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Unit 3:CELLS
Cellular Energy
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Carbon Compounds
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Objective• What are the functions of each
group of organic compounds?
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• Most of the compounds that make up living things contain carbon. In fact, carbon makes up the basic structure, or “backbone,” of these compounds. Each atom of carbon has four electrons in its outer energy level, which makes it possible for each carbon atom to form four bonds with other atoms.
• As a result, carbon atoms can form long chains. A huge number of different carbon compounds exist. Each compound has a different structure. For example, carbon chains can be straight or branching. Also, other kinds of atoms can be attached to the carbon chain.
Section 2-3
Interest Grabber
Life’s backbone
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Methane Acetylene Butadiene Benzene Isooctane
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Macromolecules “giant molecules”
• Formed by a process called polymerization
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Monomers• Smaller units
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Polymers• Linked up monomers
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Carbohydrates• Compounds made up of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen atoms usually in a ratio of 1:2:1
• Main source of energy
• The monomers of starch are sugars
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• Single sugar molecules are called monosaccharides
• The large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides are known as polysaccharides
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Starch
Glucose
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Lipids• Made mostly from carbon and
hydrogen atoms
• Used to store energy
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Lipid Glycerol
Fatty Acids
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Proteins• Macromolecules that contain
nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• Proteins are polymers of molecules called amino acids
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Amino Acids
General structure Alanine Serine
Carboxyl group
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• More than 20 different amino acids, can join to any other amino acid
• The instructions for arranging amino acids into many different proteins are stored in DNA
• Each protein has a specific role• The shape of proteins can be very
important
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Proteins
Amino Acids
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Nucleic Acids• Macromolecules containing hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus
Double Helix
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Nucleotides• Consists of 3 parts: 5-carbon sugar,
phosphate group and nitrogen base
Nitrogen Base
5-Carbon Sugar
Phosphate group
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2 kinds of nucleic acids• RNA (ribonucleic acids) –
contains sugar ribose
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) – contains sugar deoxyribose
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Homework
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1. Name four groups of organic compounds found in living things
2. Describe at least one function of each group of organic compounds
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3. Compare the structures and functions of lipids and starches
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Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
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Objectives• What happens to chemical bonds
during chemical reactions?
• How do energy changes affect whether a chemical reaction will occur?
• Why are enzymes important to living things?
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The Big Idea• Living things are made up of
chemical compounds
• Everything that happens to an organism is based on chemical reactions
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Chemical Reactions• A process that changes or
transforms one set of chemicals into another
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Reactants• Elements or compounds that
enter into a reaction
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Products
• Elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction
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Example Reaction: Getting rid of carbon dioxide
• In the blood
• In the lungs
CO2 + H20 H2CO3 (carbonic acid)
H2CO3 CO2 + H2O
Released as you breathe
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Energy in reactions Energy-Absorbing Reaction Energy-Releasing Reaction
Products
Products
Activation energy
Activation energy
Reactants
Reactants
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Activation Energy• The energy that is needed to get
a reaction started
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Enzymes• Some chemical reactions are too
slow or have activation energies that are too high to make them practical for living tissue
• These chemical reactions are made possible by catalysts
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Catalyst• Substance that speeds up the
rate of chemical reactions
• Work by lowering a reactions activation energy
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Enzyme• Biological catalysts
• Speed up reactions in cells
• Very specific
• Named for the reaction is catylzes
• Enzyme names always end in -ase
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Reaction pathwaywithout enzyme Activation energy
without enzyme
Activationenergywith enzyme
Reaction pathwaywith enzyme
Reactants
Products
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Substrates• The reactants of enzyme
catalyzed reactions
• The active site of the enzyme and the substrate have complementary shapes
• Fit like a lock and key
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Enzyme Action
Enzyme – substrate complex
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Glucose
Substrates
ATP
Substratesbind toenzyme
Substratesare convertedinto products
Enzyme-substratecomplex
Enzyme(hexokinase)ADP
Products
Glucose-6-phosphate
Productsare released
Active site
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Regulation of Enzyme Activity
• Enzymes are affected by any variable that affects chemical reactions
1. pH
2. Temperature
3. Concentration
of enzyme
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Homework
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1. What happens to chemical bonds during chemical reactions
2. Describe the role of energy in chemical reactions
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3. What are enzymes, and how are they important to living things?
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4. Describe how enzymes work, including the role of the enzyme substrate complex
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5. A change in pH can change the protein. How might a change in pH affect the function of an enzyme such as hexokinase (hint: think about the analogy of the lock and key)