Download - Unit 33 Musculoskeletal System
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33.1 Skeletal System
KEY CONCEPT The skeletal system includes bones and tissues that are important for supporting, protecting, and moving your body.
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33.1 Skeletal System
Your skeletal system is made up of the appendicular and axial skeletons.
• The skeletal system protects, supports, and moves the body.
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33.1 Skeletal System
• The appendicular skeleton includes legs, arms, feet and hands. – allows for movement– includes bones called girdles that connect limbs to
body
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33.1 Skeletal System
• The axial skeleton includes the skull, rib cage, and spinal column.
skull
rib
breastbone
vertebra
– supports body and protects tissues
– allows for limited movement
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33.1 Skeletal System
– cushions bones – allows for smooth movement– connect two bones
• Cartilage is connective tissue between bones.
cartilage
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33.1 Skeletal System
Bones connect to form joints.
• Joints are places were two bones meet.• There are three types of joints.
– fibrous, which does notallow for movement
fibrous joint
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33.1 Skeletal System
Bones connect to form joints.
• Joints are places were two bones meet.• There are three types of joints.
cartillage
– cartilaginous, which allows partial movement
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33.1 Skeletal System
Bones connect to form joints.
– synovial, which allows for greater movement
• Joints are places were two bones meet.• There are three types of joints.
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33.1 Skeletal System
• Ligaments are long bands of tissue that connect bones across a joint.
ligament
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33.1 Skeletal System
• There are several types of synovial joints.– gliding– pivot– ball-and-socket– saddle– hinge
GLIDING JOINT
PIVOT JOINT
BALL-AND-SOCKET JOINT
SADDLE JOINT
HINGE JOINT
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33.1 Skeletal System
Bones are living tissue.
• Bone is made of compact bone tissue and spongy bone tissue.
Compact bone
Spongy bone
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33.1 Skeletal System
• Compact bone is hard and dense.– Osteocytes (bone cells) maintain compact bone rings.– Haversian canals allow blood vessels in the bone.
osteocytes blood vessel
Haversian canals
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33.1 Skeletal System
• Spongy bone protects red or yellow bone marrow.– Red bone marrow produces blood cells.– Yellow bone marrow is mostly fat.
PeriosteumA layer of connectivetissue that covers bone
Red bone marrow
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33.1 Skeletal System
• Calcification is the process of building hard bone.– combines collagen and calcium phosphate– transforms cartilage into hard bone during childhood
osteocyte
compact bone
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33.1 Skeletal System
KEY CONCEPT Muscles are tissues that can contract, enabling movement.
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33.1 Skeletal System
Humans have three types of muscle.
• The muscular system moves substances throughout the body.– bones of the skeletal system– food through digestive system– blood through circulatory system– fluids through excretory system
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33.1 Skeletal System
– skeletal muscle
• There are three types of muscle tissue.
SKELETAL MUSCLE CARDIAC MUSCLESMOOTH MUSCLE
– smooth muscle– cardiac muscle
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33.1 Skeletal System
• Skeletal muscle attaches to the skeleton by tendons.– Tendons connect muscle to bone.– Skeletal muscles are mostly voluntary.
SKELETAL MUSCLE
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33.1 Skeletal System
– move food through digestive organs– empty liquid from the bladder– control width of blood vessels
• Smooth muscle lines organs and is involuntary.
Smooth musclearound this artery allows theartery to regulate blood flowby shrinking and expanding.
SMOOTH MUSCLE
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33.1 Skeletal System
– pumps blood throughout body– controlled by pacemaker– contains more mitochondria than skeletal muscle cells
• Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart.
CARDIAC MUSCLE
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33.1 Skeletal System
muscle fiber
Muscles contract when the nervous systems causes muscle filaments to move.
• Muscle fibers are cells of the muscular system.
muscle
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33.1 Skeletal System
• Myofibrils are long strands of protein in the muscle fiber.
muscle fibermuscle
myofibril
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33.1 Skeletal System
• Each myofibril is divided into sarcomeres.• Sarcomeres contain filaments that cause contraction.
myofibril
muscle fiber
muscle
sarcomere
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33.1 Skeletal System
• Each myofibril is divided into sarcomeres.• Sarcomeres contain filaments that cause contraction.
– Actin filaments are pulled during contraction.– Myosin filaments pull actin during contraction.
CONTRACTION
RELAXATION
M linemyosin
Z line
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33.1 Skeletal System
• Neuron stimulates muscle at the neuromuscular junction.
neuromuscular junction
neuron
MUSCLE
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33.1 Skeletal System
• Neuron stimulates muscle at the neuromuscular junction. – Neurotransmitters
cause calcium channels in the sarcomere to open.
regulatory protein
– Calcium exposes binding sites.
– Myosin binds to actin and pulls it.
– As the sarcomere shortens, the muscle contracts. myosin
actin
Z line
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33.1 Skeletal System
KEY CONCEPT The integumentary system has many tissues that protect the body.
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33.1 Skeletal System
The integumentary system helps maintain homeostasis.
• The integument is the body system that surrounds all your other organ systems.
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33.1 Skeletal System
The integumentary system helps maintain homeostasis.
• The integumentary system consists of many parts.– skin– hair– nails– oil glands– sweat glands– proteins,
such as keratin
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33.1 Skeletal System
• Integumentary system removes substances from the body.– water– salts– urea
pore
sweatglands
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33.1 Skeletal System
• The outermost layer of the skin is the epidermis.– dead skin cells– oils– pores
The integumentary system consists of many different tissues.
epidermis
pore
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33.1 Skeletal System
– Keratin makes cells waterproof and tough feeling.
• Cells in the epidermis produce keratin and melanin.
– Melanin is a dark pigment that absorbs UV rays.
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33.1 Skeletal System
– sweat glands– oil glands– pressure receptors– blood vessels– hair follicles
• The dermis contains most of the tissues in the skin.
dermis
hair follicle
oil gland
pressurereceptors
sweat gland
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33.1 Skeletal System
• The dermis also produces elastin and collagen.
• A hair follicle is pit of cells that produces hair.
– Elastin makes skin flexible.– Collagen gives skin its shape.
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33.1 Skeletal System
• Beneath the dermis is a layer of fat.
fat layer