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Psychological Disordersunit 14
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Introduction Psychological Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
Mood Disorders
Personality Disorders
Dissociative Disorders
Somotoform Disorders
Psychotic Disorders
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Introduction to Psychological Disorders
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A harmful dysfunction in which behavior is judged to be
Atypical
Disturbing
Maladaptive
and Unjustifiable
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Phobias
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Causes
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Historical Perspective
Perceived Causes
Movements of the sun or moon.
Full moon == lunacy
Evil spirits
Ancient Treatments
Exorcism, caged like animals, beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, blood replaced with animal’s blood.
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Biological Perspective
“The Medical Model”
Mental disorders as physical
Brain abnormalities
Chemical imbalances
Birth difficulties
High heritability
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Psychodynamic perspective
Sigmund Freud
Unconscious conflicts and drives
Early childhood trauma
Therapy helps person become aware of underlying conflicts
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Cognitive Perspective
Learned maladaptive thought patterns cause mental disorders
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Behavioral Perspective
Learned maladaptive behaviors cause mental disorders
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Socio-Cultural Perspective
Larger culture important to development of mental disorders
Supporting evidence from “culture-bound syndromes”
Anorexia and Bulimia in North America and Western Europe
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Biological
SociologicalPsychological
BioPsychoSocial Model
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Predisposing
Precipitating Maintaining
Multiple Causation
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DSM
Neurotic disorders
Disorders that are distressing, but still allow one to function in society
Psychotic disorders
A person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions
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Rates of Psychological Disorders
2.1 million inpatient admissions to US hospitals and psychiatric units.
Another 2.4 million have sought outpatient care.
15% of Americans are judged by health care professionals as needing some psychiatric help in the course of a year.
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No known culture is free of schizophrenia and depression.
WHO reports that 400 million worldwide suffer from a psychological disorder.
Incidence of serious psychological disorders is doubly high among those below the poverty line.
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75% of people who will ever have a psychological disorder experience the first symptoms by age 24.
Antisocial personality disorder and phobias appear by a median age of 8 and 10.
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Anxiety Disorders
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A person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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anxiety
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Anxiety disorder marked by minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations
Panic Disorder
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A persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation.
Phobias
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phobias
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Afraid of it Bothers slightly Not at all afraid of it
Beingclosed in,
in a smallplace
Being alone
In a houseat night
Percentageof peoplesurveyed
100908070605040302010
0Snakes Being
in high,exposedplaces
Mice Flyingon an
airplane
Spidersand
insects
Thunderand
lightning
Dogs Drivinga car
Being In a
crowdof people
Cats
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Characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)
Obsessions
Concern with dirt, germs of toxins - 40%
Something terrible happening (fire, death, etc) – 24%
Symmetry, order, or exactness – 85%
Compulsions
Excessive hand washing/ cleaning – 85%
Repeating rituals – 51%
Checking doors, locks, etc – 46%
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
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Explaining Anxiety Disorders
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Cognitive Perspective
Fear conditioning
Stimulus generalization
Reinforcement
Observational learning
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Biological Perspective
Evolution/ Natural selection
Genes or temperament
Physiology
anterior cingular cortex
amygdala
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Panic Disorder
Phobias
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Anxiety Disorders
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Dissociative and Personality Disorders
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Personality Disorders
Disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Borderline Personality Disorder
Antisocial Personality Disorder
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characterized by a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention-seeking, including an excessive need for approval and inappropriate seductiveness, usually beginning in early adulthood.
Histrionic Personality Disorder
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"a pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and a lack of empathy."
Narcissistic Personality Disorders
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"a pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image and affects, as well as marked impulsivity, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts."
Borderline Personality Disorders
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"The essential feature for the diagnosis is a pervasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood."
Anti-Social Personality Disorders
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Antisocial Personality Disorder
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Dissociative Amnesia
Loss of memory.
Selective memory loss often brought on by extreme stress
Dissociative Fugue
Flight from one’s home & identity accompanies amnesia
Skeptics wonder if it’s strategic
Dissociative Disorders
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Dissociative Disorder
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Dissociative Disorder
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Dissociative Identity Disorder
Person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities (dba. Multiple-Personality Disorder)
Supporting evidence
Distinct brain & body states, handedness changes, different vision
Contrary evidence
Increasing diagnoses, increasing personalities
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Somotoform Disorders
Physical disorders which have psychological causes.
Hypochondria
Conversion Reactions
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Mood Disorders
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Major Depressive Disorder
A person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities
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Major Depressive Disorder is the leading cause of disability in the US for ages 15–44
It affects approximately 14.8 million American adults, or about 6.7% age 18 and older in a given year
Median age at onset is 32
More prevalent in women than in men
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More than 32,000 suicides a year;425,000 self-inflicted injuries per year
40-50% of college students have thought about suicide. 15% have attempted suicide.
1 out of 80 college students is the survivor of a loved one’s suicide.
78% of all suicides are by men
Firearms are most common for men; poison for women
17% of high school students have thought about suicide
2nd leading cause of death for 25-34 year-olds;3rd leading cause of death for 15-24 year-olds
Suic
ide
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Common Characteristics
1. Unendurable psychological pain
2. Frustrated psychological need
3. The search for a solution
4. Helplessness and Hopelessness
5. An attempt to end consciousness
6. Constrictions of options
7. Ambivalence
8. Communication of intent (80%)
9. Departure
10. Lifelong coping patterns
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Warning Signs of SuicideTalking about suicide
Statements about hopelessness, helplessness, or worthlessness
Preoccupation with death
Suddenly happier, calmer
Loss of interest in things one cares about
Visiting or calling people that one cares about but hasn’t communicated with recently
Making arrangements; setting one’s affairs in order
Giving things away
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Bipolar Disorder
Major depression is sometimes followed by a manic episode: hyperactive, wildly optimistic state
dba. Manic Depressive
Depressed state Manic state Depressed state
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Explaining Mood Disorders
Biological Perspective
Genetic influences
50% chance twin will have similar mood disorder
The Brain
High norepinephrine during manic state; low norepinephrine during depression
Low serotonin during depression
Smaller frontal lobes in depressed people
Social-Cognitive Perspective
Negative thoughts feed negative moods
Negative mood feeds negative thoughts
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Schizophrenia
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Psychotic Disorders
Schizophrenia
Symptoms
Disorganized thinking
Disturbed perceptions
Inappropriate emotions and actionsTypes
Positive & Negative
Chronic & Acute
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Compare to Infantile Autism
Social isolation
Stereotyped behaviors
Resistance to any change
Abnormal responses to sensory stimuli
Insensitivity to pain
Inappropriate emotional expression
Disturbances of movement
Poor development of speech
Specific, limited intellectual problems
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Subtypes of Schizophrenia
Paranoid Preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations
Disorganized Disorganized speech of behavior, a flat or inappropriate affect
Catatonic
Immobility (or purposeless movement), extreme negativism, and/or parrotlike repeating of another’s speech or movements
Undifferentiated or residual
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Causes
Brain abnormalities
Dopamine overactivity
More receptors; extra dopamine can induce (ie cocaine)
Brain anatomy
Low frontal lobe activity
Spaces in brain filled with fluid
Smaller than average thalamus
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Causes
Genetic factors
1 in 100 chance of developing schizophrenia.
1 in 10 if parent or sibling developed.
1 in 2 if identical twin develops it.