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p.1
UHF band(860UHF band(860--960MHz) RFID 960MHz) RFID development in Japandevelopment in Japan
Jin MitsugiAuto-ID Labs. Japan
Keio University
APRICOT 2005, Feb. 21, 2005
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p.2
AgendaAgenda
• Features of UHF band RFID system• Long range communication • Multiple tag reading • What deteriorates the reading accuracy?
• Radio Regulations around UHF band RFID system • Radio regulations?• Japan status
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p.3
Executive summaryExecutive summary
• UHF band RFID features 5-10m reading distance. Primary target is supply chain management.
• Reading accuracy depends on the radio propagation environment as well as tag and reader performance.
• 952-954MHz band will be opened to RFID system in Japan from early FY.2005.
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p.4
UHF band? UHF band?
VHF UHF SHF
30MHz 300MHz 3GHz 30GHz
TV ch.1 = 90-96MHzTV ch.12 = 216-222MHz
UHF TV 470-770MHz
Cellular Phone etc.810-960MHz
HF
3MHz
2.45GHz RFID
860-960MHz RFID
13.56MHz RFID
Frequently referred to as UHF RFID
Satellite Broadcasting12GHz
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p.5
Typical Usages of UHF RFIDTypical Usages of UHF RFID
Interrogator
Low power typeLow power typeHigh power type High power type
Folk Lift
Top view Side view
Interrogator Antenna
Long range, multiple tags reading Short range, individual tag reading
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p.6
Class of Class of RFIDRFID systemsystem
• Active RFID:• carries battery for radio wave transmission
• Passive RFID • Passive backscatter: Power is supplied by
interrogator in the form of radio wave.• Read only • Read/Write
• may carry battery to power the logic circuit in tag (semi-passive).
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p.7
Basics of UHF passive RFIDBasics of UHF passive RFID
Interrogator
Antenna
Tag
Antenna Logic circuit
Network
Command/ Power supply
Response
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p.8
Interrogator Interrogator –– Tag communication Tag communication in a nutshellin a nutshell
Interrogator TagPower supply and wake up tag
Command
ReplyPower supply
Power shall be supplied to tags by interrogator Power shall be supplied to tags by interrogator while tags reply. while tags reply.
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p.9
Power level chartPower level chart
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
-100
-110
Pow
er(d
BW
)
Interrogator Output power
Tag reply power
Interrogator reception
Path loss
Path loss
90dB down = 1/1000,000,000
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p.10
Fundamental dilemma of passive Fundamental dilemma of passive RFIDRFID
• Tag needs to efficiently absorb the radio wave energy from interrogator.
• Tag needs to reflect the radio wave, generating 1 and 0 states, for the reply.
Solutions ・Optimal design of tag impedance ・Separate antennas for power supply and communications
Absorb ? Reflect?
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p.11
What is the purpose of UHF RFID? What is the purpose of UHF RFID?
RetailorDistribution CenterFactory
Expiry / Overstock
CounterfeitTheft
Accurate and real-time visibility of total supply chain by RFID
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p.12
Why UHF? Why UHF?
• Long range communications requirement
Several meters reading range required
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p.13
Why UHF? (2)Why UHF? (2)
( ) ⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛=
πλ
π 441 2
2t
rrtG
LPGP
Power reception at tag
Transmitting power Wavelength
Path lossThe lower the frequency, the larger the power reception. The lower the frequency, the larger the tags becomes. Good compromise = UHF band; Same story as cellular phone
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p.14
Other application of UHF RFID systemOther application of UHF RFID system
Automatic participants tracking in Keio University Open Research Forum 2004.
UHF RFID Tag
UHF RFID Antenna
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p.15
Counting accuracy comparisonCounting accuracy comparison
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
59000 59200 59400 59600 59800 60000 60200
Accumulated time (sec)
Number of person pas
sing the gate per 30 sec
Optical sensorRFID reader
Note:Not all the participants has UHF tag. Optical sensor sometimes missed counting because of overwrapping of persons and/or bags
Comparison of number of passing participants Counted by using optical gate sensor and RFID reader
→Satisfactory agreement
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p.16
Detailed analysis on the reading accuracyDetailed analysis on the reading accuracy
Ouput level (EIRP) Test case Person 27dBm (33dBm) 23.1dBm(29.1dBm) 18dBm(24dBm)
Person 1 100%(20/20) 100%(20/20) 65%(13/20) Person 2 100%(20/20) 100%(20/20) 75%(15/20)
Case 1
Person 3 100%(20/20) 85%(17/20) 10%(2/20) Person 1 100%(20/20) Person 2 80%(16/20)
Case 2
Person 3 85%(17/20)
100% reading accuracy for 2W transmission power
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p.17
Factors affecting the reading accuracyFactors affecting the reading accuracy
Transmitting powerPath loss
Path loss TagInterrogator
Minimum necessary power for Tag logic circuit
Penetration loss
Exposure time to the sufficient power RF wave in case of a reading of population of tags
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p.18
Multiple tag reading sequenceMultiple tag reading sequence
Group SelectFlag or state transition
Interrogator Tag
Query
(Randomly) select slotTag selecting particular slot broadcast with identification
Collision notify
(Randomly) adjust slotBroadcast with identification
Singulated
(State transition)Tag ID broadcast
Query repeatSingulated tag dormant
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p.19
A prediction of 60 tags reading timeA prediction of 60 tags reading time
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
40 80 160
Interrogator to Tag link speed (kbps)
60 tags reading time (sec)
Certain amount of continuous exposure to sufficient power of RF wave is necessary for multiple tag reading
Time to read 60 tags with 99.9% probability
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p.20
Practical power level fluctuationPractical power level fluctuation
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
0 5000 10000 15000Time(msec)
Rec
eive
d S
igna
l lev
el(d
Bm
)
Minimum power requirement
One second
Path 1
Path 2
Antenna
Tag
Path difference between path 1 and path generates the blind points
In practical implementation, it is not always easy to have sufficient time exposure
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p.21
Frequency allocation status for UHF RFIDFrequency allocation status for UHF RFID
• Region 1 (Europe and Africa)• RFID allocation guideline in Short Range
Device band (865-868MHz, 869.4-869.65MHz)• ERO 70-03, ETSI technical requirements
(EN302208, EN302200)• Region 2 (North and South America)
• ISM band allocation 902-928MHz• FCC15.247 regulates frequency hopping
RFID system technical requirements• Region 3 (Asia Pacific)
• No allocation • Each administration need to establish local
radio regulations for UHF RFID
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p.22
Global frequency allocation chartGlobal frequency allocation chart
850 900 960
Korea: 908.5-914MHz(announced)
US:902-928MHz(EIRP=4W)
ETSI:865-868MHz(ERP=2W, 865.6-867.6MHz)
Japan: 950-956MHz(experimental)
Australia:915-928MHz(EIRP 1W)
860 870 880 890 910 920 930 940 950
An APT country:923-925MHz(planned)
GSM↑ GSM↓
(MHz)
Aeronautical Radionavigation
1215850 900 960
Korea: 908.5 - 914MHz(announced)
US:902-928MHz(EIRP=4W)
ETSI:865-868MHz(ERP=2W, 865.6-867.6MHz)
Japan: 952-954MHz-
Australia:915-928MHz(EIRP 1W)
860 870 880 890 910 920 930 940 950
An APT country:923-925MHz(planned)
GSM↑ GSM↓
(MHz)
Aeronautical Radionavigation
1215
Internationally consistent frequency allocation is impracticable at this moment
869.4-869.65MHz(ERP=0.5W, Duty ratio 10%)
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p.23
Japan frequency allocation Japan frequency allocation
950 956 957 958
Cellular PhoneRFID Candidate band
Cellular phone
AM Radio Relay
(MHz)
950 956 957 958
Cellular phone (IMT-2000)
(MHz)
948
Future plan
Present
RFID Candidate band AM Radio Relay
Fundamental rule of frequency allocation=Newly allocated radio service (RFID) shall not cause harmful interference to the existing service.
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p.24
Harmful interference?Harmful interference?::Spurious emissionSpurious emission
RFIDNeighbor system
Necessary bandwidth Frequency
Power
Spurious emission
Signal power
Leaking of RFID power may deteriorate the signal to noise ratio of the existing services.
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p.25
Harmful interference?Harmful interference?::DesensitizationDesensitization
Neighbor system
Frequency
Power
Signal Reception filter of neighbor system
RFID emission eventually is received by the neighboring system
Desired signal of the neighbor services may be suppressed due to the existence of the large RFID power the proximity.
RFID
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p.26
Summary of Japan radio regulation Summary of Japan radio regulation for UHF RFIDfor UHF RFID
• Licensing• Fast track license for type certificated RFIDs
• Frequency bandwidth 952MHz~954MHz• Maximum transmission power 4W (EIRP)
(slated to be issued early in 2005 FY)(slated to be issued early in 2005 FY)
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p.27
Fundamental benefit of new regulationFundamental benefit of new regulationPresent regulation
Applicant
License application
Administration Cellular company
Application information
Interference studyResults
Preliminary license
TestLicense
New regulation
Applicant
License application
License
Administration
Type certificated RFID
Significant reduction of time and effort to get license
Evaluation Evaluation
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p.28
SummarySummary
• UHF band RFID features 5-10m reading distance. Primary target is supply chain management. Diverse application will be developed once the technology is in the market.
• Reading accuracy depends on the radio propagation environment as well as tag and reader performance.
• 952-954MHz band will be opened to RFID system in Japan from early FY.2005.