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UNIT 1 – Area of Study 1
Body Systems & Human Movement
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
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THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM There are about 650 muscles in the human body and they make up nearly half of its weight.
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Produces movement Maintains posture
Essential body functions :
- Heart- Breathing- Digestion
- Circulation
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THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM TYPES OF MUSCLE : CARDIAC MUSCLE – is the
muscle that makes up the heart walls and is responsible for controlling the heart.
Cardiac muscle is INVOLUNTARY and requires no conscious thought control as it works automatically.
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THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM TYPES OF MUSCLE : SMOOTH MUSCLE – is
found in the intestines and blood vessels.
Smooth muscle is INVOLUNTARY and like cardiac muscle you have no control over it.
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THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM TYPES OF MUSCLE : SKELETAL MUSCLE – is
controlled VOLUNTARILY and is the muscle used to perform movements and control posture.
Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by tendons and are used to perform physical activity.
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DELTOID
TRAPEZIUSTRICEPS
BICEPS
ABDOMINALS
PECTORALS
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
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DELTOID
TRICEPS
TRAPEZIUS
LATISSIMUS DORSI
BICEPS RHOMBOIDS
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
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GLUTEALS
HAMSTRINGSQUADRICEPS
GASTROCNEMI
USTIBIALIS
ANTERIOR
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
SOLEUS
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THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
DELTOID
BICEPS
LATISSIMUSDORSI
TIBIALISANTERIOR
WRISTFLEXORS
WRISTEXTENSORS
TRICEPS
PECTORALS
ABDOMINALS
QUADRICEPSGASTROCNEMIUS
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THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
TRICEPS
LATISSIMUSDORSI
QUADRICEPS
SOLEUS
DELTOID
TRAPEZIUS
GLUTEALS
HAMSTRINGS
GASTROCNEMIUS
BICEPS
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MOVEMENTMUSCLE MAJOR MOVEMENTTRAPEZIUS Raise & adduct scapulae
RHOMBOIDS Adduction of scapulaeLATISSIMUS DORSI Shoulder adductionERECTOR SPINAE Trunk extension
PECTORALS Shoulder flexionABDOMINALS Trunk flexion
DELTOID Shoulder abductionBICEPS Elbow flexionTRICEPS Elbow extension
WRIST FLEXORS Wrist flexionWRIST EXTENSORS Wrist extension
QUADRICEPS Hip flexion / Knee extensionHAMSTRINGS Hip extension / Knee flexion
GLUTEALS Hip extensionGASTROCNEMIUS Plantar flexion
SOLEUS Plantar flexionTIBIALIS ANTERIOR Dorsi flexion
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MOVEMENT Movement is made possible
when muscles contract or shorten and pull on the bones to which they are attached.
Muscles work in pairs so that when one muscle contracts to create a desired movement, its “partner” must relax and stretch to allow the bones to move.
This process is known as “RECIPROCAL INHIBITION”.
Example – When doing a bicep curl up-phase the bicep contracts and shortens and the tricep relaxes and stretches.
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MOVEMENT In the “reciprocal inhibition” relationship : The muscle creating the movement is known
as the AGONIST or PRIME MOVER. The muscle that relaxes is known as the
ANTAGONIST.
Also, to assist this process the surrounding bones need to be stable to allow effective movement. Muscles that contract to hold the surrounding bones still are known as STABILISERS.
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NERVOUS CONTROL Muscular contractions are
controlled by conscious thought in the brain :
1. Brain sends signal 2. Electrical impulse travels
along spinal chord to motor neuron ( nerve )
3. Impulse travels along chain of neurons ( neural chain )
4. Message arrives at muscle fibres
5. Muscle fibres are stimulated to contract.
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NERVOUS CONTROL CELL BODY – the body of the cell.
NEURONdendrites
cell body
axon
nucleus
NUCLEUS – control centre of the neuron.
DENDRITES – receive information from other neurons.
AXON – conducts the electrical impulses ( it is covered in a protective myelin sheath ).
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MUSCLE STRUCTURE Muscles are made up of thousands of muscle
fibres running side by side the whole length of the muscle.
Each muscle fibre is made up of smaller fibres called MYOFIBRILS.
These myofibrils are made up of tiny protein structures called FILAMENTS.
There are two types of filament : Thick filaments made of MYOSIN. Thin filamemts made of ACTIN.
The ACTIN filaments slide over the MYOSIN filaments to create movement.
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MUSCLE STRUCTURECROSS SECTION OF A MUSCLE
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MUSCLE STRUCTURECROSS SECTION OF A MUSCLE
BUNDLES OF FIBRES
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MUSCLE STRUCTURECROSS SECTION OF A MUSCLE
BUNDLES OF FIBRES
MUSCLE FIBRES
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MUSCLE STRUCTURE
......................................................... ...
CROSS SECTION OF A MUSCLE
BUNDLES OF FIBRES
MUSCLE FIBRES
MYOFIBRILS
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MUSCLE STRUCTURE
......................................................... ... MYOFIBRILS
MUSCLE FIBRES
BUNDLES OF FIBRES
CROSS SECTION OF A MUSCLE
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MUSCLE STRUCTURE
......................................................... ...
CROSS SECTION OF A MUSCLE
BUNDLES OF FIBRES
MUSCLE FIBRES
MYOFIBRILS
FILAMENTS
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SLIDING FILAMENT THEORYSARCOMERE
Z LINE Z LINE
ACTIN FILAMENTMYOSIN FILAMENT
H ZONEA BAND I
BAND I BAND
CROSSBRIDGES
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SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY
1. Electrical impulse
arrives at the relaxed muscle via
the CNS
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SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY
1. Electrical impulse
arrives at the relaxed muscle via
the CNS
2. Calcium is released
which bonds the
crossbridges to the ACTIN
RELAXED MUSCLE
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SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY
1. Electrical impulse
arrives at the relaxed muscle via
the CNS
2. Calcium is released
which bonds the
crossbridges to the ACTIN
RELAXED MUSCLE
CROSSBRIDGES BOND TO THE ACTIN FILAMENT
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SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY3. Cross
bridges begin to pull the ACTIN
filaments towards middle
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SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY3. Cross
bridges begin to pull the ACTIN
filaments towards middle
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SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY3. Cross
bridges begin to pull the ACTIN
filaments towards middle
4. Muscle contracts
and shortens.
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SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY3. Cross
bridges begin to pull the ACTIN
filaments towards middle
4. Muscle contracts
and shortens.
CONTRACTED MUSCLE
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SLIDING FILAMENT THEORYANIMATION
MYOSIN cross bridges sliding the ACTIN filaments and contracting the muscle
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SLIDING FILAMENT THEORYANIMATION
MYOSIN cross bridges sliding the ACTIN filaments and contracting the muscle
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SLIDING FILAMENT THEORYANIMATION
MYOSIN cross bridges sliding the ACTIN filaments and contracting the muscle
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SLIDING FILAMENT THEORYANIMATION
MYOSIN cross bridges sliding the ACTIN filaments and contracting the muscle
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SLIDING FILAMENT THEORYANIMATION
MYOSIN cross bridges sliding the ACTIN filaments and contracting the muscle
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SLIDING FILAMENT THEORYANIMATION
MYOSIN cross bridges sliding the ACTIN filaments and contracting the muscle
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MUSCLE CONTRACTION
When the electrical impulse reaches the muscle fibres of a particular motor unit ( the neuron & the muscle fibres it activates ) it must be over a certain threshold to stimulate a contraction.
If the electrical impulse does not reach the threshold – nothing will happen.
When the threshold is surpassed, a contraction is stimulated and ALL fibres in the motor unit will contract MAXIMALLY and at the same time.
THEREFORE : For a maximum contraction ( throwing a ball as far as you can )
- ALL motor units will be activated and contract MAXIMALLY. For a sub-maximal contraction ( a short throw ) - only SOME of
the motor units will be activated and contract MAXIMALLY.
THE ALL OR NOTHING PRINCIPLE
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MUSCLE CONTRACTION There are three types of muscle
contractions : 1. ISOTONIC - the muscle length
changes during contraction : (a) CONCENTRIC – the muscle
length shortens ( bicep curl – UP ) (b) ECCENTRIC – the muscle length
increases ( bicep curl – DOWN ) 2. ISOMETRIC – the muscle length
remains unchanged ( gripping a racquet handle )
3. ISOKINETIC – the resistance changes according to joint angle ( requires special machines like the cybex & nautilus which allows maximum contractions through the full range of movement ).
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MUSCLE FIBRESMUSCLE FIBRE ARRANGEMENT
FUSIFORM MUSCLES
Fusiform muscles are long and thin.
The muscle fibres run the length of the muscle in the same direction as the tendon.
Fusiform muscles can contract rapidly but produce low forces.
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MUSCLE FIBRESMUSCLE FIBRE ARRANGEMENT
PENNATE MUSCLES
* In pennate muscle fibre arrangements the muscle fibres run on angles from the tendons.* A larger number of muscle fibres in this arrangement allows pennate muscles to generate greater forces than fusiform muscles but they are slower.
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MUSCLE FIBRES 1. SLOW TWITCH FIBRES – are
best suited to endurance ( aerobic ) activities as they :
contract slowly with less force.
have an increased capacity to use oxygen.
have the capacity to contract for longer time periods.
don’t fatigue easily. Have high capillary density. Have high mitochondria
density. Have high myoglobin
concentration. Have high fat stores.
Muscles are constructed of two different muscle fibres :
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MUSCLE FIBRES
2. FAST TWITCH FIBRES – are best suited to high intensity ( anaerobic ) strength & power activities as they :
contract rapidly. contract with greater force. Have a large fibre diameter. have the capacity to contract
for only shorter time periods. fatigue easily. Have high phospho-creatine
stores. Have high glycogen stores.
Muscles are constructed of two different muscle fibres :
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MUSCLE FIBRES The proportion of a person’s slow twitch and fast
twitch fibres will be determined genetically. Also, the proportion from one body part to another
may be different. Therefore, a person may have a high proportion of fast
twitch fibres in the legs yet a high proportion of slow twitch fibres in the upper body.
Basically, an athlete’s suitability and ability for particular events will mostly be determined genetically.
Athletes with high proportions of fast twitch fibres will be best suited to speed, strength, power activities.
Athletes with high proportions of slow twitch fibres will be best suited to endurance, distance activities.
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MUSCLE FIBRESAverage proportion of fast & slow twitch fibres in
various muscles.
SOLEU
S
TIBIAL
IS AN
T
BICEP
S FEM
ORIS
DELTOID
TRAP
EZIUS
GLUT M
AX LATS
GASTR
OCNEMIUS
RECTU
S ABD
OMBIC
EPS
RHOMBOIDS
TRICEP
S0%
10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
Slow
tw
itch
fast
tw
itch
( Johnson et al 1972 )
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MUSCLE FIBRESProportion of fast & slow twitch fibres in various athletes
Slow
tw
itch
fast
tw
itch
MARAT
HON
ORIENTE
RING
CYCLIS
T
CANOEIS
T
MIDDLE DIST
SWIMMER
SOCCER
WEIGHTLI
FTER
UNTRAIN
ED
THROWER
SPRINTE
R0
102030405060708090
100
( Johnson et al 1972 )
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1. The muscles mainly responsible for making movements are known as:A/ stabilisers.B/ antagonists.C/ agonists.D/ fixators.
2. The muscle responsible for shrugging the shoulders is the:A/ trapezius.B/ rhomboids.C/ latissimus dorsi.D/ pectoralis major.
3. Which pair of muscles does not have an agonist - antagonist relationship ?A/ trapezius - rhomboidsB/ biceps - tricepsC/ quadriceps - hamstringsD/ erector spinae - abdominals
REVISION QUESTIONS
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REVISION QUESTIONS4. Which of these arrangements of muscle fibres allows for the greatest strength ?
A/ fusiformB/ pennateC/ skeletalD/ smooth
5. The muscle fibres responsible for explosive movements are:A/ fast twitch.B/ quick twitch.C/ slow twitch.D/ ballistic twitch.
6. The messages the brain sends to the muscles are:A/ chemical.B/ electrical.C/ mechanical.D/ fibrous.
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REVISION QUESTIONS7. When a muscle contracts it becomes:
A/ shorter.B/ longer.C/ it can be either of the above.D/ it can be neither of the above.
8. In the action of throwing a ball which muscle is contracted ?A/ the triceps - concentricallyB/ the triceps - eccentricallyC/ the biceps - concentricallyD/ the biceps - eccentrically
9. In the action of squatting down which muscle group is contracted ?A/ the quadriceps - concentricallyB/ the quadriceps - eccentricallyC/ the hamstrings - concentricallyD/ the hamstrings - eccentrically