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November. In contrast, the proportion
of men that earn their living from
service provision and sales increased
by 24 percentage points between the
same time period.
The rising trend in unemployment
compared to pre-crisis November
2008 continued. At this time, a total
of 66% of women aged 15-49 yearswere working in Antananarivo. By
May 2010, only 56% of women were
working, a proportion that remained
unchanged by December 2010. This
is attributed to significant loss of
labour in the free-trade zones,
namely in the textile industry, which
to a large extent had been employing
women. As for men, the negative
trend has been steady: in November
2008, a total of 72% of men aged 15-
49 years were working, in May 2010it was 70% and in November of the
same year 65%. With the
unemployment rate being defined by
the proportion of people who do not
have work but who are looking for
work, the overall unemployment rate
in the Capital remained rather stable
(13% in May and 12% in November).
Yet, the unemployment rate for the
very young population is significantly
higher than the average. For the age
group 15-17 years (of which about
one third has entered the labour
market to work or look for work), a
total of 35% are unemployed. Among
those aged 20-24 years, 23% are
unemployed.
As for Toliara, the overall
employment situation has remained
rather stable with the notable
exception of an increase of female
heads of households engaged in
work. In May 2010, 77% of female
household heads were working
compared to 93% in November 2009.
A rather peculiar development in the
labour market has been noticed for
the period May-November 2010.
There is an increasing number of
males that do not work and that at
the same time do not look for work
(controlling for any increases in post-
secondary education). In fact, whilethe proportion of men aged 15-64
years that work decreased from 71%
to 67% between May and November
2010 in Antananarivo, the proportion
of men that were out of work but did
not search for work increased from
22% to 27%. This behaviour appears
to be of concern and may be
attributed to an increasing sense of
discouragement among men to look
for work in the market, or to an
increasing trend in labour activitiesthat shall remain unreported.
The trend that an increasing
proportion of the population that is
out-of-work is not looking for work
has been even more pronounced in
Toliara. A total of 47% among those
aged 15-64 years that are not
working did not search for work in
November 2010 compared to 30% in
May 2010.
School ing
Of particular interest are behaviours
related to the schooling of children as
the new school year had just begun
at the time of the surveys. In Toliara,
no change was registered in the
overall enrolment rates of children
aged 6-17 years for the school years
2009/10 in comparison to 2010/11;
rates remained at 85%. The
enrolment rate for the age group 6-10
years is 89%. However, a drop in
enrolment was registered for children
in the age group 11-14 years, with a
clear preference of taking out girls
from school before doing so with
boys. While a total of 91% of girls of
the age group 11-14 years were
inscribed for 2009/10, it was only
82% for the school year 2010/11.
Households made clear choices
where to keep children at school and
where not, especially when economic
resources are tight. In particular girlsthat are far beyond the age of
attending primary school, but that
nevertheless were still attending in
the past year (because of multiple
repetitions or late school entry) were
withdrawn: the proportion of girls
dropping out of school in the age
group 15-17 years that still attends
primary school was 19.5% compared
to 0% among boys in the same
situation.
A similar trend, albeit without
discrimination against girl students -
was observed in Antananarivo with
regards to adolescents in general,
and in particular that had been
repeating classes for several times
and/or had been enrolled in classes
not appropriate to their age group. A
significant reduction in the overall
enrolment rate of children aged 15-17
years was registered between the
school years 2009/10 (69%) and
2010/11 (59%). In contrast, a
surprising increase by 5% in school
enrolment for primary school children
was noticed between the past and
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current school years. The total
enrolment rate for this age group is
97%. The drop-out rate for school
children of this age group has been
0% between the two mentioned
school years. However, drop-out
rates for children aged 11-14 years
was 2.5%, for children aged 15-17
years it was 11%.
The above shows that parents
apply a high esteem for having
their young children enrolled in
primary school, which is near-
universal in the Capital
irrespective of their income
situation. The fact that there has
been even an increase in the
enrolment rate in the current school
year has increased pressures on
current school infrastructure that
struggle to accommodate an evergrowing number of students. It should
be noted that only one third of all
children in the Capital frequent public
schools, the remainder go to private
schools. In order to make the
enrolment possible, households have
temporarily reduced food expenses
and increased education expenses to
ensure that the relatively high school
expenses at the beginning of the
school year can be covered.
Households, however, have also
made a choice to withdraw elder
children from school, in particular
where they seem to have failed to
progress.
More emphasis needs to be paid to
the needs of adolescent students to
avoid high drop-out rates that seem
to be significantly related to multiple
class repetition which points towards
a low quality of education in the
school itself and limited support for
the students in the home
environment.
A complementary spot-check
assessment by UNICEF of gross
enrolment in 104 public primary
schools in the country showed that
the 2010 CEPE success rate
increased by 2.7% compared to
2009, with the average passing rateat 84.2% compared to 81.7% in
2009. 76% of urban schools had a
CEPE success rate higher than 75%,
while only 63% of rural schools had
CEPE success rates exceeding 75%.
Informants noted that urban schools
had better working conditions, in
terms of human, pedagogical and
financial resources.
The assessment also found that
there was a general increase inprimary public school enrolment in
rural areas which was attributed to
transfers from urban to rural zones
and from private to public schools. It
may also be related to
counterintuitive behavior of parents
seen elsewhere in increasingly
volatile contexts where enrolment
rates increase contrary to
expectations. The assessment further
found a reduction in enrolment in
urban areas consistent with the
McRAM findings where the removal
from over-age children still attending
primary school reduced the gross
enrolment rates.
Because of continued hiring of FRAM
teachers by schools to meet their
staffing needs, the proportion of
FRAM teachers not receiving
government salary subvention
increased from 26% to nearly 31% in
the sampled schools. At the time of
the spot checks, all government-
subventioned FRAM teachers had
received their subventions up until
the last bimester of the 2009/2010
school year (June/July). However,
none had yet been paid for the
2010/2011 school year. All non-
subventioned FRAM teachers who
were paid by the schools, however,
had been paid for October.
None of the schools sampled had
received their caisses colesor
school capitation grants for neither
school year, 2009/10 or 20010/11. To
pay for running costs, they mainly
relied on parents. Some schools had
activated income generating
activities. For example, many urban
schools rented out parking spaces.
The off-loading of costs to maintain
schools onto parents was reinforcedby the introduction of registration fees
that did not exist previously. This is
contrary to all efforts to establish a
truly free education for children in
Madagascar that frees poor parents
from these additional costs that could
be invested in other necessary
expenses. In comparison, the
government spent a total of Ariary
12,971,943,000 or about 6.5 million
USD for the 2008/09 school year
covering a total of 20,261 primary
schools with an estimated 4,324,000
students enrolled.
In general, Madagascar cannot be
said to offer fee-free primary
education. The caisses colesalong
with the FRAM subventions are
largely credited with Madagascars
rapid increase in primary school
enrollment over the past decade.
One can only fear the consequences
if government financial support to
schools continues to be absent, as inthe case of the caisses coles, or
inconsistent and insufficient, as in the
case of the FRAM subventions. It is
unheard of that a government should
not contribute with any resources to
the running of its schools while global
advocacy and practice all
concentrates on providing cost-free
primary education. As per the results
from the 2010 Enqute Priodique
Auprs des Mnages(EPM),
households spent on average Ariary39,000 per school-enrollee, with
significant variations between urban
and rural sites and between the
countrys regions.
Scolarisationdesenfantsde617ans:volutiondestauxd'inscriptionen2009/2010et2010/2011
92,1 93,0
68,7
97,2
88,3
59,2
0
20
40
60
80
100
6-10 ans 11-14 ans 15-17 ans
Annescolaire2009/2010 Annescolaire2010/2011Source: McRAMIMai2010etMCRAMIINov.2010
Comparative enrolment rates for school years 2009/10 and 2010/11 in
Antananarivo. Source: McRAM Antananarivo, November 2010
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Rural pover ty
While the situation in the urban areas
seems to be stabilising since the onsetof the crisis, and without having been
affected as heavily as expected, the
results from the main national
household survey producing the
countrys poverty data, the Enqute
Priodique Auprs des Mnages
(EPM), officially presented together
with a preliminary report at the end of
January 2011 by INSTAT, has shown a
worrying increase of poverty in the rural
areas since 2005, when poverty rates
were last measured. This comes ratherunexpected as the effects of the
political crisis 2001/02 had inverse
results with significant increases in the
urban poverty rate. While the overall
incidence of poverty increased from
68.7% in 2005 to 76.5% in 2010, rural
poverty increased from 73.5% to 82.2%
for the same period. Over 4/5 of the
population in rural areas is living below
the national poverty line1.
Of real concern is a widening gap
between the poor and the rich, the
1INSTAT has calculated the poverty line
at Ariary 468,800/person/year whichamounts to approximately USD 230 (as ofFebruary 2011).
EPM 2010 has measured a rise in
inequality between 2005 and 2010.The Gini coefficient passed from 0.365
to 0.403 over the mentioned period. A
further analysis of the reasons for the
significant increase of poverty in the
rural areas will be required, an initial
assumption is that rural development
has been neglected over the past
years. In general, it seems that
investments made have not borne fruit
or have been too limited to halt a
negative trend. A total of 80.5% of the
Malagasy population is employed in theagricultural sector of which again
87.5% are cultivating rice. It will be
imperative to further investigate the
relation between increases in rural
poverty and the economic returns
gained by rice harvesting households.
The intensity of poverty has
significantly increased in rural areas
compared to 2005 and is one of the
highest since poverty levels have been
measured by INSTAT starting in 1993
with the exception of the year 2001.
This indicates a slow but mounting
crisis of rural households despite two
past years of comparatively good
harvests.
ECURITY
here has been a sharp deterioration in
e sense of security between May and
ecember 2010 in Toliara. In May, 38% of
e households indicated not feeling secure
0.5% female headed households) - this
gure increased to 77% in December (80.5%
r female headed households). A total of
% of households indicated having been a
ctim of some form of violence, a rate which
mained unchanged since May 2010.
Antananarivo, the sense of insecurity
creased too, albeit to a lesser degree, from
% in May 2010 to 61% of households
dicating a sense of insecurity in November
010. Equally, 6% of households indicated
aving been victim of a form of violence by
ovember 2010.
EEDS
s for Toliara, the priority needs in the shortrm as indicated by the households were
mployment (54%), followed by food (48%)
nd social support (32%). In the long term,
ouseholds indicated a need for housing
9%) followed by work (33.5%) and
ducation for their children (32.5%).
Antananarivo, the primary needs in the
ort term were employment (52%), an end
the political crisis (41%) and food
6%). In the long term, they hoped for
ousing (68%), work (29%) and schooling foreir children (26%).
MERGENCE OF A VULNERABLEROUP: FEMALE HEADEDOUSEHOLDS
early one quarter (23%) of all
ouseholds in Antananarivo are female
eaded households. Half of them live on
ss than 100,000 Ariary per
ousehold/month. (This proportion is true for
nly 27% of male headed households.)
bout 30% of them did not have work during
e time of the survey (November). The
elihood of children dropping out of school
om among these households is higher than
ompared to male headed households. A
tal of 77% of these women are either
vorced, widowed or live in separation to
eir husbands/fathers of their children. The
lnerability of female headed households
as increased between May and November
010.
Toliara, nearly one third of householdse female headed. Among them, 18.5% do
ot work and 40% of live on less than
00,000 Ariary/month/household. They are
ore often exposed to acts of violence
.5% indicated having been a victim
cently) compared to male headed
ouseholds (4.8%).
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UTRITION
oint Comprehensive Food and Nutrition
ecurity and Vulnerability Analysis
o provide an accurate and detailed assessment of the
urrent food and nutrition security situation and to assess
e causes and risk factors for food and nutrition
security in rural areas, UNICEF and WFP have carried
ut a joint Comprehensive Food and Nutrition Security
nd Vulnerability Analysis in all the rural zones of all 22gions of the country. This assessment may also help to
etter understand the surge in rural poverty. Analysis is
ngoing and will identify potential ways to mitigate food
nd nutrition insecurity in rural areas and identify
articularly vulnerable households (or pockets of
ulnerability) where special assistance may be required.
reliminary data for nutrition show large discrepancies
thin the country, for example for Vitamin A, a cost
fective high impact intervention which reduces by 23%
all-cause mortality1
show coverage as low as 21% and
3% respectively in Atsimo Andrefana and in Androy as
pposed to the national average of 74.1%.
ery much mirroring the results of the Demographic and
ealth Survey 2008/09, the total stunting (height-for-age)
evalence is 49% with the highest levels found in the
gh-lands namely Vakinakaratra(71%) and AmoroniMania
1%).
he assessment was carried out in August/September
010 at the beginning of the lean period the national level
global acute malnutrition (GAM) is 5.4%. However, in
ome regions worryingly high levels for this time of the
ear were noted namely in Atsimo Andrefana and in the
outh with GAM levels of 8.1%. The area most affected by
opical storm Hubert (Vatovavy Fitovinany) showed a
evalence of 8.8%).
Beaton GH, Martorell R. Aronson KA et al. Effectiveness of vitamin A
pplementation in thecontrol of young childmorbidity and mortality inveloping countries. Toronto, Canada: Universityof Toronto,1993.
The s i tuat ion in t he South
While the Southern region of Madagascar suffers from chronic drought
and structural vulnerability in terms of food security, nutrition, access to
health and water and sanitation, a large portion of this region has been
particularly affected by two consecutive years of low annual rainfall (i.e.
294mm in 2009 and 325mm in 2010). In normal years the annual
average is 530mm. This situation has led to the failure of the main
agricultural season during 2009 and 2010, and for the first time areas
traditionally producing agricultural surplus have been affected, namely
the two districts of Betioky and Betroka in the North of the region . This is
the 3rd failed harvest over the last 5 years.
This prolonged drought situation in the three regions of Anosy, Androy
and Atsimo Andrefana, in the South of Madagascar, has affected an
estimated population of 1,827,235 inhabitants, resulting in the
worsening of the food security situation for 720,000 inhabitants in the 8districts of Betioky, Ampanihy, Beloha, Bekily, Tsihombe, Ambovombe,
Taolanaro and Amboasary.
According to the Food Security Early Warning System (SAP2), over the
last three years, there has been an alarming increase in the
municipalities classified as being food insecure: 31 in 2008; 45 in 2009
and 53 as of August 2010 out of a total of 104 municipalities covered by
the SAP. This is the highest number of municipalities classified as food
insecure ever since the creation of Food Security Early Warning System
(SAP) in 1996.
The hunger gap period began in October 2010 and is likely to extend up
to end of March 2011. During this period, the sale of livestock remains
the main source of income for livestock breeders. The average price of
a Zebu (local cow) had dropped from USD 103 in 2008 to USD 51 in
20103. In addition, the population has had little time to recover from the
losses of previous seasons and traditional coping mechanisms have
been eroded. Since the beginning of the hunger gap period, more than
a third of the population is using extreme coping strategies such as
eating wild food, and immature crops and going entire days without
eating. Distress food commodities such as cacti appear on market stalls
and unusual patterns of male migration due to food insecurity is also
observed in 43% of the southern municipalities while no migration was
observed at the same period last year 4.
2Systme dAlerte Prcoce, Final Prognosis, No 142, June 2010
3SAP bulletin No144, 54% of households sold more than usual cattle this year.
4While no unusual migration due to food insecurity was observed in December
2009, this phenomenon was observed in 16% of municipalities in July 2010and in 43% in September 2010, SAP Bulletins No 136 and No144.
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EALTH
hile the overall allocation of resources for the health
udget appeared to be relatively unchanged in terms of its
oportion to the total public budget, the actual expenses
ave sharply decreased in 2010 - with a negative impact on
e ability of the public health services to function as
efore. It needs to be considered that already the
oportion of public health expenditures in the budget is
nly slightly above half of what is recommended by WHO,
amely 15% of the total public budget. The health sector
udget constituted 7.4% of the total budget in 2008, 7.1%
2009 and was announced to be 8.7% of the total budget
location as per the Finance Law for 2011. However,
ctual expenditures for the public health sector were in
010 the lowest since 10 years, namely USD 2 per person
y November-2010) compared with USD 5 in 2009 and
SD 8 in 2008.
he investment budget as well as the recurrent budget has
een sharp cuts. As for 2011, despite an optimistic budget
location for the sector as prescribed by the Finance Law,
e Ministry of Health has prepared itself for a continued
usterity programme by prioritizing certain activities overhers. Of particular concern are the cuts in the recurrent
udget affecting the functioning of basic health centres
at serve the majority of health seeking population and
at are essential for the treatment of basic childhood
nesses such as acute respiratory infections and
arrhea. It is yet unclear how the construction of
nnounced new hospitals will be financed and staffed
ven a dire health financial situation and the lack of
vailable qualified health staff nationally.
he Expanded Immunization Program (EPI) in Madagascar
as faced significant challenges in 2010 as the Ministry ofealth defaulted on its previous commitment to secure
ufficient funding for the purchase of vaccines, vaccine-
lated supplies and for maintaining the cold chain
ystem. In 2008 and 2009 respectively, the government
located USD 881,182 and USD 968,479 for the purchase
vaccines and supplies, but only USD 0.46 million in
010. UNICEF contributed USD 0.50 (in 2008) and USD 0.48
n 2009) worth of vaccines and supplies, but had to
crease its contribute with as much as USD 1.7 million in
010 in order to secure the supply of basic vaccines for
e country.1
or 2011 the government has committed to contribute USD
13 million for the purchase of new vaccines, and USD
68 million for the purchase of routine vaccines. Failing to
ay its contribution will result in GAVI suspending its USD
6.4 million contribution, leaving 787,000 children under
ne year unprotected against Diphtheria Tetanus,
ertussis, Haemophillus influenza B, Hepatitis B and
neumococcal infections.
nce 2009 no GAVI performance awards were paid to
adagascar EPI programme - the last one was paid in
008. This has seriously impeded the functioning costs of
e EPI program.
n the pluri-annual plan for EPI, signed by the government, UN and
nors UNICEFs contribution is agreed at 411,000 USD
According to the 2010 WFP/FAO crop and food security assessment
report, between 2009 and 2010, there has been an increasing number
of households with poor food consumption (poor dietary diversity and
low frequency of consumption of different food groups), poor access
to food (reduced income and low food stocks), and use of extreme
coping strategies. Global food insecurity (moderate and severe) in the
targeted districts increased by 8.6% but severe food insecurity
increased by 28% because 19.3 % shifted from moderate food
insecure to severely food insecure with a worrying trend in the South
West of the country. Furthermore, the assessment has also shownthat compared to 2009, cereal production in the South has decreased
by 80% and tuber output by 40%. This deterioration is putting the
population, already weakened by two consecutive years of drought, at
risk of a more serious crisis as their traditional coping mechanisms are
almost exhausted.
Moreover, the socio-political crisis that persists since 2009 led to the
suspension of development aid and a drop in external financial
support by 77% in terms of subsidy and 39.5% in terms of loans. The
global financial crisis contributed to a fall of 8% of GDP during the
biennium 2009/2010. Most social and development projects have
been suspended in the south aggravating further the alreadyprecarious situation of the population in terms of food security, health,
nutrition and water and sanitation. The situation is not likely to improve
as Madagascars political agenda remains uncertain in the coming
months and the international funding is not expected to resume in a
short or medium term.
According to last Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) report, the
Southern Regions of Anosy and Androy registered one of highest
prevalence of stunting5
in the world with respectively 57.5% and
55.5%. The national average is 50.1%. These high stunting rates are
aggravating factors for the child mortality in a already very fragile
socio-economic context.
This situation has been further exacerbated by the sharp increase in
the mean price of water, 13% between 2009 and 2010 (from 770
Ariary a bucket of 15 litres in 2009 to 873 Ariary in 2010) and 58%
from January to November 2010 (742 Ariary to 1.174 Ariary)6. Water
availability remains a cause of concern especially in remote villages
and populations have often to walk 10-15 km on average to find water.
Even in basic health centres (CSB), patients are requested to bring
their own water from unknown sources as in most of the CSBs there is
no water
The supply chain for essential medicines is also inadequate in 87% of
the health centres covered by a survey jointly led by WHO, UNICEF
and UNFPA, e.g. oxytocin for safe motherhood interventions is
unavailable in most health centres, essential medicine stocks are
depleted in the majority of them. The joint survey also found that
approximately 60% of the population mentions financial reasons for
not attending health centres when needed, more than double the rate
of the rest of the country. This is consistent with the other data about
the price of cattle falling (zebu at half price). Due to the food crisis,
households have to prioritise their budgets towards procurement of
food. Little is left for any other essential and life-saving services.
Given both the treats to food and nutrition security and the declining
state of health services a humanitarian intervention is warranted.
5Chronic malnutrition: High for Age< 32 score
6Ar 2,000 = $1 Source: Food Security Early Warning System (SAP)
-
8/7/2019 UNICEF Newsletter on the Situation of Children - January 2011
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