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Creating Green Stormwater with
BioretentionAllen P. Davis
Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Maryland
College Park, MD 20742
July 21, 2010
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The Problem:
(Sub)urbia
Rainfall
-Erosive,
-Polluting
-Stream
Degradation
-Chesapeake
Bay Water
Quality
ChallengesIMPERVIOUS AREA
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Urban Pollutants
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Bioretention (Rain Gardens)
Quality: Filtration, Adsorption, Biodegradation
Hydrology: Pooling, Storage Infiltration, & Evapotranspiration
PONDING STORAGE AREA
PLANTING SOIL
FLOW ENTRANCEPOINT
VEGETATION
UNDERDRAIN
MEDIA
MEDIA: Sand, Soil, Organic Matter
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Bioretention
Dennis Ave. Silver Spring, MD
Installed March 2006
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Silver Spring
Bioretentionresearch & monitoring
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Silver Spring Hydrograph0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.30
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12:00 16:00 20:00 0:00 4:00 8:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 0:00 4:00
Rai
nfa
ll (c
m)
Flo
w (L
/s)
Time of Day
5/11 to 5/13/08 Hydrograph, 2.86 in.
Inflow
Outflow
Rainfall
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Bioretention Performance Metrics
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Ru
no
ff d
epth
dis
char
ge
(in
)
Rainfall depth in (in)
Pavement
SS Bioretention
Woods - C Soil
Woods - B Soil
Olszewski, Davis, et al. In Progress
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Water Quality
College Park Silver Spring
Input InputOutput Output
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5101520304050607080859095
2
4
6
10
40
100
200
400
600
98 2
25
60
2
4
6
11
10
199
40
100
200
400
600
25
60
Exceedance Probability
TS
S E
MC
(m
g/L
)
CP in CP out
SS in SS out
No Flow/Below Limit
TSS (College Park & Silver Spring)
Li & Davis, J. Env. Eng. 2009
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Bioretention
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5101520304050607080859095
6
10
20
40
100
200
400
98 2
120
60
56
10
199
20
40
100
200
400
120
60
5
Exceedance Probability
Zin
c E
MC
(u
g/L
)
CP in CP out
SS in SS out
No Flow/Below Limit
Zinc (CP & SS)
Li & Davis, J. Env. Eng. 2009
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Metals Accumulation - PbNavy Yard
Surface
0-10
10-20
20-30
30-40
40-50
50-60
60-70
70-80
80-90
Dep
th (
cm)
Dimensionless TSS or Normalized Captured Pb Deposit
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Dissolved Pb
Media Pb prediction
TSS
-1000
-500
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600mg/kg
Li & Davis, Env. Sci. Technol. 2008
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Total Phosphorus (CP& SS)
Li & Davis, J. Env. Eng. 2009
5101520304050607080859095
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.2
0.6
0.8
0.4
11
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.2
0.6
0.8
0.05 0.05
0.4
199
Exceedance Probability
Ph
os
ph
oru
s E
MC
(m
g/L
as
P)
CP in
CP out
SS in
SS out
No Flow/Below Limit
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Nitrogen
Runoff
Enhanced Nitrate Removal with Internal Storage
Kim et al. Water Environ. Res. 2003
Media
Mulch
Overflow
Underdrain
Anoxic Denitrification Zone NO3 N2
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Mass Loads (kg/ha/yr)CP SS
In Out In Out
TSS 1190 37 570 38
Chromium 0.09 0.015 0.02 ~0.007
Copper 0.26 0.073 0.12 0.045
Lead 0.09 0.013 0.03 ~0.005
Zinc 1.0 0.063 0.36 0.017
Chloride 6800 458 320 25
TN 27 7.2 9.6 3.6
Nitrate 12 2.5 3.7 ~0.19
TKN 15 4.1 6.0 3.6
TP 3.6 0.72 0.9 0.38
TOC 44 154 43 78
Li & Davis, J. Env. Eng. 2009
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Excellent Management of Hydrology Media Area & Depth
Excellent Particulate & Bacteria Removal Filtration: Depth not Important; Surface
Accumulation Adsorption
Metals, Hydrocarbons Excellent; Surface Accumulation
Phosphorus, Nitrogen, Complex, Depth important
Biological Processes Important Denitrification (Nitrate removal) Biological Predation Vegetation in uptake & degradation
What we know so far…
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Technology Maturity First installed in Greenbelt MD in
1992 First UMD Campus in 2003 Major demonstration in UMD in 2004 Now widespread throughout Mid Atlantic