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UHE Neutrino Astronomy Summary on International UHE Neutrino
at Beijing
Zhen Cao IHEP, Beijing, China
Annual Conference of Chinese HE-Phys. SocietyGuilin, Oct., 2006
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Outline
• Motivation and the workshop
• Searches for UHE neutrino with Existing Experiments
• Status of Constructing Neutrino Projects
• Updates on UHE Neutrino Related Physics
• Outlook
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Motivation & the Workshop
• Taipei2002 workshop successfully discussed UHE neutrino detection using a mountain as a neutrino converter and C-telescope array to detector neutrino induced air showers
• Enormous progresses in experiment, detector R/D and theory since then
• A new Workshop was held in IHEP, Beijing, April 23rd to 26th
• About 50 people from US, France, Italy, Span, Taiwan and Mainland China attended the workshop
• About 40 experimentalists and 10 theoreticians showed up
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Search for UHE Neutrino
• AUGER Experiment at Argentina
(south hemisphere)• HiRes Experiment at Utah, US
(north hemisphere)
How to: horizontal & low altitude events
Experiment: aperture>10000km2
E >1EeV
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905 surface detector stations deployed
Three fluorescence buildings complete each with 6 telescopes
AUGER: March 2006 ~ 1000 stations
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Fluorescence Detector Building at Los Leones
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M. Roth et al., Karlsruhe
FD search
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Event 767138
= 87.6 = -134.9E ~ 30 EeV/dof =1.7NTanks = 37
SD search
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Falltime vs Risetime (2 cuts)S ≥ 15 VEM & r ≥ 500 m
θ ≥ 70 deg.
θ ≤ 45 deg.
Neutrino candidates should have θ ≥ 70 deg and should show up here.
No events up to now!
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For E>1 EeV
• Both Auger and HiRes have not seen any neutrino event yet
• More focused analyses are going on
AMANDAII results @ lowerenergiesHow to:
C. Spiering
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Constructing Neutrino Projects
• IceCube
• ANITA
• Antares
• Nemo
• CRTNT
• Nutel
• No report from NT200+, Nestor and Ashra
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Second Generation Neutrino Telescopes
Eμ> 5-100Gev Aeff.~0.1-1km2
AMANDA - IceCube
BAIKAL
NESTOR
NEMO
ANTARES
IceCube
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R/D Neutrino Telescopes
Eμ> 200Tev Aeff.>60km2
NuTel
ASHRA
CRTNT
ANITA
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ANITA ANITA (ANtarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna)(ANtarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna)
Each flight ~15 days –
or more
32 quad-ridged horn antennas, dual-polarization, with 10± cant
Downgoing - not seen by payloadUpcoming – absorbed in the earth
! ANITA sees “skimmers”.
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Anita-liteAnita-lite• Two independent analyses
modeled time dependent pulse on measured noise
• Designed cuts to select Askaryan-like events– # cycles in a waveform
– Integrated power
– Time coincidence between channels
– Reduce noise with cross-correlation analysis
• Both analyses find analysis efficiency ~50%• ANITA-lite strongly constrains
Z-burst models
ES&S baseline (min)Kalashev, et al., saturate all bounds (max)
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Stanford Linear Accelerator Calibration• ANITA is going to SLAC for 2 weeks of beam time in End Station A
during June 2006– Full-up system calibration with actual Askaryan impulses from Ice– Uses one of SLAC’s largest experiment halls (End Station A)
250’x200’ w/ 50’ crane– Build 1.6 x 1.6 x 5 m ice cube by stacking blocks, “zamboni” each
surface before stacking, refrigerate• Will provide amplitude, phase, polarization, temporal, and spectral
calibration of the antenna array, including all structure• Excellent opportunity to calibrate the simulation• Payload will be shipped to Antarctica from California after the SLAC test
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© F. Montanet
• 12 lines• 25 storeys / line• 3 PMTs / storey• 900 PMTs
~70 m
100 m
350 m14.5 m
Submarine links
JunctionBox
40 km toshore
Anchor/line socket
a storey
2500m depth
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ANTARES Line 1
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14 Febuary 2006
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The first muon!
This is the first
muon recorded with
this first Antares
line and
reconstructed
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Next steps and future
• Completion of the Antares detector– 12 full lines + an instrumented line by the end
of 2007– Line assembly in parallel in two labs
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The NEMO Phase 1The NEMO Collaboration is undergoing the Phase 1 of the project, installing a fully equipped
deep-sea facility to test prototypes and develop new technologies for the km3 detector.
Shore laboratory at port of Catania
e.o. cable from shore
TSS Frame
To be completed in 2006
Junction Box
NEMO mini-tower(4 floors)
Deployed on Jan 2005
underwater e.o. cable
Underwater test site: 25 km E offshore Catania at 2000 m depth
Realizaton of a system hosting all key elements for the km3 detector:
Mechanical structures; Optical and environmental sensors; Electronics; Data
transmission system; Power distribution system; Acoustic positioning system;Time
calibration system
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Sea operations January 2005
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The NEMO Phase 1: the underwater station
TSS Frame
Junction Box
NEMO mini-tower(4 floors, 16 OM)
300
m
Mini-Tower compacted
Mini-Tower unfurled
15 m
Al alloy
Buoy
e.o. connections
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Neutrino Telescopes status
AMANDAICECUBE
Mediterraneankm3
BAIKAL
DUMAND
Pylos
La Seyne
Capo Passero
DUMAND R&D - finished
BAIKAL, AMANDA - taking data
ANTARES, NEMO, NESTOR - under construction / first data
ICECUBE, Mediterranean km3 - next generation
There are strong scientific motivations that
suggest to install two neutrino telescopes in
opposite hemispheres :
• Full sky coverage
• The Universe is not isotropic at z<<1
• Observation of transient phenomena
• Galactic Center only observable from
Northern Hemisphere
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Towards the Mediterranean km3Electro-optical cable: construction anddeployment
Data transmission system
Underwaterconnections
Detector:design and constructiondeployment and recovery
Power transmission system
Electronics
Power Distribution
Acoustic positioning•DS KM3NeT funded (9 M€) for 3 years (started in Feb 2006)DS KM3NeT funded (9 M€) for 3 years (started in Feb 2006)
•Antares, Nemo, Nestor join their effortsAntares, Nemo, Nestor join their efforts
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CRTNT Experiment Status
• Site selection is done• Two prototype telescopes are
on the way to YBJ for testing• Full scale experiment (16
telescopes): 2008
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How to detect with a mountain
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PC104
±LV
RCP
Telescope control: remote control & monitoring of door open/close, LV & HV turn on/off
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32 FADC ( 10bit) 8 APGA
Camera: 4x4 sub-cluster & BP DAQ
data bus PC104(linux)
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Single Channel Trigger• sky noise background: 40 photon/μsec/m2
• single channel trigger: signal/noise ratio>4σ• 320 ns running widow• 3 histories of 6μsec per event stored
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Opening/closing doors
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Balikun vs. Wheeler Peak
Mt. Balikun, Xinjiang, China
Mt. Wheeler Peak, Nevada, USA
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宇宙线中微子望远镜( CRTNT )实验
16 台望远镜组成四个阵列探测超高能中微子站址:新疆哈密北 130KM 巴里坤山视场:南纬 35~49 度 X64 度水平方位角能量范围: >100TeV( 中微子 ), >0.1EeV( 宇宙线 )
普通宇宙线簇射
中微子引起的空气簇射
新物理相关的空气簇射
F C
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> 6 triggered pixels per telescope per event
Examples: triggered τ & CR event
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Nutel Status: • NuTel is an experiment dedicated to Earth
skimming / mountaing watching• The PeV cosmic rate is ~ 1 event/year• The cost is low: O(1) million US dollars to build it• Very good project for training students• However, lack of funding support in last two years• Ceased collaboration with ASHRA last year• Look for new funding support from university this
spring, if succeed will start the optics this summer• Schedule: prototype deployment in ~2007-2008
for initial observation
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Schematics of electronics
Trigger
Hamamatsu8x8 MPMT
16-channelspreamplifier
DAQ
PMT Preamp.
32 – channels Data Collection Module in cPCI
10 bit x40 MHzADC
FADC
bufferRAM
Triggerdaisychain
cycleRAM
Signal-sharing plate
2 m cable
HV powersupply
Front-end electronics Inside cPCI (PXI) chassis
4 preamplifier boards and signal- sharing plate are connected to one MAPMT
Holes for mechanical purposesin future
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Sensitivity Summary
Defined as reachable upper limit of fluxAssume F(En) = F0 En-2
Assume no signal in 2 years of observationFeldman-Cousin method for upper limits: 2.44 signal events CRTNT
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Updates on Physics
• Traditional Physics Topics– Diffusive flux from AGN, GRB and GZK
• Progresses on Galactic Sources• 近距离河内脉冲星对超高能中微子的贡献,仅次于
AGN的贡献,成为北半球观测站的重要观测目标! L.Zhang (2006)• SWIFT: near-by (Z<0.033) GRBs 500x more than
predicted, neutrinos are more energetic (N.Gupta&B.Zhang, 2006)• Cosmogenic neutrinos with IR background (T.Stanev on CRIS, 2006)• New Physics beyond SM• New simulation tool for neutrino detection
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GX339-4SS433
Crab
VELA
South Pole North hemisphere
• The whole sky coverage needs two telescopes in different Hemispheres
• The Galactic Centre is observable only from the Northern Hemisphere
GX339-4SS433
Crab
VELA
Galactic Centre
HESS data
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HESS Sources
Observable from the km3
in the Mediterranean
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MAGIC : Micro Quasar ( Sci.312,23,2006)
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HESS: Micro Quasar ( Sci.309,746,2005)
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γ-burst
Cosmogenic on IR background
T.Stanev on CRIS 2006
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New Physics Beyond SM
• N cross section may be different at UHE
• Super symmetry
• Dark Matter: sterile neutrinos
• Cosmos distance Oscillation: – :e:=1:1:1 ?
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Stau??
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Outlook
• Cosmogenic Neutrinos: 10x(IceCube aperture)– IceCube: radio and acoustic detector array– ANITA– SALSA
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Hybrid IceCube+Radio+Acoustic
• Simulations* have been made of a hybrid detector consisting of– IceCube plus 13 “outrigger”
strings (×)– 91 additional radio/acoustic
holes with 1 km spacing (o)• 5 radio receivers 200-600
m• 300 acoustic receivers, 5-
1500 m• 2 acceptance, hadronic shower
only (LPM stretches EM showers), Esh = 0.2E
*See D. Besson et al., ICRC 2005
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Saltdome Shower Array (SalSA) concept
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Depth (km)
Halite (rock salt)• L(<1GHz) > 500 m w.e.• Depth to >10km• Diameter: 3-8 km• Veff ~ 100-200 km3 w.e.• No known background• >2 steradians possible
Antenna array
Qeshm Island, Hormuz strait, Iran, 7km diameter
Isacksen salt dome, Elf Ringnes Island, Canada 8 by 5km
Salt domes: found throughout the world
• Rock salt can have extremely low RF loss: as radio-clear as Antarctic ice• ~2.4 times as dense as ice• typical: 50-100 km3 water equivalent in top ~3km ==>300-500 km3
sr possible
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Summary
• AMANDAII, HiRes & Auger have not seen any UHE so far
• Many UHE -telescopes are constructing and aiming at AGNs & Galactic sources
• Exciting physics including SM and beyond
• Next generation -telescopes are targeting “guaranteed” UHE cosmogenic neutrinos