Download - Unit 6 What Challenges might face American Constitutional Democracy in the 21 st Century?
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Essential Question
What challenges might face American constitutional democracy in the 21st century?
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Unit OverviewLesson 33: What Does it Mean to be a Citizen? Lesson 34: What Is the Importance of Civic
Engagement to American Constitutional Democracy? Lesson 35: How Have Civil Rights Movements
Resulted in Fundamental Political and Social Change in the United States?
Lesson 36: How Have American Political Ideas and the American Constitutional System Influenced Other Nations?
Lesson 37: What Key Challenges Does the United States Face in the Future?
Lesson 38: What are the Challenges of the Participation of the United States in World Affairs?
Lesson 39: What Does Returning to Fundamental Principles Mean?
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Unit 6 Purpose
This unit provides an overview of American citizenship and opportunities for participation in local, state and national government.
This unit also offers a frame of reference and basis for understanding how the American constitutional model has influenced other countries and international organizations.
Finally, you will consider some challenges facing American constitutionalism in the future.
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Lesson 33: What Does it Mean to Be a Citizen?
Created by Arlene HarrisOctober 2011
Slideshow Accompanies The Center for Civic Education’s “We the People: The Citizen & The Constitution” Curriculum
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Lesson 33 Purpose
This lesson discusses citizenship, how ideas about it have changed in the US, naturalization, dual citizenship and responsibilities of citizens and resident aliens.
Participation in government through the electoral process tacitly gives agreement to be governed by the Constitution. Most people at some point take an oath to support and defend the Constitution—in the military, as a juror, lawyer, teacher, or other way. This lesson discusses these ways.
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Lesson 33 Objectives
Explain some of the most important legal rights and obligations of citizens.
Explain some of the most important moral rights and obligations of citizens.
Explain the different ways one may become an American citizen.
Evaluate, take, and defend positions on How American citizenship was defined before the 14th
and later amendments. How the rights and responsibilities of citizens differ
from those of naturalized aliens
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Lesson 33 Terms & Concepts
Alien A person not living in the country of his/her citizenship;
foreign-born resident
Citizen Legal member of a nation, country, or other organized, self-
governing political community, such as a state
Denaturalization To lose or renounce one’s citizenship; a legal process
Dual national citizenship To be a legal citizen of two or more countries at the same time
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Lesson 33 Terms & Concepts
Enlightened self-interest Philosophy of ethics stating people who act to further interests of
others ultimately serve their own self-interestE pluribus unum
Latin: Out of many, one Jus sanguinis
Right by which nationality or citizenship can be recognized to any individual born to a parent who is a national or citizen of that state
Jus soli Right by which nationality or citizenship can be recognized to
any individual born in the territory of the related stateNaturalization
To be come a citizen of a country not of one’s birth, legal processResident Alien
A noncitizen who lives in a country legally not of one’s birth
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How have Americans Thought of Citizenship?
Commonwealths: a self-governing community in which members are expected to serve the good of all.
The Founders counted on citizens as self-sufficient individuals capable of meeting most of their own needs and would thrive in a system of limited government
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How did deTocqueville Connect Good Citizenship with Self-Interest in the United
States?
Democracy in AmericaWhile impressed with
equality of opportunity in American society
Wondered how a society so devoted to materialism and pursuit of individual self-interest could produce civic spirit needed for self-government
He argued they found a way to bridge the gap between classical republican virtue and natural rights self-interest
Quote on 245
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How Have Ideas about Citizenship Changed in the United States?
From British subjects to colonial citizens
To a particular state and eventually to the “united” states
Philadelphia Convention delegates left citizenship issue to the states; 1787 Constitution, then the Articles of Confederation 1781-1788 continued to do so
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Who are Naturalized Citizens and What Should be the Criteria for Naturalization?
Naturalization is a legal process to become a US citizen.
It can be granted to individuals or entire populations by statute or treaty.
It is tied to immigration policyOnly lawfully admitted aliens can become citizens
At least 18 years old Resided in US continuously for at least five years Good moral character Can read, write, speak, and understand English Demonstrate a belief in and commitment to the US
Constitution principles Take the Oath of Allegiance
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How has Citizenship Status of Native Americans Evolved?
Constitution Article I suggests they are separate, sovereign nations
1831, Supreme Court changed the interpretation saying they are “domestic dependent nations”
1924, Indian Citizenship Act made them citizens of the US and states where they reside.
Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968 includes protecting the “sovereignty of each tribal government.”
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What is Dual National Citizenship?
Being a citizen of two countries
Children of American citizens who are born abroad are American
Dual citizenship for Americans is not currently addressed by law.
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How May US Citizenship be Lost?
Supreme Court held that stripping natural-born citizens of their citizenship is cruel and unusual punishment, therefore illegal to do
Giving up US citizenship is a “natural and inherent right of the people”
US citizenship may be revoked for: Becoming a naturalized citizen elsewhere Swearing an oath of allegiance to another country Renouncing citizenship formally Being convicted of the crime of treason
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What are the Rights of Citizens and
Permanent Residents?
Usually, only citizens can hold public office Residency requirements usually accompany
citizenship requirements for holding office Only the president must be a natural born citizen of
the US
Only citizens can vote Territories such as Puerto Rico do not vote in national
elections in their territorial homes Many states revoke voting rights of convicted felons.
Most other rights are the same for both
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What are the Responsibilities of Citizens and Resident Aliens?
Everyone has a duty to obey the laws and pay taxes
Citizens have additional responsibilities: Voting Serving on juries
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Lesson 34: What is the Importance of Civic Engagement to American Constitutional Democracy?
Created by Arlene HarrisOctober 2011
Slideshow Accompanies The Center for Civic Education’s “We the People: The Citizen & The Constitution” Curriculum
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Lesson 34 Purpose
Popular sovereignty means people have ultimate governing authority, which carries the responsibility to exercise that authority knowledgeably to balance individual interests and the common good.
This lesson describes ways Americans can participate in civic life to help achieve ideals set for themselves and their nation.
It explains how civic engagement can advance both self-interest and common good.
It also discusses issues related to voting and voting turnout.
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Lesson 34 Objectives
Describe needed reforms to Education system Political process The Constitution
Explain opportunities for participation in civil life afforded by Voluntary associations NGOs Service and business organizations Voting
Evaluate, take and defend positions on Whether voting should be mandatory How voting could be easier/more convenient
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Lesson 34 Terms & Concepts
Nongovernmental organization An autonomous organization independent of direct
governmental control that exists to perform any of a large number of purposes, including humanitarian, educational, or public policy problems and issues
Voluntary associations Autonomous organizations founded and administered by
private citizens, not elected officials, devotes to one or more purposes. They form an essential element of the social basis of democracy
Voter registration Requirement in some democracies for citizens to enroll in
voting rolls before being allowed to participate in elections
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Why Should Americans Participate in the Civic Life of the Country?
It helps individuals become attached to their community, region, state, country
They become more likely to voteThey are more likely to be well
informed
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How do Voluntary Associations Contribute to Civic Engagement?
Become engaged in civic projectsCommit to making things betterWork toward a common goalTypes:
Religious Social: book clubs, sports, women’s, athletics, school,
scholarship Service: Kiwanis, Lions, Jaycees, Rotary Business: medical/disease, profession, industry Nongovernmental organizations—NGOs: usually classified
by focus i.e. disaster relief, health care, economic development, environmental protection; service or social groups Carter Center, League of Women Voters, Actively lobby for causes and do public education
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How can Americans Participate in Local and State Governments?
Elect, oversee representativesLocal: councils, commissions,
school districts, advisory boards, review boards
State: inform one’s self about issues and candidates, elect judges, boards to study and make recommendations regarding matters such as Child welfare Drug and alcohol programs Environmental protection
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How Can Americans Participate in the National Government?
More limited than state/localPolitical partiesGet involved in campaignsGet voters out to voteHave a voice in shaping policy,
platforms, and goalsAdvisory groups of constituents
to representativesCommunicate with
representatives
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What Needs to be Done to Encourage Voter Turnout?
Elections are administered at the state and local level with help from the Federal Election Commission
Voter registration is done by local and state officials
Absentee/early voting is more popular now
Should presidential election days be national holidays?
Should polling places be open 24 hours or multiple days?
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How is Civic Participation Connected to Self-Interest?
Personal interest—economic, quality of life
Acquiring skills Learn how to affect decisions Become more self confident Develop contacts Build a reputation as important
member of community Make new friends Self-interest can be “enlightened” or
narrow
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How is Civic Participation Related to Advancing the Common Good?
Makes people aware of other perspectivesLeads to concerns for the common goodIndividuals see themselves related to the
larger wholeModify behavior to serve the needs of the
wholeStrengthens network of interdependence
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Lesson 35: How Have Civil Rights Movements Resulted in Fundamental Political and Social Change in the United States?Created by Arlene HarrisSlideshow Accompanies The Center for Civic Education’s “We the People: The Citizen & The Constitution” Curriculum
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Lesson 35 Purpose
The Declaration of Independence is celebrated for its commitment to the principles of human liberty and equality.
This lesson examines why African Americans, women, and other groups found it necessary to take concerted action to ensure recognition of their civil rights.
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Lesson 35 Objectives
Explain the importance of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 Voting Rights Act of 1965
Discuss the role of civil disobedience in America’s constitutional democracy.
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Lesson 35 Terms & Concepts
Civil disobedience Nonviolent refusal to obey laws that citizens regard as
unjust or in protest of specific public policy
Civil rights Rights belonging to an individual by virtue of
citizenship
De facto segregation Racial segregation not mandated by law
De jure segregation Racial segregation mandated by law
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What was the Status of Civil Rights in Mid-Twentieth Century America
De jure segregation: Separation required by law
De facto segregation: Racial separation caused by actions of private individuals
and groupsBrown: implied all laws compelling racial
separation violate guarantee of equal protection of the laws
Racial segregation and discrimination was deeply entrenched: slavery almost 250 years, Jim Crow after the Civil War, US Army desegregated in 1948
National government usually deferred to state
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What were the Origins of the Modern Civil Rights Movement for African Americans and What were
Its goals?
KKK and Jim CrowReligious, social, political
associations nurtured networks of communication and resistance
NAACP, 1909 foundedInfluenced by GandhiCivil disobedience is usually
nonviolent direct actionPreparation and education was
key; political organization, social nonviolent action—sit ins, protests, marches, boycotts, demonstrations
Goal: overturn laws, protect right to vote
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What is the Civil Rights Act?
1963: demonstrations throughout the South, some met with violence
Kennedy announced he would ask Congress for civil rights legislation; killed 3 months later
Johnson signed Civil Rights Act 1964 Most far-reaching civil rights law in
US history, outlawed de jure and de facto segregation Discrimination in hotels, restaurants,
theaters, gas stations, airline terminals, public accommodation sites
Prohibit job discrimination by businesses and labor unions
More national government authority to end school segregation
US Justice Dept to file lawsuits against states discriminating against women and minorities
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What is the Voting Rights Act?
1965 march: Selma to Montgomery Alabama gov sent troops: clubbed and beat marchers,
killed one
Prohibits discrimination by raceEliminates literacy tests, poll taxes,
discriminatory registration practicesRequires state and local to provide voting
materials and assistance in appropriate langue based on # voters
2006--extended
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What is the Role of Civil Disobedience as a Form of Political Participation?
Used against slavery, in woman suffrage & civil rights movements
King and Thoreau: individuals should obey their conscience. “When conscience and law conflict, individuals have moral responsibility to promote justice by disobeying law”
Critics: never justified, weakens respect for law, makes individual “final” judge—not the law
Defenders: can be no other final judge than individual conscience; laws are not necessarily just; there are higher moral laws which shape moral consciousness; unjust breeds disorder, seeking more just society may promote order rather than undermine it
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How has the Movement for Civil Rights Changed since the Mid-Twentieth
Century?
Focus changed from race-centric Voter registration Increase minimum wage Better health care for HIV/AIDS High-quality public education for minority children Farm workers
Chavez & Huerta Better work conditions Pesticides Boycotts, strikes, protests UFW
Native Americans Substandard housing Unemployment Police brutality Discrimination AIM
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Lesson 36:How Have American Political Ideas and the American Constitutional System Influenced Other Nations?
Lesson 36:How Have American Political Ideas and the American Constitutional System Influenced Other Nations?Created by Arlene Harris
Slideshow Accompanies The Center for Civic Education’s “We the People: The Citizen & The Constitution” Curriculum
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Lesson 36 Purpose
This lesson examines some of the challenges associated with using the American constitutional model in other parts of the world
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Lesson 36 Objectives
Identify which aspects of the American constitutional system have been influential elsewhere.
Explain why some countries and international organizations have chosen to modify the American system or to use other types of democratic systems.
Explain how the US Bill of Rights influenced other countries and how some have adopted bills of rights considerably different from the US.
Evaluate, take, and defend positions on why some aspects of American constitutional democracy that have been effective in the US were not used in other countries.
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Lesson 36 Term & Concepts
Human rights Basic rights and freedoms said to belong to all people
everywhere
Universal Declaration of Human Rights An advisory declaration adopted by the United Nations
General Assembly on December 16, 1948, consisting of thirty articles outlining the view of the General Assembly on those rights conceived as guaranteed to all people
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How have American Ideas about Government and Human Rights Influenced Other Parts of
the World?
Constitutional principals: popular sovereignty, individual rights, limited government, rule of law
Inspired French Revolution, 17891791 Constitutions: France, Poland1800s: Latin American countries free
from Spain, model for republic gov’t1825: Russia, unsuccessful but inspired20th century:
German constitution 1949—freedoms: religion, assembly, speech, press, expression
Afghanistan, Bosnia, Herzegovina, East Timor, Eritrea, Iraq, Poland, South Africa, Venezuela
After Cold War: former communist states experiment with constitutionalism of their own
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What Elements of American Constitutionalism have Influenced other
Countries?
World’s first written framework for national government: US Constitution
Set standard for using convention to draft constitutions, then submit to people for ratification
Presidential government—head of state, elected, cannot be removed by vote of no confidence
Federalism—separate and overlapping powersJudicial power & human rights—judicial review
is an enforcement mechanism; need independent judiciary
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How do Other Guarantees of Rights Differ from the Bill of Rights?
Bill of Rights: individual personal, economic, political rights; includes “negative” rights—gov’t “shall not”…
Contemporary charters of human rights assert positive rights—health care, education, equal pay for equal work, fair and just working conditions
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How is the United Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights Similar to and Different from the Bill
of Rights?
FDR asked Congress to adopt laws that would become a 2nd Bill of Rights; didn’t happen
His widow used this to help the UN craft the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
30 articles; US agreed in 1948 Personal liberty outlawed coerced or arranged
marriages, slavery Habeas corpus and equal protection Prohibition of ex post facto laws Freedom of assembly, religion, speech, association,
property rights, sanctity of home and correspondence Prohibition of torture Duty to community Right to work, join unions, equal pay Rest and leisure, reasonable work hours, periodic paid
holidays Adequate standard of living for health and well-being Education To seek, receive, and impart information and ideas via
media Regional agreements expanded it with European
Court of Human Rights Protection of rights is now important diplomatically
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Created by Arlene HarrisOctober 2011Slideshow Accompanies The Center for Civic Education’s “We the People: The Citizen & The Constitution” Curriculum
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Lesson 37 Purpose
This lesson examines some of the challenges that might affect Americans in coming years.
It also explores issues that might lead to future possible changes to the United States Constitution.
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Lesson 37 Objectives
Discuss the effects of diversity and technology on the lives of Americans
Explain the importance of civil discourse in debating divisive issues
Evaluate, take, and defend positions on the changing expectations of America’s government and potential constitutional amendments
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Lesson 37 Terms & Concepts
Eminent domain Inherent power of the state to seize a citizen’s private
property or to expropriate property or rights in property without the owner’s consent. The Fifth Amendment provides for “just compensation” for private property taken for public use, known as the “takings clause”
Immigration Movement of people from one place to another
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How Might the United States Look in the Future?
US Census Bureau predicts by 2050: US population will exceed 400,000,000 Most increase will be from immigration US will be more racially and ethnically
diverse than ever Racial lines will blur with intermarriage
Medical advances will help Americans live longer
Typical American neighborhood will be in the West or the South
Cost of water, oil, natural gas will soar Communications and info tech will bring
new information and communication methods/vehicles
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How does Diversity Create New Challenges?
E pluribus unum “has usually been achieved by balancing benefits of a diverse society with unifying influence of common civic culture and constitutional ideals.”
This is a major challenge to sustain.Opinions vary: not substantially different; enrich nation’s economy,
culture, education orHow much can US absorb, especially those who do
not learn to speak English and keep cultural practices that conflict with fundamental American principles
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How is Modern Technology Affecting America’s Civic Life?
Improvements transform lifeInternet, databases, emailCable/satellite tvCommunity-access tvEvents, proceedings happen
electronically and in real timeDoes not guarantee better informed
populaceDifficult to determine reliabilityMessages aimed at specialized
audiencesChallenge includes devising ways to
use technology to enhance knowledge and civic participation, not insulate from genuine interaction and political discourse
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How Might Americans’ Expectations of their Governments Change?
Early America: rely on themselves and private associations to meet needs
20th century: increasingly look to gov’t for social safety net
Are Americans too dependent on gov’t to solve social problems?
Is gov’t growth a sign the private sector is not capable of providing what is required?
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How can Civil Discourse Help to Address the Challenges Facing Americans?
Robust exchange of ideas and opinions by engaged citizenry is hallmark of vibrant democracy
Civil discourse is essentialCivil exchange of ideas and
perspectives increases chances of finding mutually acceptable solutions to problems
Example: Constitutional Convention of 1787
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What Additional Constitutional Changes Might Americans Debate?
Life and death: When life begins/ends Right to life/death
Term limits Should 22nd Amendment be repealed? Should limits apply to the House and Senate? Should judges serve limited terms?
Property rights “Takings clause”—eminent domain: should it be used by
municipalities to sell to private entities? Campaign finance
Should there be limits Immigration
Illegals, legal visitors staying after visa expiration Should clauses be amended to person from citizen or legal
resident for equal protection and due process clauses?
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Lesson 38: What are the Challenges of the Participation of the United States in World Affairs?
Lesson 38: What are the Challenges of the Participation of the United States in World Affairs?
Created by Arlene HarrisOctober 2011Slideshow Accompanies The Center for Civic Education’s “We the People: The Citizen & The Constitution” Curriculum
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Lesson 38 Purpose
This lesson highlights some aspects of America’s participation in the international arena
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Lesson 38 Objectives
Identify the constitutional responsibilities of the three branches of the national government in shaping the involvement of the US in world affairs
Describe globalization and identify some of the challenges that globalization poses for citizenship and participation in world affairs
Evaluate, take, and defend positions on issues involving globalization and improving the image of the US abroad
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Lesson 38 Terms & Concepts
Collective security A system formed to maintain peace among nations in which
participant members agree that a military attack on one is an attack on all and will result in a united response from all members.
Globalization Process of interconnectedness and closer integration of world markets
and businesses as a result of advances in transportation, communications, and information technologies.
International law Rules that regulate how countries are to behave toward one
another. Isolationism
Foreign policy of a nation that wishes to be inward-looking rather than involved with other countries.
Letter of marque and reprisal A grant of authority from Congress to private citizens, not the
president, to expressly authorize seizure and forfeiture of goods by such citizens in the context of undeclared hostilities with another country or countries. Without such authority, citizens seizing such goods would be pirates in the eyes of international law.
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Lesson 38 Terms & Concepts
Multinational corporation An enterprise that operates in more than one country
Treaty An agreement under international law between
countries or international organizations
United Nations International organization created in 1945 to maintain
peace through the collective security of its members
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Why is International Engagement Inevitable?
Thucydides (c 460-400 BCE) “The powerful exact what they can, and the weak
yield what they must”
Even from founding, US needed othersWorld trade and scarce natural resourcesDesire to export founding ideas to
oppressedIsolationism is not realistic in a world
with fanatical terrorists, predatory states, nuclear and other weapons
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How Does the Constitution Provide for the United States’ Role in the World?
Congress Regulate commerce among foreign nations and
with Indian tribes Declare war, issue letters of marque and reprisal,
and make rules for captures on land and water Raise and support armies, provide and maintain
a navy, and regulate land and naval forces Define and punish piracies and felonies on the
high seas and offenses against the law of nations Ratify treaties
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How does the Constitution Provide for the United States’ Role in the World?
President Negotiate treaties Act as commander in chief of the army and navy Appoint ambassadors, other public ministers, and
consuls Receive ambassadors and other public ministers
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How does the Constitution Provide for the United States’ Role in the World?
Supreme Court Exercise original jurisdiction over cases affecting
ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls Exercise appellate jurisdiction over admiralty and
maritime cases
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What is International Law?
Body of rules of conduct accepted as legally binding by countries in their relations with each other
Purpose: create and maintain international order
Four overarching ideals: Equality of sovereign nation-states Noninterference in the affairs of other
nations No use of force or threat of force Respect for human rights
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How do International Organizations Help to Maintain International Order
League of Nations after WW I, first attempt through collective security
United Nations, 1945 Goal: maintain peace through collective security; promote
friendly relations, international cooperation to solve problems; encourage respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for everyone
Many administrative bodies All member countries are expected to provide financial
support 5 permanent members: US, Britain, China, France, Russia
Other international organizations since WW II: NATO International Monetary Fund World Trade Organization World Bank
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How can Americans Influence International Relations?
Voting, lobbying and contacting national officiate
Joining nongovernmental organizationsTraveling, exercising citizen diplomacy,
participating in international educationMaking informed consumer decisions
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What is Globalization?
Global economy and effects of worldwide economic interdependence on cultures, social relations, and politics
Central features are Trade and commerce: multinational corps, massive exports of
manufactured goods Worker migration: seek better jobs, leads to immigration
policy issues, outsourcing jobs to cheaper labor pools/less regulation
Capital: investment patterns change with new markets/products; creditor nations gain leverage over debtor nation’s policy decisions; volatile markets with news events, stock markets
Information: technology changes with information available to consumers, investors, businesses; influences public opinion, affects political decision, virtual instant access to important info for decisions; fast capital transfers
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Lesson 39: What Does Returning to Fundamental Principles Mean?
Created by Arlene HarrisOctober 2011
Slideshow Accompanies The Center for Civic Education’s “We the People: The Citizen & The Constitution” Curriculum
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Lesson 39 Purpose
This lesson is different from the others in that it consists mainly of Critical Thinking Exercises that represent great ideas and principles that have shaped our constitutional heritage.
It also asks you to use the skills of citizenship—observation, analysis, debate, and value judgments—to reach, express, and defend an opinion.
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Lesson 39 Objectives
You are to practice for the responsibilities you will encounter in the years ahead
You will work through issues and reach your own conclusions.
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Why are Fundamental Principles Important?
The US began as a test to see if certain ideas about government would work
Keynes said “…in the long run, it is ideas and not men who rule the world.”
Tiananmen SquareSolidarityStalinVictor Hugo: “An invasion of armies can be
resisted, but not an idea whose time has come.”
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What did the Founders Mean by Returning to First Principles?
1788: “What is the usefulness of a truth in theory unless it exists constantly in the minds of the people and has their assent?”
It is doubtful … an uncritical acceptance of the “wisdom of the past” is good nor what the Founders expected
In revisiting these principals, each generation Must examine and evaluate them anew!
The Founders were vigorous critics of inherited wisdom and their principles Articulate, opinionated individuals who loved to examine
ideasWe need to make principled arguments and ground our
opinions in ideas of enduring value.