ENADEP may n o t be a b l e to set Up
a t r a i n i n g school b u t s u i t a b l e p e r r o n s c o u l d be selected
t h r o u g h the community development assaclation and s e n t
o u t for s p e c i f i c attachment to handle v i t a l c m r n e r c i a l
and t e c h n i c a l aspect of rural life, ENADEP s h o u l d
i n v i g o r i s e t h e t r a i n i n g of perw n n e l to reach a l l t h e
n o o k s and c r a n n y of rural sector.
2. A q r i c u l t u r e ; . .. P e a s a n t agriculture is the mainstay of r u r a l
e c m o m y , Rural dwellers spend very l o n g h o u r s i n t h e
farm, carrying o u t very t e d i o u s jobs l i k e b u s h b u r n i n g , e 1 b
stumping, p l a n t i n g , weeding, h a r v e s t i n g and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n
a o f f a r f i p r o d u c t s . Most times, d i f f i c u l t y i n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n
33
of farm p r o d u c t s is l i r n f t i n g factor^ to f a r m o u t p u t s .
ENADEP c a n l i n k progress ive r u r a l farmers t o o b t a i n
l o a n from f i n a n c i a l institutions t h a t h e l p s to f i n a n c e
ay r i c u l t u r e 1 i k e t h e N i g e r i a n A g r i c u l t u r d and
c o o p e r a t i v e Bank (N.A.C.S.), T h i s w i l l h e l p the
L u r a l dwellers t o buy inproved v a r i e t i e s of farm
i n p u t s , t o i m p r o v e p r o d u c t i v i t y , ENADEP c a n also h e l p
r u r a l farmers to p r o c u r e simple s t o r a g e f ac i l i t i e s of
ngricul t u r a1 products for price m,icfsilkf a s tabilisation
and improved income far farmers,
3, R u r a l Ilnfrastructuret
ln most rural ereas, t h e r e i s almost complete
a b s e n c e of good r o a d s and o t h e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s t e m s ,
h e a l t h and o t h e r social we1f are, e d u c a t i o n , water,
and e l e c t r i c i t y , Development of i n f rastrructure i s very
n e c e s s a r y to r e d u c e the drift o f r u r a l d w e k r s out of
t h e A r c o m m u n i t i e s and to. improve t h e of l i f e o f -- -...
r u r a l dwellers, X t w i l l a lso i m p r o v e p r o d u c t i o n and
f a c i l i t a t e the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n of farm p r o d u c e to
c a r ~ s u m p t i o n a r e a s *
Ok:.ony said t h a t the tranaportatf o n provides t h e b
arteries t h r o u g h which the economic Life stream of a
, s o c i e t y flows - t h e people, i n f c r m a t i o n , raw m a t e r i a l
and f i f i i s h e d praducts which h e l p s to b u i l d and m a i n t a i n
t h e s o c i e t y . He went further to state t h a t f o r t h e
3 most p a r t , new t r a n s p o r t f a c i l i t i e s e n a b l e d t h e e x p a n s i o n
o f local a c t i v i t i e s and i n t e g r a t i o n of p r e v i o u s l y
i so la ted m a r k e t s . 12
4 r Commerce m
Trade and commerce are v i t a l a s p e c t of community
l i f e b u t t h e p o o r e r the community , t h e s m a l l e r t h e
t r d i n g and commercial a c t i v i t y , U s u a l l y o n e or t w o
persons e m e r g e as community t r a d e r s o n p e t t y items
but t h e a c t u a l b e n e f i c i a r i e s of t h e p r o d u c t i v e c a p a c i t y
o f t h e community are uaually non r e s i d e n t who knows where
t h e goods c a n be digposed af a t good p r i c e . T h i s e x p l a i n s
why t h e farm operation is f a r more t h a n t h e m a r k e t price
of the p r o d u c t s , Agricultural m a r k e t i n g s h o u l d be
encouraged ea t h a t farmers p e r c a p i t a income c a n be
increased,
5+ M ~ c h i n e r v and ~ ~ u f ~ m e n t
There is near absence of m e c h a n i s a t i o n i n r u r a l
areas, Xn many communities, t h e r e i s l a c k of g a r r i
grating machines, milling and d r y i n g of rice and o t h e r . .agro-related machineries, Same farm p r o d u c t s are s t i l l
processed i n crude way. ENADEP c a n link r u r a l ites - -
e 6 , l e c i a l l y farmers th mast of t h e companies t h a t produce
these e q u i p m e n t and guarantee the payment m if the
f arrner f a l l s to f i n i s h W e payment.
2.5 J t u r a l L i t e r a c y and. Ru development r
L i t e r a c y i s the fundamenta l p e r s o n a l s k i l l w h i c h
u n d e r 1 ies t h e whole modern1 s i n g s k i l l s, L i t e r a c y h a s
f i g u r e d p rominen t1 y i n d i s c u s s i o n of developmebt e v e r
s i n c e deve lopment was i d e n t i f i e d as i m p o r t a n t t o p i c
of p c l i c y r e s e a r c h . Emph8~d s h a s b e e n on human r e s o u r c e
deve lopment i n c l u d i n g l i t e r a c y a s a key t o development
v e r s u s t e c h n o l o g i c a l i n n o v a t i o n , improved p r o d u c t i v i t y , --+
o f p h y s i c a l r e s o u r c e s and c a p i t a l formaChl as a
p r i m e movers i n the deve lopmenta l process.13 ll
( Aldelman I 19%).
Golden (1955) generally i n f e r r e d t h a t 1 i t e r a c y
h a d f a k r l y p e r v a s i v e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o n i n d i v i d u a l . H e
a lso viewed l i t e r a c y as e n e c e s s a r y c o n d i t i o n f o r
d e v e l o p m e n t and recommended i n v e s t m e n t i n e d u c a t i o n , 14
T h e r e is a r e i a t i o n s h l p between l i t e r a c y and degree of
u r b a n i s a t i o n , ' pttrt ic ipatian i n e l e c t i o n and medsa usage.
If t h e r u r a l p o p u l a c e era educated, khey will have t h e
o p p o r t u n i t y of knowing the develwment o p ~ o r u t n i t l e s . . a v a . . l a b l e t o them. If l i t e r s c y i s f o c u s e d on a g r i c u l t u r a l
development, i n d i v i d u a l farmers w i l l improve h i 8
~ m d u c t i v i t y , Greon r e v o l u k l n n i n 1970s In N i g e r i a
t e n d e d to focua more attention o n a g r i c u l t u r s l i n p u t s
and fa i led t o draw attentfan to human r e s o u r c e
i n v e s t m e n t as a ' lbver t3o a g r i c 1 t u r a l development ,
T h e emphas i s t h i s perrod shifted from t r a n s f o r m i n g the
i n d i v i d u a l f a r m e r and h i s a t t i t u d e s to i n t r o d u c i n g
new a g r i c u l t u r d inputs.
The r a t e of literacy of r u r a l d w e l l e r s i s l o w i n
Nsukka zone, ~ d u c a k i o n h e l p s o n e t o have a c c e s s to
a p p r o p r i a t e s o u r c e of i n f a r m a t i o n , The c o u n t r y s i d e
p e o p l e i n Nsukka town a d i t a environa are not well
lettered, T h i s may directly or i n d i r e c t l y a f f ec t the
l e v e l of r u r a l development. In order to achieve de sir&d
r u r a l development , effort should be dtrected t r ~ r u r a l
1 i t e r a c y .
Richard Johnson A. et a l . ( e d ) , The Theorv and Management of Systems, (New York: 1967) p, 24,
B a t t e n T, R, Communities and Their Development (London: 1969) p. 18.
Maslow, H , A. "A Theory of Human Mot ivat ionN People and P r x l u c t i v i t y . (New Yorkr 1 9 6 9 ) ~ p. 101.
Ibid,
Batten T, R, Op. tit. p. 6.
L, w. Pye and sydney Verba. P o l i t i c a l Culture and Pol iClcal Pevelopment ( P r i n c e t o n Series: 1965) p e 11.
Okkony I, G, F, What is rural Community end its Charac ter i s tkgqq . A paper p r e s e n t e d i n Third Anniversary Conference of the National Board for Community Banks (Kadunat 26 - 28 Apr i l , 1994) P e 14.
I b i d ,
~1 deman I, *Development Economics - a reassessment of goalat' The American Economic Review 6 5 (Play 1975) pp. 302 - 309. Golden C, %ikeracy and Social Change i n Underdeveloped C o ~ n t r i e s " Rural Sociology 20 (March, 1955) pp. 1 - 7.
50
C H A ~ E R WIREE
NSUKKA AND 1.TS COMPOSITION
One with c lam observ&Cion may be wondering t h e
r e l e v a n c e cf ecology af Nsukka to t h i s study. Barnhart
( 1979) said t h a t ecology is that branch of ~ 0 c l 0 1 0 g y
that deals w i t h relationship between human being and
i t s environmentfl.' This ecology i s necessary for t h e
unders tanding of sociol.cu1 t u r d , economic and p o l i t i c a l
and other backgroufids t k 3 t is existing i n t h e area under
study and how these c o n d i t i o n s has e i ther aided or
impeded rural development in NsUkka zone.
The c o m p o s i t i o n and fdcatian d e f lnes t h e boundary
and various l o c a l gowrnmmts t h a t make up Nsukka aorle
of Enugu S t a t e . For economy, rural economy in the area
under s t u d y w i l l be dealkh with. I n d e a l i n g wi th the
economy of t h e a m s , particular attention w i l l be paid
i n t h e i r o c c u p a t i o n t stardard of l i v i n g , types of
s e t t l e m e n t s and how i t affects developmnt I n t h e
area. The pol 1 t ical and B O C ~ nl drqanisakkms will
deal w i t h ways which, these mralites i n t he a e a =re
able to p i l o t t h e i r own afralrs before t h e establishment
6f modern government. The problems encountered by rural
d w e l l e r s f n Nsukka zone will a1 so be df scussed under t h i s
chapter.
34 i Location e a (=otnpos&ionl
Nsukka is locntcd between l a t i t u d e 6O40' and
7 0 ~ 0 0 n o r t h of equator imd between 7O3' and 7O38' eas t
o f greenwhich meridian. Nsukka i s bounded in t h e north
by the present Benue Skate end south by Enugu Zone of
Enugu S t a t e , The local governments within EJaukka mne
ard Nsukk a, Isi-Uao, Igbo-Eza South , Igbo-Eze North,
U 20 Uwani, and Igbo-EtStf.
T h i s areR under istudy l i e s w i t h i n t h e Guinea
Sevana or derived Savana region of Nigeria. I t s c t u a l l y
l ies between the trapZScal grassland of Northern Nigeria
ahd rainforest sane of southern Nigeria, Put df fferently
i t l i e s within t h e transitional zone. The veg~t~tion
i s a mix ture o f grass and rainforest trees, Reinfarest
ttees l i k e a i l bean, palm, mango nnd other ecnnamic
trees occupy the dcpmssion between the h i l l ~ e Nsukka
i s characterised by extensive bush burning -fore!
c u l tivation, Rain starts ak Nsukka i n March and l e s t8
t i 1 1 October/Novmber, This farms the rainy season w h i l e
the dry season starts in November and lasts till February.
. .
60
Nsukka has no big river except ~ b o n y i , and Erne. It
is naturally blessed w i t h numerous spr ings which becomes
rcduced i n f lourage i n dry season when w a t e r t a b l e
falls below normal*
3.2 Rural Ecnrp- NsukkRnet
According to Carver I fl24), lgrural economy i s t h a t
branch of science af statesmanship which daale wi th
agricul t u r e , o t h e r r u r a l onkerprisa end rural l i f e as
a factor in n a t i o n building.u2 The str ik ing feature of
this d e f i n i t i o n Fs that lagrAcuL t u r e is placed in t h e centre
of economic l i f e of rural o o m r n ~ n i t i e s ~
i n contrast t o urbanised e ~ m r n u n i t l e s , Ngukka end
its areas are structurally s i m p l e minded societies in
at early stage of modern development. L i k e every other
loss developed counC-,ry 09 the world, N i p r i a and N~ukker
zuno in p a r t i c u l a r , more than f i f t y percent of l t a
popu'l a t l o n are r u r a l dwellers* Finch and Tiwewartha
rrdked t h r e e types of settlements, The f irnt one
is kyr the Dispersed or Xsolaked type of settlm-nt.
T h i s type of settlment 5s replete with problems because
t h e possibilities of i n t r a and Inter cooperntfve effort
among such settlement w i t h mspect to read, power
facilities, h e a l t h and other i n f r a s t r u c t u r e 1 f a c i l i t i e s
may not be e a s i l y reallsed. The second is Nucleated
t y p e of set t lement: which makes for e f f e c t i v e c o o p e r a t i o n
i n the area of self h e l p scheme i n development p r o c e s s .
This type of s e t t l e m n t hag got t h e problems of over
population, land problem and eaay decimat ion. The
t h i r d type i s colonial in nature and I t e x i s t s in form
of p l nnta t i o n and ranch1 and vill age. 3 me first t w o . :'
typologies of settlement are most1 y associated with
!Jsukka arcas. mese types of settl anent affccts b o t h
p c ~ s i t i v c l y and negaCively t h e living c o n d i t i o n of t h e
area. L i v i n g c o n d i t h n in Nsukka is also affected by
socio-cul t u r a l and traditional mores. Examples re
percetisation of land, destruction of valuable forest,
rel ic~ious attitude towards forestsaa as l ivestocks and
The standard of l i v i n g of rural d w e l l e r s in Nsukka
and its area are po z', not i n terms o f not hav ing . ahykhing to ea t or d r i n k , but i n a l l year round quant i ty
and qua l i ty* ?ha standard of l i v i n g 1s punctuated by
various aspects of poverty which veries from one r u r a l b
c m n u n i t y tn anadher, In the area under study, t h e r e 1s
6 2
acute poverty i n terms of having very l i t t l e t o e a t
or to weer a t c er ta in season of the year, Poverty i n
this area is seen i n terns of h i g h 2 consumption r a t e
and t h a t i m p l i e r l a w saving rate. Zn terms of working
e 7
I t capital, a n d s ~ a t e of operation, poverty in Nsukka is
expressed in form of poor crude and obsolate tmls,
smallness of scale of operation, poor outpout that is
i n c a p a b l e of meeting the needs of immediate communit#es.
The r e s u l t a n t effect is poor income and poor puchasing
povix. Another cause of ?oar standard of l i v i n g i n
Nsukka arca are ~ ~ p ~ - o d : r c ~ i t r e c u l t u r e s , This is couched
i n ssowt eocio-cul turd practices 1 i k e Woritstt , taboos,
and re legat ion of w m e n to the background,
The occupation 3f pco?le of Nsukka zone is
predominently agricuhbre, T n i s i n d i r e c t l y shapes
t h e i r ways of life, Thdugh many of the comaunitles
engage in t r x ? i n g h u t it is mainly egro-related
trade, Some comnun~tiss l i k e most of khe communities
~ o v e r k o t Area and some part of Eha-~lumona engage
in extensive fanning, b t t y traditrg- wine tapping I
and bl ack smithing 1s amorphously distribu tee. The area
, has very r ich loamy, hunus soil t h a t sus ta in a v i r i l e
rur~1. agriculture, S4.d There means of 3 l v e l ihood
depends on t h e pnceed from agticul ture . Both men
and wumen, even c h i l d r e n t a k e p a r t i n farm work.
f e is however, observed t h a t the r i c h a g r i c u l t u r a l
h e r i t e * is naE mexirnised becau~e of shortage of water
iand i r r i g a t i o n system and other ~gricul tural f a c i l i t i e s ,
with t h e exception of Abonyi, Cpi lake, Erneq ~ d i n a r i v e r ,
there is ,hardly any other river i n Msukka and its
area, These rivers have Llot been harnessed, This c r e a t e
problem not mi y for agricul t u r d product iv i ty but el so
for the h e a l t h and well being of t h e rural. popuf ace.
Most of t h e egricu!. Cural ~cornrnodi t ie .a are not durable end --
could n e i t h e r be stored because of l a c k of a t o t a p
facilities. B e c ~ u s e of t h i s , t h e y sre disposed a t a
give away price hence the petty traders canmt save any J
s u b s t a n t i a l money for their family upkeeping let alone
f o r self h e l p project.
Mbagwu ( 1978) identified three d i s t i n c t p a t t e r n
of trade i n Nsukka area.
. lr Trade in Naukka bwn'.
2. Trade in Nsukke rural areas.
3. Trade between Nsukka tom and the p e r i p h e r i a l
I hinter1 and region* 4
In trade i n Nsukka bwn, commodity of t r a d e shows
a b a l a n c e d mxl mixture of primary p r o d u c t s i n c l u d e farm
vegetables which are bas ic staples for urban p o p u l a t i o n .
They also i n c l u d e anlmal p m d u c t s such a s p o u l t r y ,
f i s h and meat as well a s some products l i k e palm oil,
palm win, palln kernex and firwood, ~ 1 . 1 t h e s e are i n
great demand in t h e town.
me! manufctut+d goods in Nsukka tawn i s Of s i m p l e
bread, c i g a r s t e , cosmetics, drinks, cookhg utensf 1 n
stnklonery, drugs eke, The traders main ly b?lv these
commodities main1 y f m n Onit sha and sell i n the town.
The kown Z scked haaic m t k a g e i n d u s t r i e s exaept braad
indtl.;try and prtnking which Its a t I o w scale. The
market does n o t posseso t h e market t h r e s h h a l d for t h e
supply of h e a v i e r and more ~o;:his t . icated t y p e of
h- idustr iu l equipment. L3csidcs9 a small prop( . )r t ion of
Workers a t University of 44igeria and a f 2 w civil servants
and m i d d l e c l p s a bus iness men around, there is l i t t l e
o f market c ~ p ~ c i t y i n t h e Jrkua~ town to engage t r a d i n g L
on mbr vehic les , gonerabrs, motor c y c l e s and o t h e r
a heavlor equipment that requires a l o t of purchasing power.
65
Trade in Nsukka town 1s dominantly r e t a i l .
Trade i n Nsukka areas I s transacted at specific
market days u s u a l l y four days. These markets have
s p e c i f i c centres, each village having its own. These
markets have specific centres, each village heving i t s
awn. These markets arz usual ly co! l e c t t n g centre for
agrkUltura1 producks, xt may hold t r u e t h a t scme of
these markets around Nsukka area are standard m a r k e t
one can find in any dmra2opj.ng area. Such markets are
Oye Orba m a r k e t which is n a w being rt.cc;nstt.ucted by t h e
world Bank and Gbollo Afor merket which i s s t a n d a r d
i n i t s owr? form. These two r n ~ r k e t ~ sell motor cycles,
e l e c t r i c generating planks and o t h e r heavier equipment,
days - Clye, for, NSWO, Eke. C t h e r importent ma:-kets
Okpuje, Eke Ede. T h e s e markets serves main ly t h e i r
local. nreas. The fxm r~rduce sold i n rural r n ~ r k 5 . t by
p2oclucers are hardly any surplouses. These are commodities
traded ko raise money b purchase o the r much needed goods
a produced & in the a=ns. However, I n some farm
Eha-An\uf~, P a l m o i l kernel , frults especially banana,
p l a n t a h , arangea and o t h e r commodities l i k e rice,
&am, cassava, maize and 1 ivestocks are i n r e a l surpluses .
Trade in these rura l W C ~ B E9c~ept Orba and O b o l l o for
markets are based on n g r i c u l k ~ r a l produce.
Trade between Nsukka bwn and it^ peripherial
regions is a trade cmducted between people of d i f f e r e n t
c u l t u r e s aver long d i s t a n c e s t This type of trede i a
a two-way movemeni;~ .Some of the rural populace bring
t h e i r product for sale a t Nsukka Zown w h i l e some t raders
i n N ~ ~ k k a town do 9 kc those hinter land t6 buy their
artlclc$of trade. The product is brought i n t o Nsukka
town may i n c l u d e qarri, palm d l and vegetables w h i l e
traders i n Nsukka towns go to t h e h i n t e r l a n d to .
purchases rice, y m , plantain and O t h e r products.
Examples of whem t h ~ trders i n Nsukka town purchese
their products ere ~ d a n i end OYe Orba,
There is m manufacturing f ndustry w h i c h could
prov.tde anather source of Income. Same af t h e cottage
i n d u s t r i e s bhak .,managed to e x i s t e,g, bread indi ls try ,
g h r r i processing industry are not even own. d by t h e are
indigenes. These cottage industries L : u s u a l l y carried
out by one to few l n d i v i d u a l s ~ The economy is t h e r e f o r e
b a s i c a l l y s u b s i s t e n t s in nature* T h e result i s t h a t
o u t of 86% of t h e p o ? u I x x are poor. T h i s adverse1 y a
a f f e c t ~ t h e standard of l iving of the people of the
area. When standard of 1-fving is mentioned here, it
encompasses n u t r i t i o n , md she1 ter.
3.3 Po1 i t . ical and S o c a Ornmlsnt ian:
Pn N s ~ k k s , there minted whet one might c a l l
v i l l a g e democracies i n a l l t h e ccmmunitles that: rnake up
Nsukka zone of E n u p State before the corning of t h e
EuFocrrms. During kh&s parlcd, each commanity cmsisted
of autcwnaus un i ts rang!.ng f r m f ami l fes, m i n i m a l and
m i n o r patril- lneagc thmucjh major ~ n d maximal 1 ineages
to entire v i l l a g e and vi l lage grou;>s. These was no
cent ra l ised system of adrn5nisCrstfon RS one can find in
I i c l u s d F u l e n i or i n Yorubn land, However, there ~ x i s t e d
h ierarch ies of a u t h o r i t i e s who hold d l f fsrent r d e s and
exerci~e power in k k s e commnities, There was RO
f unctsionml d if f e ren t l ak ion b~kween pol i k i c a l 3rd social
activities, 4 3 ' h ~ t r ~ d i t i o n e l ccmmunitfcs were frangr
played dominant' role ih the qovsrnrirent of t h e s e b
communl ties,
68
There was absencze of R)r Kings i n any of these
communities p r i o r b "114. 'She onus of governing each
community was placed an the rrNdishiqf ( e l d e r s ) ; a
c o u n c i l of s t a t e carisleling af t i t l e d men r e p r e s e n t i n g
variours v i l l a g e s and quartersa These f u n c t i o n a r i e s
had impor t an t voLces i n the intra-lineage and i n t e r -
l i n e a g e m a t t e r s and declsfona, and they played impor t an t
roles i n v a r i o u s fes t iva l s and ceremaniea of annual
m i l f t a r y and c i v i l func t ions . They took d e c i s i o n about
i n t e r - t r i b a l war or pea-. They also f l x dates for annual
f e s t i v a l s and ar ranged t h e leading ceremoniear a f f e c t i n g
the whole peopf e. They were the guardian of cemmonier ,
the c u s t o d i a n of its prostersty and welfare,
Age grade8 weft3 Very v i t a l i n s t i t u t i o n i n eve ry
Igbo soc i e ty . This social o r g a n i a a t l o n still persist
i n many Sgbo aocietiss* TZS o r i g i n must have been
n e c e s s i t a t e d by tha need ta f i n d an o r g a n l s e d group to
c a r r y o u t p u b l i c f u n c U a n ~ . These dut ies inc ludes - . -
c l e a r i n g s o u r c e s of water aupply, bui ld ing and maintenance
of roache m ~ r k e , G squeres and o t h e r s . They c a r r y out
public duties that might be allocated by the elders
auch as collection of dues, fineer, the punishment of
crimes, the burial of the dead and enforcement aP the law.
T h e age g r a d e s he lp each o t h e r i n moment of n e c e s s i t y
and e x e r c i s e d considerable d i s c i p l i n e o v e r i ts own
members. "It t h e r e f o r e perfomed a most impor t an t
f u n c t i o n i n gua rd ing public ( I f a n & s i a : 1979).
I n a d d i t i o n ko the graded s e n i o r i t y i n t h e age
g r a d e o r g a n i s a t i o n , there was f u r t h e r d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n
of s t a t u s exp res sed i n title a s s o c i a t i o n .
The t i t l e d a s s o c i a t i o n played q u i t e d n f g s i g n i f i c a n t
and d e c i s i v e role i n the government of communities,
Title in t h e s e communities were generally n e i t h e r honoura
n o r marks of r a n k s and a u t h o r i t y m n f e r s d on the local
ruler. T i t l e is, normally achieved and secured by
payment of fees b t h e e x i s t i n g o r g a n i e a t l o n of the
t i t l e h o l d e r s and by performing stipulated rites. They
played Lmportant Core in the community by helpZng the
counciZ of elders to settle ddaputea and to m a h t a i n
was able t o hold each aubmmour community together
u n t i l the coming of t h e E u t ' o p e a n ~ ~ Not o n l y that , it has
continue to be useful in t h e government of each community.
c o n m u n i t i a s i a bependent on the t r d l t land ~ y s h m .
ev Even w i t h t h e modelen govement, s e t t l e m e n t of d i s p u t e s
is f i r d t ref fered to the v l l l age r e p r e s e n t a t i w s , where
i t posses d i f f lcul ty for them to r e s o l v e , i t then goes
to the c o u r t of law for a d j u d i c a t i o n . It is r e c o g n i t i o n
o f t h i s f a c t thek k a d i t i 0 n a l government has e x i s t e d i n
modern government.
In the j u d i c i a l system i n fgbo l a n d , t h e r e has
never e x i s t e d a word i n Igba language for judge, T h i s
could ba d e e e i b e d f r o m the fact that there were a kind - ' --
of c~llective r e s p o n s i b i l i t y fo r t h e good order,
d l s c i p l f n e and c o n b e n h e n t of Che lineage. 3tn the
t r a d i t i o n a l Igbo eociety, diaputes were usually settled -
by the *Ohawe ~ f t e r 'all s i d e 8 concerned have been.
heard, an8 a ~ k e d q u e s t i o n , members of the council would
g o i n t o consul tat ion d u r i n g which d i f ferenees, of o p i n i o n s
were i roned out, a f i n a l d e c i s i o n was reached, blatrre
apportioned and punishment agreed upon,
The council of elders a d villaga, assembly were
. the l ~ g e s t and most powerful pol i - t ical unit i n mst
CommunLtiee i n N s e k a zone* The c o u n c i l o f e l d e r s
u s u a l l y cons i s t ed of a l l the heads of the kindradar and
titled men from a l l the v i l l a g e s of the community.
"The verdic t o r t h e arrangement fo r s e t t l e m e n t was
U s u a l l y announced by a spokesmen of t h e c o u n c i l - invariably t h e s e n i o r t i t l e man or a man widely
known and respected for his irrestible o r a t o r y o r
m e l l i f u o u s sauvi ty* ' (Ifemesia 1 3979).
Although some major f u n c t i o n s of t h e l i n e a g e
heads have b e e n takein aver: by t h e modern government , C . .
most communi t iee i n the zone under s t u d y have
continued to u s e the same syshrn of d i s ~ u t e adjudieertilon
3.4 Prob lems of Rura l Development; i n Nsukkar
Problems of r u r a l development i n N ~ U k k e ranges from
aoclo-cul tur el to e o o n ~ m i c cum pols t i c a l ~ r i e n t a t % o n of
t h e people w i t h i n Che area under study. These problems
may be glaring i n some of other r u r a l areas i n N i g e r i a
but developmental problems i n Naukka i a wor thy of
diacuaslhng here because of developmental potential t h a t
d t x e x i s t s i n the area under study,
The p r i n c i p l e that states t h a t development s h o u l d
conform with the peoples norms and Valuea creates a
$&)or p m b l em i n rural development. f n t r a d i t i o n a l
societies, there i a elways a conflict between t r a d i t i o n a -
l i s m and modernity. Many communities, have he ld
t enac ious1 y to their tradiWma1 be1 ief s, norms and
Values t h a t they have resiskd any move to change them.
But people bhould not be forced t o change t h e i r
cherished norms, v a l u e s and practices, rather o p p o r t u n i t i e s
should be created for desired change t o occur w i t h
peoples norms and tradition. This can be achieved if
there i s well planned and co-ordi nated community
educat ion . This p o i n t was stressed by 3. H a Dribe
when he eraid "... i n a l l innovat ion , a s shall f ind, a
long p r o c e s s of education must proceed t h e introduction
of new idea i n order to make it acceptab le to the c u l t u r e
as a whole and allow it: %or its ready ass imilatfonq~. 8
The s tudy of t h e peoples norms and values before
embarking on any community development becomes therefore
Very necessary. The people O f Nfsukka has h e l d t e n a c i o u s l y
t o t h e i r t r a d i t i o n a l v a l u a and any attempt to bring
about a change even if tha change Pa better than the i r
cherished tradi tiom1 mrmrr and eul lure, they a1 ways
g i y e I t a second thought* Mast of the development
'agents f ind i t very d i f f i c u l t to penetrate the people
because of t h e i r way of life, Examples are f i r s t t h e b
a y r i c u l t u r a l ex tension officers t h a t a r e s c a t t e r e d a1 1
over Nsukka zone f i n d very d i f f i c u l t t o convince t h e
r u r a l d w e l l e r s t o chwge the i r method of farming, to
use improved v a r i e t i e s of crops, t o u s e f a r t i l i z e r to
boost t h e p r o d u c t i v i t y of the i r c rops and o t h e r
chemicals t o p r o t e c t t h e i r crops gram past at tack .
There i s popular saying or be l l e f that f e r t i l i s e r
reduces t h e of the soil and if one is to l e a s e
out l and t o you, the person w i l l warn you not to apply
fertilizer t o y o u r crops. That is el so appllcabla i n
t h e use of t r a c t o r s and o t h e r machima Ln land
prepara t ion . This problems i s a l s o encountered by
h e a l t h o f f i c e r s i n the area* The peopla aP the area
find i t very d i f f i c u l t In bring out t h e i r children for
immunisation because they believe t h a t t h e i r fare
fathers were n o t immunised against any deadly deases,
Much talked about adult Ufieracy campaign is j e t t i s s i o n e d
by t h e r u r a l i t e s because they b e l i e v e tha t i t 5 s better
td angage in some other more rewarding activities I n
t h e evening than attend c l a ~ ~ e s r
I ~ n o k h e t problem t h a t plague r u r a l development is
ignorance, ThLs ignorance takes two farms. The f i r a t
is ignorance of the people on what to do to improve
74
t h e i r l i v i n g s t a n d a r d * The second i s t h e p e o p l e s
p r i o r i t y need. I n the first cam, t h e problem is
compounded b e c a u s e the people have n o t o r g a n i s e d
t h e m s e l v e s to solve t h e i r i n d i v i d u a l and c o l l e c t i v e
problems. The second not ion of i g n o r a n c e i s t h a t t h e
peopie h a v e o r g a n i ~ d themselves to s o l v e t h e i r problem
but w h k h of t h e needs is most p r e s s i n g t o them. The
people may h a v e a need for a p o s t office and a h e a l t h
centre. I n s t e a d of taking the p r o j e c t of b u i l d i n g a
h e a l t h c e n t r e f i r s t , they w i l l s t a r t w i t h a p o s t off ice
o r a c i v i c c e n t r e , TL f a the d u t y of t h e community to
think o u t t h e i r own priority needs. When a community
i s i n c a p a b l e of d e t e r m i n i n g her f e l t need, ar what to
do to improve t h e i r l i v i n g c o n d i t i o n of t h e people of the
area, a g e n t s of community deve lapment are r e q u i r e d to
e d u c a t e , a d v i s e , and s t i r n u l a k e the community into proper
and e f f ~ c t i v e action* The mmmdnity i n t o proper and
e f f e c t i v e a c t i o n * Howevert a d e q u a t e a c t i o n should be
taken n o t to impose any project on the people or to
dictate t o them, Cammunity e d u c a t i o n helps the p e o p l e
t o c r y s t a l i s e t h e i r p r i o r i t y needs, chooae t h e i r goals
h d y , programme them r a t i o n a l l y and implement them
e f f e c t i v e l y ,
There is arlso problem of %ommunity creat ion( ( ,
Community davellopment embodies two main i d e a s - develop-
ment and community* Thereforee camm~~niky development
should opera te where there is a community, A
community e x l s t s where there i s a sense of belonging,
a geeup feeling and concious sf l i v i n g a common life,
A group of p e o p l e that lecka such vital element is not
a community but a conglomeration of people. Areas of
"no community", are seen i n places where c o n f l i c t have
permanently divided the people i n t o factions or b l o c k s
or i n a place whefe t h e stranger elements constitute
the major p a r t of the community and are n o t assimilated
with t h e indigenoua part of t h e community. Other aMas
of "K) communityN can also: be found i n dlaces where
t w o or more factions are warring. They can be merged
lo farm a community councilc In arees of "no community,
a f forts should be geared towards the creation of community.
According to T o RI B~tten, t h i s can be done i n two s t a g e s ,
The first is development within the groups themselves a s . members becomes more knowledgeable people, more f siendl y-- "'-a-
, and coopera t ive mong themselves and mare able t o conduct
their buslnssr without 0 u t & i & he lp and guidance, ~ n d the
sccond i e t h e . - development of cmmunity at 1 arge
as t;he chatacteristics developed w i t h i n the group
influences the conduct i n t h e i r group.
Econamic problems also p l ague t h e successful
implementa t ion of development pro$ec ts . Many development
p r o j e c t s have founded on the rock of economic problems,
T h i s group df problems have many feceta, F i r s t t h e r e is
problem of attaining or ensuring optimal r e s o u r c e - mix,
B y resource - mix, i t means optimal allocation o f such
p r o d u c t i v e r e s o u r c e s as land, l a o u r , c a p i t a l and
management. Them is the d i f f i c u l t y of ensuring as well
a s a t t a i n i n g this optimal even under modern sy~ltem of
produckion l e t alone under the prevalent-- traditional system
of p roduc t ion i n developing fbcalr countries o f the the
t h i r d world, Secondly, them Ze the problem of invesk-
ment rates as w e l l as ordering investment: p r o j e c t s or
se t t ing p r i o r i t i e s mortg pmjects i n the process ni rural
development, T h i r d l y * there is the problem of effcctua-
t i n g and management of projects to a t t a i n set objectives
Fn the p l an for rural davelopmcnt. This problms cen trea
on the d i f f i c u l tyy of obtalninq kr su i tab le manpower and
t h e provision of adequate training facilities, Four th ly ,
there is the problem of attainment of marketing and
d i s t r i b u t i v e e f f i c i e n c y .
Pill t h e s e problems enumerated abave are not o n 1 y b
p e c u l i a r t o Nsukka mne but $ a l s o qlarfhq, They are <
v i s i b l e to an extent: of crippling rural development i n
the area.
77
Xnk@r~communityy olwhes pbSef3 a lot of problem to
rural deve~opment . A l iving example is clashear between
Omaai and Iga I n 199v93 al l i n Umto Uwani toea1
Oovetrnent wea. This adecyuately affected the a c t i v i t i e s
o f rural development: agents as the c l a s h e s las ted for
several months before I t was settled due to i n t e r v e n t i o n
of s t a b government* Rural dev~lapment cannot for
any reason thrive where there is no peace mong the
communities that exist: or *at have common boundary.
Samson Olajurnon (ed) Elements of Rural Economics, Xbadan ( 1 9 8 1 ) ~ p. 4,
Mbagw, T. C. "Trade and Transport In Nsukkal' 3;n Ofomaka (ad) Jsukka and ~nviironment. Enwgu (19781, pa 210.
Xbid, p. 85.
Batten T. R. mnunit.;les and Their Deuelopmknt London (1969) 2 - 3.
CHAPTER FOUR
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Before t h e c r e a t i o n of Enugu S t a t e , a w o r l d
Bank a s s i s t e d p r o j cct k n ~ w n as Anambra S t a t e A g r i c u l t u r a l
Development P r o j e c t (ASADEP) was o p e r a t e d , This was
a l o a n p a c k a g e meant for i n t e g r ~ t e d a g r i c u l t u r a l and
r u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t p r o g r m r n e s i n a n a r e a c o v e r i n q w h a t
. u s e d to be Bendel , C l f ~ ~ e R i v e r , Imo, P l a t e a u S t a t e s , " I
This was known as t h e f irst Mu1 t i -S ta te A g r i c u l t u r a l
Deve lopmen t P r o j e c t (MSADP - 1) w i t h a t o t a l l o a n of
162 m i l l i o n u n i t e d States do l la r s ( U S D ) , o u t of which
22.4 m i l l i o n do l la r s was a l l o c a t e d to old Anambra S t a t e ,
A s new s t a t e s were c r e a t e d i n MSADP - 1 areas ,
e a c h new s t a t e h a s i t s own ~ g r i c u l t u r a l Development
Programme, Thus from the o l d Anambra Sta te , Enugu
S t a t e was r e m c a r v e d o u t a n d s u b s e q u e n t c r e a t i o n of
Enugu S t a t e A g r i c u l t u r d Development Programme and
new Anambra S t a t e ASADEP was c o n s t i t u t e d .
'. ENADEP was f o r m a l l y e s t a b l i s h e d b y an edict
d a t e d 22nd December, 1991.
b
&NADEP Project E v d uakisn t
ENADEP c l a i m s to embark o n p r o v i s i o n of r u r a l
i n f r a s t r u c t u r e i n t h e zone u n d e r s tudy . Emphasis w i l l
s u p 9 1 y.
Rural i n f r a s t r u c t u r e i s u n d e r t h e E n g i n e e r i n g
sub-pmgramne of ENADEP, The aim of t h i s sub-programme
i s t o p r o v i d e n e c e s s a r y i n f r s s t r u c t u r e , m a c h i n e r i e s ,
a n d equipment. f o r the i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of s ta te wide
a g r i c u l t u r a l proqramrnee The s p e c i f i c o b j e c t i v e i s
r e h a b i l i t a t i o n of spot improvement and main tenance
of r u r a l feeder r o a d s fo r a l l w e a t h e r a c c e s s to
a . g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n areas, i n p u t s u p p l y c e n t r e s ,
and m a r k e t o u t l e t s , p r o v i s i o n of l o w cost p o r t a b l e
w a t e r s u p p l y sys tem to r u r a l f a r m e r s , p r o v i s i o n of
water s u p p l y sys tem f o r small s c a l e i r r i g a t i o n by
t a p p i n g s u r f a c e and s h a l l o w ground water u s i n g
s i m p l i f i e d and low cost t e c h n o l o g i e s .
ENADEP claims to have c o n s t r u c t e d and m a i n t a i n e d
feeder r o a d s i n these areas of Nsukka, zone. The ereas
are as f o l l o w s ;
Feeder Roads C o n s t r u c t e d and Maintained ENADEP i r \ Nsukka Zonq
Loca l Governmenl
I s l - U w
Isb-Urn
tt
t!
11
XgSo-Eze Sou t h
fl
Xgbo-Eze N o r t h
3bollo-Afor - Ezimo
Wkw-Agba - Mbu
Neke- Agu - Obollo Eke
ogbodu-&a - I m i l i k e ~ g u
Ezirno - I m i l f k e Uno
Itch1 - had^
Ibagwa - I t ch i
Ogurette - M U f u - Obol lo- Afar
o g u w g u Ojor
Length (Km)
lOkm
lOmk
lOkm
The above d a t a is u n c l a s s s f i e d i n ENADEP
h e ~ d q u ~ r t e r at; Enugu, These r o a d s were c ~ n s t r u c t e d Se twee n
and m a i n t a i n e d L 1991 and June 1994. . -
Rural water s u p p l y took t h e form of r e h a b i l i t a t i o n .
of . d i sused /uncornp le ted bore holes, d r i l l i n g of new bore
holes, hand dug w e l l and rain w a t e r h a r v e s t i n g scheme,
F i f t e e n n a t u r a l s p r i n g water was t a r g e t t e d f o r b
deve lopment w i t h i n t h e t i m e u n d e r s t u d y , o n l y f i v e have
a b e e n completed. b r k is y e t to s t a r t o n o t h e r s s t
t h i s t i m e of t h e s tudy. I+ was l e a r n t t h a t wrk h a s
8 2
r e a c h e d a d v a n c e d stage i n 22 bore h o l e s w h i c h t h e
c o n t r a c t was a\warded i n 1992 b u t n s n e h a s b e e n
completed, It was n o t e d t h a t r a i n w a t e r Aaxa
h a r v e s t i n g was 100% as was t a r g e t t e d .
I n Nsukka zone of the state, ENADEP claims to
have made a number of effort t o p r o v i d e r u r a l w a t e r
t o r u r e l i t a s . The areqs are listed belowt
2 E u L 2 Areas ENADEP P r o v i d e d R u r a l Water S u p p l y i n Nsukka mng.
- L o c a l G o v e r n m e n t Towns
Uzo-'Jwani Nsukka
N s u k k a t I
I t
tt
tt k Igbo-EZe N o r t h
I t
. l t
tt .
I s i - U z a I I
b
tt
It
I g b o - E t i t i I t
Uvuru
Ede Obala
Edem ~ n f ,
Akpa Edem
Obukpa
Ihagwa ~ n f
O k p u j e Eke m u f u
~ g u - x b e j e E t e - Uno
Ogu r u t te I m i l i k e - Ndiagu Ezimo Uno
O w e r r e Eze Orba
Neke Aku Ekwegbe
E z i - Ukehe
T a b l e 2 i s f m r i u n c l a s s i f i e d d a t a from ENADEP'~
H e a d q u a r t e r a t Enugu.
A g r i c u l t u r a l E x t e n s i o n serv5ces i s aR o n going
process w h i c h a s s i s t s farmers th rough e d u c a t i o n a l
p r o c e d u r e to improve f a r m l n g methods and t e c h n i q u e s ,
i n c r e a s i n g p r o d u c t i o n e f f i c i e n c y and income, t h e r e b y
b e t t e r i n g t h e c o n d i t i o n of l i v i n g and l i f t i n g social
and s t a n d a r d of r u r a l l i f e , The o b j e c t i v e of t h i s
sub-programme is to o r q a n i s e a d i s c i p l i n e d and w e l l
s u p p o r t e d pe r fo rmance I. o r i e n t e d Extens i o n s e r v i c e
c a p a b l e of m o t i v a t i n g s m a l l h o l d e r Farmers and E x t e n s i o n
s t a f f for a d o p t i o n of ISM r e l e v a n t t e c h n o l o g i e s w i t h a
view to a c h i e v i n g a s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e i n food
p r o d u c t i o n and income to t h e farmers,
The number of E x t e n s i o n agents i n Nsukka zone a r e
f i f t y e i g h t . The number of male is 37 and female is 21.
The commercial s e r v i c e sub-programme of ENADEP,
T h i s came i n t r , b e i n g a.t s t a t e c r e a t i o n i n 1991. The
commercial s e r v ice sub-programe cornpd se SI
' i ) a g r o - i n p u t supply e x c l u d i n g f e r t i l i z e r ,
i i ) m a r k e t i n g and c r e d i t ,
h e aim of t h i s sub-programme l a t o e s t a b l i s h and
operate o n e e f f i c i e n t s y s tern of procurement , d i s t r i b u -
t i o n and s a l e of agro- inpu t s c a p a b l e of m e e t i n g t h e
smaL 1 h o l d e r farmers and to p r o g r e s s i v e 1 y commercial ise
the i n p u t t h r o u g h a p p d n h e n t of p r i v a t e r e t a i l e r s .
An0 t h e r ob j ac t i ve of t h i s sub-programme is to
p r o v i d e m a r k e t intel: igence and es tab l i r h 1 inkage
be tween f i n a n c i a l ins t i k u t f o n s and small h o l d e r
f a r m e r s so a s tc e n & l e the l a t e r o b t a i n c r e d i t for
The s t r a t e g y f o r n ~ h i e v i n q this i s through t h e
ope i .a tIon of ~ g r o - i n p u t conpanen ts , agro chemica l s,
procured and s o l d to farmers, %he t e c h n i c a l component
o f i n p u t s u p p l y curn2onent i n c l u d e t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of
a g r o - i n y t demand e s t i m a t e s , procurement and d i s t r i b u -
t i o n of in;:uts and effectively moni tor the r e t a i l
ou tle t.
The strategy through the o p e r a t i o n of credit and
rn arke t i n g comy;.oncn t are :
a ) o s t a b l isbf ng contact w i t h f i n e n c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n a .
b j. iden t.if y l n g poten LiaL l o a n b e n e f i c i a r i e s ,
c) i i n k i r r g b o n a f i d e f a m e r s tc f i n a n c i a l i n s t i t u t i a n s ,
d ) v i s i t i n g major markets and i d e n t i f y i n g remunerat ive b
o u t l e t s for farmers products.
85
e) d i s s e m i n a t i n g m a r k e t i n f o r m a t i o n s th rough
t h e media.
The t e c h n i c a l component of c r e d i t and m a r k e t i n g
component e n t a i l s t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of b o n t - f l d e
f a r m e r s t h r o u g h recommendation of E x t e n s i o n sub-programme
a n d 1 i n k i n g such f a r m e r s to credit i n s t i tu t i c n s .
Having i d e n d i e d v a r i o u s claims by ENADEP, i t
i s now p e r t i n e n t to a n a l y s e and i n t e r p r e t e d a t a
c o l l e c t e d from t h e field,
A n a l ~ ~ i s and I n t e r ~ r e l x t l o n f iZ Data C o l l e c t e d :
Out o f t w o hundred and twenty q u e s t i o n n a i r e
a d m i n i s t e r e d , t w o hundred and f o u r q u e s t i o n n a i r e were
r e t u r n e d , Out of t h e s e number r e t u r n e d , f o u r of them
were i n v a l i d b e c a u s e t h e y were n o t answered, T h i s
l e a v e s t h e r e s e a r c h e r w i t h two hundred ( 2 0 0 ) q u e s t i o n n a i r e ,
Although many q u e s t i o n s were posed i n t h e
q u e s t i o n n a i r e , o n l y those q u e s t i o n s r e l e v a n t i n
c o n f i r m i n g or d i s p r o v i n g t h e h y p o t h e s e s w i l l be a n a l y s e d ,
In a n a l y s i n g d a t a c o l l e c t e d , s i m p l e p e r c e n t a g e s s h a l l be
used. Where t h e g r e a t e r number of t h e r e s p o n d e n t s
g a v e p o s i t i v e answer to t h e q u e s t i o n , t h e h y p o t h e s i s
i s conf i rmed b u t if g r e a t e r number of r e s ~ o n d e n t ~
gave a n e g a t i v e answer t h e h y p o t h e s i s i s d i sproved ,
The people of the zone make fn:mts of denand on -f: + - , ',
ENADEP to improve, pee c a p i t a income. ENADEP responds
t o the demands of these rurd l t e s by p r ~ v i d i ng improved
seedling, agro- inputs end credit facilities to boost
. . *urcc?: F i e l d survey, 1994,
&$3m 3
D i s t r i b u t i o n of Respondents bv Their R e s ~ o n s e i n ~ m p r o v i n g Their Per Capita Income.
-..I---
Aqro-Chemical s 4s 22.5
Seeds 86 43 114
to r u r a l fa rmers , out of 200 q u e s t i o n n a i r e s r e c e i v e d b
b a d ) 45 (22.5%) i n d l c i t o d t h a t ENADEP prc;vided agro-
All of t h e above 36 15
None of the above 39 19.5
To t n l 200 TOO
. c l , e m c i a l s , 86 (43%) respondents agreed t h a t t h e proqrrrmme
provided seeds to them, 30 (15%) agreed t h a t both
17 0
16 1
85
80.5
i ' agro-chemica l s and s e e d s 39 (19.5%) r e s p o n d e n t s
,. t had t h e p e r c e p t i o n t h a t none of t h e above a g r o - i n p u t s
w e r e p r c v i d e d i n t h e i r l o c a l i t y .
From t h e above t a b l e , t h e g r e a t e s t number of
r e s p o n d e n t s c l a i m e d t h a t ENADEP p r o v i d e d s e e d , t h a t
i s 86 r e s p o n d e n t s , 45% received agro-chemical s b u t
30 r e s p o n d e n t s r e c e i v e d b o t h agro-chemical and seeds .
39 r e s p o n d e n t s i n d i c a t e d t h a t none of above s e r v i c e s
h a v e n e v e r r e a c h e d them. T h i s i m p l i e s t h a t g r e a t - s t
number of r e s p o n d e n t s a g r e c d t h a t such s e r v i c e s
r e a c h them whe the r agro-chemical o r seed.
p-,
D i s t r i b u t i o n of Responden t s bv Their P o s i t i o n f l o u t C r e d i t F a c i 1 i ties
Sources : F i e l d Survey 1994.
Y e s
NO
T o t a l
No
72 -
128
20 0
%
36 m a - G -
64
10 0
Difference
128 C
72
% ; ~ i f f e = ~ ~ e
64
36
Also i n o r d e r to c o n f i r m o r d i s p r o v e t h e f i r s t
hypo t h e s i s , r e s p o n d e n t s were posed w i t h t h e q u e s t i o n
w h e t h e r ENADEP h e l p r u r a l s m a l l h o l d e r farmers to
r e c e i v e credit f a c i l i t i e s f r o m f i n a n c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n s ,
o u k k of 200 q u e s t i o n n a i r e receivr-,d, 7 2 (36% agreed
t h a t ENADEP h a s l i n k e d them to f i n a n c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n
f o r c r e d i t f a c i l i k y w h i l e 128 (64%) i n d i c q t e d t h a t t h e y
h a v e n o t b e e n l i n k e d ,
T a b l e 3 and 4 i s u s e d to test t h e first
h y p o t h e s i s , T h a t ENADEP p r o v i d e improved a g r o - i n p u t s
a n d credit f ac i l i t i e s to boost p r o d u c t i v i t y , T a b l e 3
c o n f i r m e d t h a t a g r o - i n p u t s l i k e s e e d l i n g s a n d agro-
c h e m i c a l s were made . a v a i l &le to t h e m b y ENADEP b u t
t a b l e 4 d i s p r o v e t h e claim t h a t ENADEP Link r u r a l
f a r m e r s t o f i n a n c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n s to o b t a i n c r e d i t .
T a b l e 3 and 4 c a n n o t be sa id to c o n f i r m h y p o t h e s i s o n e
b e c a u s e t h e a g e n c y d o e s n o t l i n k g r e a t e r number of
r e s p o n d e n t s to f i n a n c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n s .
The r u r a l p o p u l a c e i n t h e zone a l s o makes i n p u t of
demand o n ENADEP t o p r o v i d e r u r a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e ,
ENADEP c l a i m s to p r o v i d e r u r a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e l i k e r u r a l
feeder r o a d s and r u r a l w a t e r s u p p l y to r u r a l i t e s i n
Nsukka zone.
D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Rewmndente P e r c e p t i o n on Rural f n f r a s t r u c t u r g
S o u r c e s ~ F i e l d Survey 1994.
I n r e s p o n s e to t h e q u e s t i o n "which o f t h e f o l l o w i n g
r u r a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e h a s been p rov ided by ENADEP i n
Rural w a t e r supp ly
Rural f e e d e r r oad
All of t h e above
None o f t h e above
To t a1
y o u r place". Out of 200 q u e s t i o n n a i r e a d m i n i s t e r e d ,
. D i f f e r e n c e
129
158
175
78 '
2 1 (10.5%) i n d i c a t e d t h a t ENADEP p rov ided r u r a l w a t e r
% D i f f e r e n c e
89.5
84
77.5
39
No
23:
32
25
222
200
s u p p l y ; 32 (16%) agreed t h a t t h e agency p rov ided r u r a l
-
%
10.5
16
12.5
61
100
f e e d e r r o a d s , 25 (12.5%) r e s p o n d e n t s agreed t h a t bo th
f e e d e r roads and w a t e r s u p p l y were prov ided by ENADEP
i n t h e i r l o c a l i t y , 122 (61%) r e s p o n d e n t s i n d i c a t e d t h a t
ENADEP h a s n o t p rov ided any o f t h e r u r a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e
1 i s t e d above.
90
From t h e above, one can f i n d t h a t more t h a n t h e
h a l f of the resp n d e n t s have not felt t h e I m p a c t of
ENADEP i n t h e arca of rural i n f r a s t r u c t i o n .
T a b l e 5 d i s p r o v e s the h y p o t h e s e s t h a t ENaDEP p.-
p r o v i d e s r u r a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e to rural ites i n Nsukka
zone of Enugu S t a t e .
H y p o t h q s i a 3:
~ h r o u ~ h t h e f e e d b a c k p r o c e s s , w o p l e s * f ee l ings
a n d r e a c t i o n s are communicated back i n t o t h e p o l i t i c a l
system, Most of t h e x u r u r a l i t e s i n t h e zone a r e
i l l i t e r a t e s and t h i s to a g r e a t e r e x t e n t a f f e c t s t h e
i n f o m a t i o n f low between ENADEP E x t e n s i o n Staff and
t h e s e r u r a1 I tes,
T a b l e 6
D i s t r i b u t i o n of Respondents by T h e i r P a s i t i o n o n ENADEP E x t e n t i o n S e r v i c e s .
S o u r c e s r F i e l d survey 3994,
"Yes
No
Don ' t know b
To t a1
No
82
73
45
200
$1
4 1
36,s
22.5
100
D i f f e r e n c e
1 18
127
1 5 5
% D i f f e r e n c e
5 9
63.5
77.5
9 1
A q u e s t i o n Mas pmed to r e s p o n d e n t s w h e t h e r
ENADEP Extension agrmts h e l p rural f a r m e r s to c h t d n
i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t e x i s t i n g t e c h n o l o g i e s and farmj-ng
m e t h o d s and t e c h n i + e s . Out 05 t w o h i n d r e d q u e s t i o n n a i r e
r e c e i v e d b a c k , 8 2 (41%) of t h e rcspondent;~ i n d i c a t e t h a t
t h e y u s u a i l y e n j o y t h e services o f e x t e n s i o n a g e n t s ,
73 (36.5%) i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e y d o n ' t knaw w h i l e 4 5
( 22.5%) said t h a t t h e y d o n ' t know,
From t h e above table, o u t o f t w o hundred
q u e s t i o n n a i r e s , 41% i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e y g e t i n f o r m a t i o n
o r s e r v i c e s f rom ENADEP E x t e n s i o n a g e n t s , 36.5 s a i d t h a t
- v- t h e y d o n ' t , 22.5% were' i g n o r a n t . The g r e a t e r p e r c e n t a g e
e i t h e r d o n o t know or t h a t t h e y d o n ' t receive s u c h
services,
Table D i s t r i b u t i o n o f R e s p o n d e n t s b y Their E d u c a t i o n a l S t a n d i n q ,
None o f t h e above 1 220 i 60 1 80
96 D i f f e r e n c e
F SLC
id. A. E.C.
N?E/OND
S o u r c e s : ~ i e l d S b r v e y 1994,
%
26
No
52
15
08
D i f f e r e n c e
148
Degree/HND
75
04 "' 1 192
05 2.5 ( 195
F o r t h e q u e s t i o n t h a t was a s k e d to a s c e r t a i n t h e
academic cpel i f i c a t i o n of r e s p o n d e n t s , o u t of 200
q u e s t i o n n a i r e r e c e i v e d 52 (26%) of t h e r e s p o n d e n t s
i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e y have first school leaving certificate,
15 (7.5%) are school certiiicete h o l d e r s while 5 (2.5%)
i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e y are either HND c e r t i f i c a t e h o l d e r s
w h i l e 8 (04%) are e i ther OND or PICE h o l d e r s . The number
of r e s p o n d e n t s who d o n ' t have any a c a d e m i c q u a l i f i c a t i o n
i s 120 (60%) r e s p o n d e n t s .
Frorr. the above i n f o r m a t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n o n t h e
table, more than t h e h a l f have n o t s e e n t h e f o u r wall
of a s c h o o l , T h i s m i g h t h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d immense ly to
poor r e s p o n s e to e x t e n s i o n s e r v i c e s , Those who h a v e
h i g h e r c e r t i f i c a t e are f e w i n number and this i n v a r i a b l y
a f fec ts c h a n g e s i n ecvnlimic and social s t a t u s of t h e
r ~ r a l i t e s . I n o t h e r words i l l i t e r a c y retards r u r a l
d e v e l o p m e n t ,
T a b l e 6 and 7 cnnFl.rms h y n o t h e a i s 3 t h a t most.
rhrralltes are i l l i t e ra te arid t h i s to a q r e a t e r e x t e n t
affects information f'30ol b e t w e e n E x t e n s i o n a g e n t s of
Lpc prc(jrPmme and t h c rwalites.
Table 8, Distr ibut ion of Respondents on Their Relative S t a n d i n q
o n General Performance of ENADEP
-- Exce l lent
Very good
Good
Poor
V e r y poor
- -
Sources:
D i f f e r e n c e
F i e ld Survey 2994.
% D i f f e r e n c e
.. The r e s e a r c h e r posed f u r t h e r q u e s t i o n t o g e t g e n e r a l
accessmcnt of ENnDEP act ivit ies . 27 (13.5%) graded t h e
ENADEP e x c e l l e n t , 54 (27%) graded t h e programme v e r y
good while 20 ( l o % ) , 90 (4511 , 9 (4.5%) greded I t : good,
p o o r and v e r y poor respectively.
From the above i n f c r r n ~ t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n , t h e
g r e a t e s t number of respo,,nc?ents graded ENhDEP poor.
T h i s means t h a t the r ~ ~ p 3 n d e n t s h a v e not felt t h e
1;mpact cf EFJAVEP rural dsvc l cpment a c t i v i t i e s .
C o n s m n t s to Programme .Zmplementat ion :
One of t h e constraint of ENADEP i s i r r e g u l a r
p r o c u r e m e n t of i n p u t by the sub-progrmme r e s p o n s i b l e
f o r d o i n g t h a t . The only ~ g r d - i n p u t ENADEP r e c e i v e
and d i s t r i b u t e are aqro-chem$ca;ts and seeds . It was
observed t h a t d e l a y i n p m c u r e m e n t s y s t e m makes i t
d i f f i c u l t to pmcure agro-chemicals which i s u s u a l l y
d o n e t h r o u g h I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o m p e t i t i v e B i d d i n g o n a t i m e .
Also there i s no adequate storage faci l i t ies for c h e m i c a l s
such as a i r c o n d i t i o n e d stares, T h i s h a s c o n t r i b u t e d
t o reduce s h e l f l i f e of these c h e m i c a l s and seeds,
~ g e n c i e s t h a t auppzy aeeds to ENADEP l i k e t h e
N a t i o n a l seed Service do not most of t h e t i m e have t h e
r e q u i r e d seed, e.g. upland Rke. Farmers also are
ignorant of the need bo use improved seeds and agro-
c h e m i c a l s e s p e c i a l l y the Pungicldes and a l o t e n l i g h t e n -
ment is r e q u i r e d to get famera to u s e t h e s e m e t e r i a l a ,
C o n s t r a i n t s to provision of r u r a1 f nf r a s t r u c t u r e
i s l a c k of f i n a n c e especially in m a i n t a i n i n g equipments .
AnothW problem of the Engineering - sub-programme is
that c o n t r a c t o r s are d i s c o u r a g e d from t h e speedy e x e c u t i o n
of projects due to delay in making payment for f u l l y or
95
p a r t i a l l y completed project. f n f l a t i o n a l s o causes
serious v e r i a t i o n i n the cost 09 projects and
Agric:ul t u r a l ~evelo?menk Pragrmme does not a l low
cost v z r i a t i o n , cantract~rs t e n d to abandon t h e i r jobs.
T h i s resul ts i n long delays* A1 so unf -,reseen dif f l c u l ties
with r e s p e c t to geology (earth formation) pedology/under
ground water condition of some o f the sites pose very
serious problem in c ~ n s t r u c k i b n ~ Use of o b s o l a t e
equipment by contractors resul t in constant breakdown
of equipment. This also delcys the job.
Communication gap is another c o n s t r a i n t t h a t
m i l i t a t e against t h e activities of ENADEP and t h e i r
client. The messages.~f Ule e x t e n s i o n staff do n o t
reach t h e target p o p u l ~ ~ o n . This may be d u e t o low
l e v e l of e d u c a t i o n of them ruralites under atudy. X t
may be due to non-alla ant at t i tude of these extens ion
agents t o dc t h e i r jobs, mother problem that stem from
extension agents is t h a t most of them use Cheir motor b i k e s
g l v & t o t h c m f o r motohcycle transport (Okadd thereby
mismanaging the resources and d i r e c t i n g i t to another use.
REFERENCES
. Zntarview w i t h Mr. Okwo C Z ~ . i e t u ~ E, PrLncipal Training Officer, ENADEP Headquarter Enugu on 6/9/94,
2. Interview with Comtnercbal. Manager, Mr. Ese ~ n t h o n y E. ENADEP Headqu ator, Enugu on 719/94.
3. Interview w i t h Mr. Dmian A Y ~ C ~ ~ P Rural Development Officer, ENADEP Headquarter, Enugu on 7/9/94,
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION
The aim of t h i s r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t is to e s t a b l i s h
t o wha t e x t e n t Enugu S t a t e A g r i c u l t u r a l Development
Programme h a s h e l p e d i n rural deve lopment . The s t u d y
w a s n e c e s s i t a t e d b y 1 e w l e v e l of s t a n d a r d of l i v i n g i n
r u r a l areas i n o u r c o u n t r y e s p e c i a l l y i n Neukka zone of
Enugu s t a t e where t h e r u r a l i t e s l a n g u i s h i n a b j e c t
p o v e r t y ,
Through t h e s t u d y , i t was l e a r n t t h a t ENADEP h a s
a number of sub-programmes w i t h specific f u n c t i o n . t o
t h e condition of rural dwellers, The ~ n g i n e e r i n g
s u b p r o g r a m m e was r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e p r o v i s i o n of
r u r a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e , the E x t e n s i o n s e r v i c e sub-programme
was r e s p ~ n s i b l e for d i s s e m i , n a t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e
new f a r m i n g m e t h o d s and t e c h n i q u e s and a v a i l a b l e
t e c h n o l o g i e s while t h e credit and m a r k e t i n g sub-programme
w a s responsible for m a r k e t i n g a g r i c u l t u r a l i n p u t s and
l i n k i n g small h o l d e r farmers to f i n a n c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n s
f o r credit facilities. b
A c c o r d i n g to t h e d a t a collected and a n a l y s e d ,
i t was l e a r n t t h a t i l l i t e r a c y a f f e c t s t h e pace of
r u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t and i n t u r n a f f e c t s t h e farmers
r e s p o n s e to E x t e n s i o n S e r v f c e s , ~ l s o b e c a u s e of t h i s
l o w l e v e l of l i t e r a c y and e d u c a t i o n , t h i s h i g h t e n s
t h e l e v e l of i g n o r a n c e , This i n t u r n i n c r e a s e s t h e
w e i g h t o f p o v e r t y i n the area t h e t was s t u d i e d .
I t was a l s o l e a n 2 t h r o u g h t h e study t h a t
r u r a l i t i e s w h e r e ENADEP has h e l p e d t o p r o v i d e rural
i n f r a s t . r u c t u r e 1 i k e rural feeder roads and r u r a l w a t e r
s u p p l y d i d n o t feel me impact& The r u r a l f e e d e r
roads would h e l p t h e r u r a l f a r m e r s t o t r a n s p o r t t h e i r
a g r i c u l t u r a l o u t p u t s to makke t o u t l e t s where i t w i l l
a t t r a c t h i g h e r prices and also h e l p e x t e n s i o n a g e n t s
t o r e a c h t h e i r c l i e n t s . T h i s may be d u e to the f a c t
t h a t most of t h e s e r u r a l feeder roads are n o t g i v e n it
r a u t i n e m a i n t e n a n c e antLrs bashed away or d i v i d e d i n t o *-n r
t w o . I t may a l so b e due to abandonment of t h e projects
b y c o n t r a c t o r s and a t times claim to have completed
t h e p r o j e c t q .
Through t h i s r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t i t was a lso
esbabl iahed t h a t a g r o - i n p u t s d i d n o t r e a c h r u r a l
f emers as was envisaged b y ENADEP, These r u r a l
farmers still use unimproved varieties of seeds and b
lacked ergm-chemica ls which i s e s s e n t i a l t o t r e a t
a their farm a g a i n s t insect and disease a t t a c k , D e s p i t e
t h e e f f o r t of t h e s e r u r a l i t i e s , t h e y g e t l o w y i e l d
w h i c h i n v a r i a b l y r e s u l t s to l o w income of t h e s e
r u r a l ites,
~ l s o a i t was l e a r n t t h r o u g h t h i s work t h a t
ENADEP face c e r t a i n c o n s t r a i n t s i n t h e p r o c u r e m e n t
a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n of a g r i c u l t u r a l i n p u t s , l i n k i n g
fanners to f i n a n c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n s to o b t a i n c r e d i t ,
C o n c e r n i n g r u r a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e , t h e c o n t r a c t o r s
u s u a l l y abandon s u c h p r o j e c t s before c o m p l e t i o n d u e to
i n f l a t i o n a n d A.D.P. d o e s n u t g i v e room f o r r e n e g o t i a t i o n .
N a t u r a l p r o b l e m s l i k e t h e g e o l o g y of a n e n v i r o n m e n t p u t s
a l o t of c o n s t r a i n t s o n p r o v i s i o n of r u r a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e
e, .g, a borehole may be abandoned d u e t o t h e n a t u r e of
t h e so i l , I t was alsio l e a r n t t h r o u g h f i e l d o b s e r v a t i o n
t h a t most e x t e n s i o n a g e n t s u s e t h e i r motor b i k e s f o r rrr-U
motor c y c l e transport. They 'n*d l o n g e r psy enough
a t t e n t i o n , to c o u n s e l l i n g t h e r u r a l i t e s o n t h e a v a i l a b l e
f a r m i n g methods and t e c h n i q u e s and e x i s t i n g t e c h n o l o g i e s ,
Recommendations:
A t t h i s j u n c t u r e , i t s h o u l d be s u g g e s t e d t h a t b
t h e programme s h o u l d t a i l o r t h e o r d e r to o u r local
a n e e d s and s t e p u p t h e u s e of m e d i a e x t e n s i o n component
and r a d i o j i n g l e s o n t h e i s s u e o f improved s e e d s and
a g r o - c h e m i c a l s . ~ l s s s i n c e most of t h e r u r a l farmers
i n Nsukka z o n e are small scale f a r m e r s , a s y s t e m o f
p a c k a g i n g o f t h e s e agro-chemica l and s e e d s t h a t w i l l
s u i t these farmers need should be a d ~ p t e d , The u s e of
private r e t a i l e r s s h o u l d be e f f e c t i v e l y be m o n i t o r e d
i n t h e sell of t h e s e agricultural i n p u t s b e c a u s e most
of these retai lers may divert the aim of ENADEP t o
s e l f i s h g a i n s . ~ l s o ENWDEP s h o u l d e x t e n d i t s s a l e o f
t h e s e i n p u t s to l o c a l gove rnmen t h e a d q u a r t e r s and e s t a b l i s h
a c e n t r e t h e r e fo r the sale of t h e s e i n p u t s . T h i s w i l l
make farmers t o h a v e easy access t o t h e s e t h i n g s whenever
t h e y need them.
The programme s h o u l d i n v o l v e o t h e r a g e n c i e s i n
r o u t i n e m a i n t e n a n c e of t h e s e roads.- ENADEP may e n t e r
i n t o a g r e e m e n t w i t h the l o c d gove rnmen t s i n t h e zone
to be i n v o l v e d i n t h e r o u t i n e m a i n t e n a n c e of t h e s e .9- .
roads, It may a l s o borrow some e q u i p m e n t f r o m the
s t q t e m i n i s t r y o f works I n t h e b i d to p r o v i d e r u r a l
inf r a s t m c t u r e . ENADEP should el so i n v o l v e e f f e c t i v e l y
i n b u i l d i n g and m a i n t e n a n c e of r u r a l water s u p p l y and b
t h e s e f e e d e r roads.
It was found t h a t i n Nsukka zone, t h e r e i s a
h i g h l e v e l of i l l i t e r a c y . The programme t h m u g h i ts
agents s h o u l d i n t e n s i f y t h e t r a i n i n g of r u r a l i t e s
and i f p o s s i b l e ENADEP can i n G O n j ~ c t i ~ n w i t h t h e
s t a t e government in tens i fy adul k l i t e r a c y campaign.
A1m the programme slhotlild select wral farmers t h r o u g h
t h d r community development: amnittee to go for r o u t i n e
training who will c a m e back ka teach other f a r m e r s
what they have learn&
tow t e c h n o l o g y which is e n e r g y s a p p i n g i s used
i n a g r i c u l t u r e i n N~ukka zone. T h i s i s because of
1 ack of f i n a n c e to engage modern t e c h n o l o g y i n farming.
Credit f a c i l i t i e s should be made a v a i l a b l e to farmers
i n order t o engage modern t e c h n o l o g y i n fanning.
This w i l l g e n e r a l l y improve the income OP these
f amers.
It was a l s o learnt t h r o u g h t h e s t u d y t h a t
where ENADEP h a s helped p r o v i d e r u r a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e
l i k e r u r a l water supp ly and 811 w e a t h e r feeder roads
for the. t r a n s p o r t a t i o n of a g r i c u l t u r a l oolkputs end
h e l p t h e e x t e n s i o n to reach their wards d i d not feel
t h e Impac t of t h o s e infrastructures. T h i s may be d u e
t o t h e f a c t t h a t most of these rural feeder rods
are n o t g i v e n r o u t i n e m a i n t e n a n c e and e a s i l y d i v i d e d or
washed away b y e r o s i o n , Another p o s s i b i l i t y is t h a t
c o n t r a c t o r s d o abandon such p m g e c t s h a l f way o r
claim to h a v e comple ted t h e p r o j e c t .
Through t h i s r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t , i t was e s t a b l i s h e d
t h a t agro-in.nuts d o n o t reach r u r a l f a r m e r s a s was
e n v i s a g e d by ENADEP. These r u r a l farmers s t i l l u s e
unimproved v a r i e t i e s of s e e d s and l a c k c e r t a i n e s s e n t i a l
a g m - c h e m i c a l s to treat their farm a g a i n s t i n s e c t and
disease. T h i s d e s p i t e their effort g e t l o w y i e l d which
invariably c o n t r i b u t e s to l a w income to t h e s e r u r a l i t e s .
The p h i l o s o p h y behind e s t a b l i s h m e n t of ~ g r i c u l t u r a l
Development Programme (AW) is to improve g e n e r a l
c o n d i t i o n s of t h e wrdiCes+
3t was e s t a b l l ~ h e d fist d e s p i t e a l l c o n s t r a i n t s ,
EMADEP g e n e r a l p e r f o r n a m e be s l i g h t l y below average.
S f $ h i s is t h e c a s e , ENADEP s h o u l d be e f f e c t i v e ,
e'ff lclent and above a l l , p r o d u c t i v e . It s h o u l d be
a r t i c u l a t e and r e s p o n s i v e bo t h e n e e d s and a s p i r a t i o n s
of ' t h e r u r sl popul ace.
Rural populace w i l l c o n t r i b u t e to the n a t i o n a l
economy i n a p p r e c i a b l e manner if ENADEP i n t e n s i f y i ts
effort i n bettering the c o n d i t i o n s of t h e s e people
of country s i d e . So the people of Nsukka zone of
Enugu S t a t e having abundant human and material r e s o u r c e s
can improve t h e i r c o n d i t i o n of l i v i n g i f t h e s e p o t e n t i a -
l i k i e s are h a r n e s s e d by the programme.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Almond, GI and Coleman J, @d)* The Polit ics of Dcvc*lopinq ~ m s g , N w Jersey: Prince ton University P r e s s ( ~ 6 0 ) .
Batten, T, R. Communities and heir pevelapment, London8 Oxford U n i v e r s i t y Prase, 1969.
D i d d l e , LJ. W, and ~ l d d l e , L+ J e The Co munl t P . New York + r H o l t, R n c h a r t
M n Im6~).
Coleman, J, S. ~icreriel G:Lcksr~und to Nationalism, Los Angel est University of C a l i f o r n i a Press €1958) 0
Easb-m, David, g S ~ k m . ~ n n l ~ s h of P o l i t i New Y o r k : John wi ley and Sons Inc. (1
E C S W ~ and ~ p t u (ed) , Yorkr The Free Pre
Ijere, M. Leadins Issuen -in .Rural Davelo~ment, Enugu: Fourth Dimension Publ ishers ( 199 2).
Marini, Frank t Towards a New Public Administration. Scraton: Ch;lr.dl..-r Pt ib l i s k i n g Co17pany ( 1973).
Ofomah, G . E , K , %andlordr; in T\'sukkal*, In Cfdmaka (ed) Nsukka and 1 ts Environment, Emrgu c Fourth Dimension Publ ishers ( 1978)
Olojuwon Samson, I M ~ B ~ ~ S of Wral Economics, Ibadan: IbadFn university P r e s s ( , l 9 8 l ) .
Olakunbosun, Dupe. Nwlected Rural Ma30rityr fbadanr Oxford U n Z ~ e r : ; i t y Press (1975).
Robbin, Lard, The Theor of Ecommic Development An t h e History o f E -op&ic Thought, London 1 Macmill an and CO* Ltd. , 1 9 k
Robert, G, What La Commrative Politics? New Y ~ r k r Macrcdllzn P ~ S S (99fi1,
Botswana! ~ e ~ n d Natianal WVclopmnt P l a n , 1970 - 1975 (Uppealat Scandinavian Institute of ~ f r i c e n S t u d i e s 1974).
Jones Jerry *The Model Village Scheme of Northern Nigeria r A model for Community Development, C o k u n i t y Developmen t Journal, - (Volume 18, No. 1 January, 1983).
bith hi p h i l i p Me "Issues In Rural Development i n Kenya" &&& hfrican .uTOtlf^u C?ol!lmc 9 , NO, 3 , 1992) .
Nfgcrfst 3rd ~ a t i m s l Dcwelopment P l a n from 1975 - 1980 V a l + 1 (Lagos Pederal ~ i n i s t r ~ of Economics Dcvsl~7p~nent, 3 7 5 1
Strategies and P e r s p n c t i v e ~ " Cornmunitv D&clo~mkn t a r n n l , (Vo lma 15, ?:a+ 1, 1980).
Abdu, H, 0. t " h a Role of resource poor farmer under Depressing Economy i n the Developing of a Nationtt This is R paper prssented at .the 3rd ~ n n u a l Farming system Research and Extenrplan i n the middle B e l t zone of Nigeria. Mzrcfi 20 - 23, 1991 (Published by t h e NationaL F a n t d n ~ Research N e t w o r k ) .
Cohen, J. M. et a l e "Rural I)eVeloprnent Part$,cipationtt R1.ral Qeve_2ofnnen1:. b w r a ~ h { P ~ 1 ? 1 i s h d by Rural Development Committee Centre for In terna t ior~al Studies, C ~ s n e l University, 1977).
Clam, J , 0. "The Problem of Rural Development i n NigeriaN, A paper mad at: ~ r k s h ~ p joint ly ~ r g m i s e d by t h e Department of Economics University of 30s and Univers i ty of Nigeria N s l l k k ~ at U N ~ on 28 - 31st October, 1387. .
~ i l i ' i a m s , S. K. T. flRuPd Poverty to Rural l rosper i ty t A Strategy to Rural Development i n Nigeriam ( An Inaugural. Lecture del ivered a t University o f If do
UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
Sir/MaBm,
Please, t h i s study design i s to e v a l u a t e the role
of Enugu s t a t e ~ g r i c u l turd Development Programme i n
Rurel, Development i n Nsukka mne of Enugv state* This
study is author i sed by po~bgraduate echo01 of the
U n i v e r s i t y , ~ l l information call.ected w i l l be treated
a b n f i d e n t i a l l y ,
Thank you,
Ugwuanyi, C. U,
.r 4. Marital S t a t u s . a ~ ~ ~ e ~ r r r a a ~ ~ e e r . ~ . o ~ m e a a ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
SECTXON B
Tick (-/) to appropriate a p t i o n ,
5, Academic qualificeUon
(a) f i r s t school Leaving Cert i f i ca te ( )
(b j school Ceftificata ( )
( c ) NCE/ONP ( 1
(d l DegreelHND ( 1
(e) None of the W e ( 1
6 , Do you have a town union or a development committee
i n your cmmunitfi (a) Yes C ), ( b ) N o ( 1,
7 e Do mu have young Farmers club i n your Community?
S a) Y ~ S ( > (b) NO 1.
8. Are you a member of farmers Club?
C a) Yes C: 1 {b) No ( ).
9* rf Yes what pst d id YOU hold?
(a) Secretary C ) (b) Treaaurer ( 1.
{c) President/Chahtan ( > (d) Ordinary membcr ( 1.
10. Hes ENADEP E~tension agents mobilised you f o r
130
1 ENADEP Extension agents educate you on t h e available
technologies arid farming mathad and techniques,
(a) Yee {b (b) No C l o CcJ Don't know ( ).
12. Which of t h e following rural fnfrastruceure has been
provided by ENADEP in your place
(a) Rural water supply C b
(81 Rural feeder road ( 1
tc) All of t h e above { 1
(d) None of the above ( 1.
13, ENADEP u s u a l l y sell ko you.
(a) ~gr-chemicals { 1, tb) Seed t 1 ,
(d A l l of the above { )I
Cd) None of the above < 8 u
14. Hava ENADEP and its Extehslon agents ever 15nked
mu to any f inancial i n s t i t u t i o n to obtain loan
< a1 Yes ( ) Cb) No ( 1.
15, H o w can you gemrally eccesa the performance of
ENADEP in your area3
{a) Excellent ( ), (b) Very goad ( 1