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0
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600 650 700 750 800 850 900
Wavelength (nm)
Inte
nsi
ty (
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rmali
zed
)
0
0.2
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1
600 650 700 750 800 850 900
Wavelength (nm)
Inte
nsi
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no
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zed
)
Two-Color three-pulse Photon Echoes
IR144 in Methanol
DTTCI in Methanol
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Condensed Phase Dynamics
( ) ( )i
eg eg eg it tω ω δω ε= + +
In an ensemble of chromophores, the dynamics for an individual chromophore (i) can be expressed as
Full width half maximum of f( )ε = inhomogeneous width
Optical lineshapes and
echo measurements relate
to:
2
(0) ( )( )
tM t
δω δω
δω=
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Stokes Shift and Solvation Dynamics
( ) ( )( )
(0) ( )t
S tυ υυ υ
− ∞=
− ∞
( )ieg eg i itω ω δω ε= + +
Optical Lineshapes
For the i th chromophore
egω
Optical lineshapes and echo
measurements relate to 2
(0) ( )( )
tM t
δω δω
δω=
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Solvation Dynamics in C343 in Water
Jimenez, Fleming, Kumar and Maroncelli (1994) Nature 369, 471
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0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
600 650 700 750 800 850 900
Wavelength (nm)
Inte
nsi
ty (
no
rmali
zed
)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
600 650 700 750 800 850 900
Wavelength (nm)
Inte
nsi
ty (
no
rmali
zed
)
Two-Color three-pulse Photon Echoes
IR144 in Methanol
DTTCI in Methanol
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gg
ge
ee
k1
k2
k3eg
gg
eg
ee
k1
k2
k3eg
ks
Type II scan
FID (Non-Rephasing)
(pulse sequence, 2-1-3)
Type I scan
Echo (Rephasing)
(pulse sequence, 1-2-3)
τI τII
TI TII
Population Period, fs
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Pe
ak
Sh
ift,
fs
-5
0
5
10
15
20
Type I
Type II
Population period, fs0 200 400 600 800 1000
Dif
fere
nce P
eak S
hif
t, f
s
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Difference peak Shift = Type I - Type II
∆τ*(T) = τI*(TI) - τII*(TII)Two Colour
Difference Peak ShiftFor a fixed phase matching direction, i.e., k3 + k2 – k1
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-5
0
5
10
15
0 100 200 300 400 500
P o p u l a t i o n T i m e (fs)
P e
a k
s h
i f
t (
f s)
Type I Type II Difference
IR144 Methanol 750, 750, 800
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Population Period, fs
10 100 1000 10000
∆τ
∆τ
∆τ
∆τ∗∗ ∗∗
( ( ( (D
iffe
ren
ce P
ea
k S
hif
t, f
s)
0
1
2
3
4
5
IR144 in Methanol
DTTCI in Methanol
Pulse Sequence, 750-750-800 nm
Experimental Difference Peak Shift Data (downhill)
The Difference Peak Shift starts at a near zero value, then rises to a maximum value in ~ 200 fsand then decays to zero for both IR144 and DTTCI in methanol
Based on the turnover time, it is suggested that the ultrafast component in methanol is ~ 200 fs
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Two-Color 3PEPS as a Probe of Memory Transfer in Spectral Shift
= +ωωωωprobe
ωωωωpump
Time-Dependent Spectral Shift
Tra
nsitio
n D
ensity
Energy
Memory-Conserved Shift
Randomized Shift
Two-Color 3PEPS measures correlation dynamics (between transition energies in pumped and probed regions).
( )r pup td dee:
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Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Distributions of Transition Energies
• Homogeneous distribution
( )( ) 2hom ( ; )
e g
e
g e gE Ej j
j
s w j d w j j= - -å
A particular nuclear state
in the ground electronic state
• Inhomogeneous distribution
Two Mechanisms for Existence of Non-Linear Signals of Two-Color Experiments
• Interactions of pump and probe lasers have to be made with the same
molecule
• These two mechanisms are included in the response function
formalism in a complicated way
A) Spectral Overlap due to Homogeneous Distribution
B) Spectral evolution due to Fluctuation of Inhomogeneous Distribution
( )hom( ) ( ; )
g
g g gPj
s w s w j j= å
Statistical probability for a molecule to occupy
the nuclear state gj
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( ) ( ) ( )hom inhom
hom inhomhom inhom hom inhom
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )pu pu pupr pr prt t
P t P t
P t P t P t Pt
tde de dede de de= +
+ +
Total Signal =hom hom inhom inhom( ) ( ) ( ) ( )P t R t P t R t+
Total Correlation Function
At short times,
A Simple ad hoc Model for the Dynamics of Correlation Function
hom inhom( ) ( )P t P t> >
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )1 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1inhom
1( ) ; ( )
( )pu pr pu absprupr p dt d t W E P t W E
N tw w w w w w w w wdde s we w= - -ò ò
Inhomogeneous distribution fluctuates with time due to random fluctuation of the statistical distribution of the
nuclear states, which is described by a stochastic approach.
2
2 1
2 1 2 22 2
[( ) ( ) ( )]1( ; | ) exp
2 (1 ( ) )2 (1 ( ) )
M tP t
M tM t
ω ω ω ωω ω
π
− − − = × −
∆ − ∆ − Skinner et al, J. Chem. Phys. 106, 2129 (1997)
2 1 2 1( ;0 | ) ( )P ω ω δ ω ω= −
At longer times,hom inhom( ) ( )P t P t< <
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0 100 200 300 400 500 600
No
rmalize
d D
iffe
ren
ce P
eak S
hif
t
Rep
hasin
g C
ap
ab
ility
Time (fs)
Dynamics of Conditional Probability for theInhomogeneous Distribution
Full Response Function
( )inhomppr ut ed de
Homogeneous broadening domain
: No common transitions between the pump and the probe
(no rephasing capability)
Rise in Two-Color Difference Peak Shift ~ Inertial Solvation Dynamics
Uphill and Downhill difference peak shifts should have distinct behavior for systems
with a systematic red shift
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Population Period, fs
0 200 400 600 800 1000
∆τ
∆τ
∆τ
∆τ∗∗ ∗∗
(T),
Dif
fere
nce P
eak S
hif
t, f
s
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
500
300
200
100
50
Difference Peak Shift = TypeI - Type II
Model Calculations for Difference Peak Shift (downhill)
2( ) exp[( / )]gM T tλ τ= −
Empirical formula: 1 2 3~ log( / ) ,gturnoverT c c cτ λ∆ +
gτ = Gaussian Time Constant, λ = reorganization energy
Adding exponentials and vibrations does not alter the turnover time significantly.
Therefore, we can extract information of the Gaussian parameters from the
turnover time.
∆ = Frequency difference between the two pulses
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Population Period, fs
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Dif
fere
nc
e P
eak
sh
ift,
fs
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Dif
fere
nce
Peak
Sh
ift
0
1
2
3
4
5
Population Period, fs
Simulation model for the Difference Peak Shift
Simulation scheme: Type I and II peak shifts were calculated using a
Gaussian (220 fs, λλλλ = 150 cm-1) ,exponential 1 (2500 fs, λλλλ = 75 cm-1),
exponential 2 (9500 fs, 70 cm-1), 35 intramolecular modes (λλλλ tot ~ 400 cm-1)
IR144 in Methanol
Pulse Sequence: 750-750-800 nm
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Two Color Difference Peak Shift for Nile Blue
Population Time, fs
0 50 100 150 200
Detu
nin
g (
pum
p-p
robe),
cm
-1
-200
0
200
400
600
800
-200
0
200
400
600
800
0
3
6
9
0 50 100 150 200 250
-4
0
4
8
12
A B
C D
Experiment Simulation
Acetonitrile
Ethylene glycol
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Ket State Transition
Bra State Transition
J
Eigen State RepresentationSite Representation
1. Electronic Mixing in Molecular Complexes
Two-Color Three-Pulse Photon Echoes
Two interactions with
0 µ→
0 υ→
one with
Detect at 0 υ→
frequency
A1
B1
A0 B0
µ µ
υ υ υ
0 0
2. Correlation between initial and final
states e.g. disordered energytransfer system
0 200 400 600 800 10000
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Peak S
hift (
fs)
3PEPS
Population Time (fs)
0 200 400 600 800 1000-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
Peak
Shift (f
s)
3PEPS
Population Time (fs)
Energy Transfer system
( ) ( )S Sf G GG
= ( ) ( ( ))S S kG G
f G G» < > < >vs. <…..>Γ
Ensemble averages over distribution of static energies
Donors and acceptorsbecome correlated via energy transfer (even thoughinitially uncorrelated)
( )φ Γ phase factor( )S Γ population kinetics
2-colorAB
1-colorAB
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Interaction with
1st pulse
2nd
(Population state)
3rd
One-color three-pulse photon echo peakshift (1C3PEPS)
Strong correlation between the two coherence states (long-lasting memory) large peakshift
Coherence state
Coherence state
|g⟩⟩⟩⟩
|e⟩⟩⟩⟩
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Weak correlation between the two coherence states (quick memory loss) small peakshift
Interaction with
1st pulse 3rd
Strong correlation between the two coherence states (long-lasting memory) large peakshift
One-color three-pulse photon echo peakshift (1C3PEPS)
2
(0) ( )( )
tM t
ω ω
ω
∆ ∆=
∆
3PEPS profile closely follows the transition frequency correlation function
|g⟩⟩⟩⟩
|e⟩⟩⟩⟩
Coherence state
Coherence state
2nd
(Population state)
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Pulses of two different colors generate photo echo signal associated with correlation between
∆ωH and ∆ωB
Energy fluctuation of two excitonically mixed states are correlated due to electronic coupling
Electronic coupling constant (J) can be determined by 2C3PEPS without knowing the site
energies (Eh and Eb)of the two chromophores
Two-color three-pulse photon echo peakshift (2C3PEPS)
|B⟩⟩⟩⟩
|g⟩⟩⟩⟩
|b⟩⟩⟩⟩
Ener
gy
|H⟩⟩⟩⟩
|h⟩⟩⟩⟩J
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λ1=λ2≠λ3
Sensitive to coupling between two chromophores
λ1=λ2=λ3
Sensitive to environment around a chromophore
and energy transfer process
Two-color Three-pulse Photon Echo Peakshift
(2C3PEPS)
One-color three- pulse photon echo peakshift
(1C3PEPS)
Photon echo peakshift: coherence time (τ) where a photon echo signal is maximum
One- and two-color three-pulse photon echo peakshift experiment
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Strongly Coupled:Exciton Dimer
Molecule 1
|1g>
|1e>
|2g>
|2e>
Molecule 2Dimer
|1e2e>
|1g2g>
c1 |1e2g> – c2 |1g2e>
c1 |1e2g> + c2 |1g2e>
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
550 600 650 700 750
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
550 600 650 700 750
Electronic Coupling, J, can be extracted from shifts of absorption peaks.
This requires knowledge of original site energies.
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Pump Probe Spectroscopy of Bis-Phthalocyanine:Excited State and Wavepacket Dynamics
N. Ishikawa, Chuo University
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LuPc2 Dimer
• Absorption spectra
shows monomer’s
single peak is split in
the dimer
• Inset: Sandwich
structure of Lutetium
bisphthalocyanineWavelength (nm)
400 500 600 700
E / 1
05 M
-1cm
-1
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Dimer
Monomer
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TwoTwo--Color Echoes on Excitonic Systems: Color Echoes on Excitonic Systems:
TheoryTheory
M. Yang, G. R. Fleming, J. Chem. Phys. 110, 2983-2990 (1999).
1 2(cos( ) sin( ) ) 0 0B B Bµµ θ θ+ + +≡ ⋅ + ⋅ ≡
1 2( sin( ) cos( ) ) 0 0B B Bνν θ θ+ + +≡ − ⋅ + ⋅ ≡1 2
2tan(2 )
eq eq
Jθ
ε ε=
−
Mixing between states with site energies ε1 and ε2 andcoupling J can be quantified by θθθθ.
Energy fluctuations at one monomer shift both exciton states in the same direction; the magnitude depends on the coupling.
Stronger mixing yields stronger correlation.
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Coupling StrengthCoupling Strength
M. Yang, G. R. Fleming, J. Chem. Phys. 110, 2983-2990 (1999).
0 100 200 300 4000.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
Co
up
lin
g S
tren
gth
, C
µν
µν
µν
µν
Population Time, T (fs)
, ColorColor
Color
21
2
+=
*
( )( )
( ) ( )two
two one
TC C T
T Tµν τ
τ
τ τ
∗
∗ ∗≈ ≡
+
2 22 sin cosC Cµν νµ θ θ= = ⋅
Dependence of g(t) on Dependence of g(t) on
coupling causes the onecoupling causes the one--color color
and twoand two--color peak shift to color peak shift to
increase with increased increase with increased
coupling.coupling.
Coupling strength relates to the
renormalization coefficient, Cmn,
for the line broadening function, g(t).
Cµυµυµυµυ
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1-and 2-Color (620, 620, 700nm) Photon Echo Peak Shift
• 1-color and 2-color peakshifts of LuPc2 are
very similar
• Oscillation, of similar
period in both measurements, but approximately π out of
phase
Population Time (fs)
0 100 200 300 400 500
Pe
akshift
(fs)
0
10
20
30
1-color
2-color
2LuPc
−
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Cτ* (experiment)
Population Time (fs)
0 20 40 60 80 100
Cτ∗
(T)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
10 100
0.1
0.3
0.5
• Experimental Cτ* is approximately 0.45
• Dip at longer time due to out-of-phase oscillation between 1- and 2-color
Electronic structure of 2
Lu(P )c−
Estimating Cµυ
EX-CRJEX + >
RC + >
g >
If all dipole strength comes from
the ratio of absorption intensities gives
EX ,+ >
2Tan ( ) 0.43Cµυθ ⇒
From wavefunction coefficients of
Ishikawa et. al 0.40Cµυ
The Mixing Coefficient
![Page 28: Two-Color three-pulse Photon Echoesmwg/chem295/lec13.pdf · 2008. 11. 7. · 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 Wavelength (nm) Intensity (normalized) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071607/6144f3ff34130627ed50ae0f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
*
32
0
*
32
0
12 122
2
12
2
(1-C ) ( ) 2 ( )( ) =
(1 )
(C ( ) 2 ( )( ) =
(1 )
1 ( ) = ( ) (0)
= cos
one
tw o
T
vib
a T C N TT
C C
a T C N TT
C C
N T q T q
qe T
µν µν
µν
µν µν
µν
τπ
τπ
ω− Γ
+
−
−
−
< >h
h*
* *
( ) 2 ( ) = 1
( ) ( ) ( )two
one two
T N TC
T T a Tµν
τ
τ τ
−
+
Modulation of the Electronic Coupling
Minhaeng Cho
π phase
shift
( )( ) ( )a T real part of C t=
Time (fs)
20
15
10
5
0
-50 500 1000 1500
One-color PEPS
Two-color PEPS
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.10 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Log(time) in fs
Rati
o
Time(fs)
Tim
e(f
s)
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Wavelength (nm)
580 600 620 640 660 680 700 720 740
Po
pula
tio
n T
ime
(fs
)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
580 600 620 640 660 680 700 720 740
-0.010
-0.005
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.030
0.035
0.028
0.032
615 700
Wavelength resolved pump-probe signals for-2LuPc
The beats on the red side of the high energy band are exactly out of phase
with the beats on the red side of the low energy band, but are in phase withthe beats on the blue side of the low energy band
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740 600 620 640 660 680 700 720 740
∆ECR+ = -60
∆EEX+ = 60
∆VEX-CR
= 30
F
Modulated Electronic Structure
Simple model with a single coordinate, x,coupledlinearly to the states , and the coupling betweenthese two states
o
EX EX EXE E E x+ + += + ∆o
CR CR CRE E E x+ + += + ∆
0
EX CR EX CR EX CRV V V x− − −= + ∆
EXE + CRE +
( ) cos( )exp( )ox t x t tω τ= −
EX CRV −
New,
time-dependent
potential
curves for
1 2E E+ +and
⇒ Non-Condon effects (modulation of transition
moments). If the signs of and
are opposite the motions of
are anti-correlated.
EXE +∆ CRE +∆
1 2E E+ +and
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Physical Origin
Symmetric nitrogen-metal mode;
Fluctuating coupling
Ground State Wave-Packet
ω1
ω2
![Page 32: Two-Color three-pulse Photon Echoesmwg/chem295/lec13.pdf · 2008. 11. 7. · 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 Wavelength (nm) Intensity (normalized) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071607/6144f3ff34130627ed50ae0f/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Bb
Ha
Ba
Hb
Fe2+
Qb Qa
P
~3ps
<1ps
~100fs
~150fs
XX
+
Uphill:
λ1=λ2=800nm,
λ3=750nm
Downhill:
λ1=λ2=750nm,
λ3=800nm
H band:
λ1=λ2=λ3=750nm
B band:
λ1=λ2=λ3=800nm
2C3PEPS1C3PEPS
|h⟩⟩⟩⟩
|gb⟩⟩⟩⟩
|b⟩⟩⟩⟩
Energy
|gh⟩⟩⟩⟩
|H⟩⟩⟩⟩
|B⟩⟩⟩⟩
Excitonic Coupling
1C and 2C3PEPS on P-oxidized reaction center of Rb. Sphaeroides
![Page 33: Two-Color three-pulse Photon Echoesmwg/chem295/lec13.pdf · 2008. 11. 7. · 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 Wavelength (nm) Intensity (normalized) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071607/6144f3ff34130627ed50ae0f/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Simulation of 3PEPS based on density matrix
int( ) [ ( ), ( )] [ ( )]S
t i H H t t R tρ ρ ρ= − + −&
Directly simulate P(3)3PPE (t) from laser field-driven dynamics:
2(3)
3
0
( , ) ~ ( )PPES T dt P tτ∞
∫ Peakshift
Pros compared to conventional response function formalism:
• Pulse-overlap effects included by considering laser fields explicitly.
• Complete dynamics of the system treated by non-Markovian equations of motion.
Laser
Bath
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6015050250H
60150
10
100
220
75
1500B
σΓΩλ λ: electron-phonon coupling constant
Ω: characteristic frequency
Γ: damping constant
σ: static disorder
Most of the dynamics happen in
less than 300fs due to the rapid
energy transfer (HBP+)
Proper inclusion of pulse-overlap
effects improved reproduction of
the peakshifts measured at small T
Determination of bath parameters
for H and B, respectively
0 50 100 150 200 250 3000
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Peaksh
fit(
fs)
T(fs)
H band (Experiment)
H band (Simulation)
B band (Experiment)
B band (Simulation)
Simulation for 1C3PEPS and obtained bath parameters
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6015050250H
60150
10
100
220
75
1500B
σΓΩλ λ: electron-phonon coupling constant
Ω: characteristic frequency
Γ: damping constant
σ: static disorder
Most of the dynamics happen in
less than 300fs due to the rapid
energy transfer (HBP+)
Proper inclusion of pulse-overlap
effects improved reproduction of
the peakshifts measured at small T
Determination of bath parameters
for H and B, respectively
0 50 100 150 200 250 3000
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Peaksh
fit(
fs)
T(fs)
H band (Experiment)
H band (Simulation)
B band (Experiment)
B band (Simulation)
Simulation for 1C3PEPS and obtained bath parameters
Y.-C. Cheng et al., J. Phys. Chem. A 111, 9499 (2007)
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J=250cm-1 gives best fit to both
measurements
Negative peakshift due to the rapid
dynamics BP+
0 50 100 150 200 250 300-5
0
5
10
15
P
eaks
hif
t(fs
)
T(fs)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
Peaks
hif
t(fs
)
T(fs)
Downhill
Uphill
Experiment
Simulation (J=200cm-1)
Simulation (J=250cm-1)
Simulation (J=300cm-1)
Determination of coupling constant J between H & B by 2C3PEPS
Y.-C. Cheng et al., J. Phys. Chem. A 111, 9499 (2007)
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Nonlinear spectroscopy
incident fields signal fieldQM system
polarization P
different aspects probed by TA, TG, 3PEPS etc.
detection
~ i ω P(ω)
obtain complete information about system
by measuring signal intensity and phase
( ) ( )
0 1 1 1( ) ( , , ) | ( ) ( ) ( )n n
n n n sP d d E Eω ε ω ω χ ω ω ω ω δ ω ω∞ ∞
−∞ −∞
= −∫ ∫r r r
L K L
![Page 38: Two-Color three-pulse Photon Echoesmwg/chem295/lec13.pdf · 2008. 11. 7. · 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 Wavelength (nm) Intensity (normalized) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071607/6144f3ff34130627ed50ae0f/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Third-order spectroscopy
1 2 3 sig
coh.time
pop.time
echotime
τ T t
homodyne detection: | Esig(ω) |2
or even frequency-integrated
heterodyne (time domain): | Esig(t) + ELO(t+tLO) |2
problem: tLO needs to be scanned
tLO
time-domainlocal oscillator
local oscillator = 4
| Esig(ω) + ELO(ω) exp-iωtLO |2heterodyne (frequency domain):
tLO
multichannel frequency detectionLO-position tLO fixed
freq.-dom.
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1
2
3
4
delay 1delay 2
1 2
3 4
1&2
3&4
diffractive
optic (DO)
sample
2 f
sphericalmirror
spectro-meter
1 2 3 sig4=LO
coh.time
pop.time
echotime
τ T t
OD3
Two-Dimensional Heterodyne
Spectroscopy
![Page 40: Two-Color three-pulse Photon Echoesmwg/chem295/lec13.pdf · 2008. 11. 7. · 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 Wavelength (nm) Intensity (normalized) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071607/6144f3ff34130627ed50ae0f/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Experimental setup
diffractive
optic (DO)sphericalmirrordelay 1
delay 2
sample
lens
Opt. Lett. 29 (8),
in press (2004)
![Page 41: Two-Color three-pulse Photon Echoesmwg/chem295/lec13.pdf · 2008. 11. 7. · 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 Wavelength (nm) Intensity (normalized) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071607/6144f3ff34130627ed50ae0f/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Advantages of setup
first implementation of tunable2D spectroscopy in the visible region
small signals heterodyne advantage(record signals < 100 aJ)
phase stability diffractive-optics-based setup(2D background < 2%)
delay accuracy small-angled wedges(position repeatability: 5 as)
scattering subtraction by automated shutter
problem solution
![Page 42: Two-Color three-pulse Photon Echoesmwg/chem295/lec13.pdf · 2008. 11. 7. · 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 Wavelength (nm) Intensity (normalized) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071607/6144f3ff34130627ed50ae0f/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
raw data
cut & FFT-1
step 1a: slice
spectrum (for each τ)
FFT
step 1b: get
I(ω), Φ(ω)
2D data analysis
Re Imstep 2: FFT-1
(along τ)
![Page 43: Two-Color three-pulse Photon Echoesmwg/chem295/lec13.pdf · 2008. 11. 7. · 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 Wavelength (nm) Intensity (normalized) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071607/6144f3ff34130627ed50ae0f/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Time-delay accuracy
0 min
5 min
10 min
20 min
15 min
lab time:
no shift of fringe pattern:
interferometric stability and reproducibility
Nile Blue heterodyned signal recorded within separate scans
![Page 44: Two-Color three-pulse Photon Echoesmwg/chem295/lec13.pdf · 2008. 11. 7. · 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 Wavelength (nm) Intensity (normalized) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071607/6144f3ff34130627ed50ae0f/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Scattering subtraction
-3.27 -3.07
3.27
3.07
ωt/
fs-1
ωτ / fs-1
without subtraction
But heterodyned signal
involves scatter E1,…,E3:| E1+E2+E3+E4+Esig |2
-3.27 -3.07
ωτ / fs-1
with subtraction
Remove scattering by
| E1+E2+E3+E4+Esig |2
- | E3+E4 |2 - | E1+E2+E4 |2
Desired heterodyned signal comes from (E4* Esig)
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Phasing (PP versus 2D)Nile Blue in acetonitrile (T = 0 fs)
positive signal:emission or
ground-state bleach
negative signal:excited-state
absorption
overall phase determines Re S2: absorption / emission
Im S2: refraction
![Page 46: Two-Color three-pulse Photon Echoesmwg/chem295/lec13.pdf · 2008. 11. 7. · 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 Wavelength (nm) Intensity (normalized) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071607/6144f3ff34130627ed50ae0f/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
2D spectrum
2: wait forpopulationtime T
“probability distribution”
S2(ωωωωττττ,T, ωωωωt)
1: excite at
frequency ωωωωττττ
3: emit or bleach
at frequency ωωωωt
here: inhomogeneoussystem “remembers”excitation after time T
“homogeneous”linewidth
“inhom.”linewidth
![Page 47: Two-Color three-pulse Photon Echoesmwg/chem295/lec13.pdf · 2008. 11. 7. · 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 Wavelength (nm) Intensity (normalized) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071607/6144f3ff34130627ed50ae0f/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Nile Blue (experiment)
-3.27 -3.073.27
3.07
ωt/
fs-1
ωτ / fs-1
-3.17
3.17
3.27
3.07
ωt/
fs-1
3.17
-3.27 -3.07ωτ / fs-1
-3.17
Abs
Pha Im
Re
T = 0 fsT = 5 fsT = 10 fsT = 15 fsT = 20 fsT = 30 fsT = 40 fsT = 50 fsT = 60 fsT = 70 fsT = 80 fsT = 90 fsT = 100 fs
![Page 48: Two-Color three-pulse Photon Echoesmwg/chem295/lec13.pdf · 2008. 11. 7. · 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 Wavelength (nm) Intensity (normalized) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071607/6144f3ff34130627ed50ae0f/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
f
ωfe
dfe
gff(t)f-bath
,
( ) ( ) (0) ff fg fg ggv s
C t Tr U t U ρ=
Theory of 3-level systems
g
egee(t)
e-bath
laser: ω0, τp
ωeg
deg
g(t) has contributions from
vibrations: (ωv, λv , τv)
solvent: Gaussian (λsg , τsg)Exponential (λse, τse)
2
0 0
1( ) ( )
t
g t d d C
τ
τ τ τ′ ′= ∫ ∫h
,
( ) ( ) (0) ee eg eg ggv s
C t Tr U t U ρ=“regular”
energy-gap correlations
gfe(t)
,
( ) ( ) (0) fe fg eg ggv s
C t Tr U t U ρ=correlations betweenexcited states
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Nile Blue (simulation)ImRe
0
fs
100fs
ImRe2-level simulation
3-level simulation
ωfe = ωeg+100 cm-1
gfe(t) = 0
3-level simulation
ωfe = ωeg+100 cm-1
gfe(t) = gee(t)
experiment
![Page 50: Two-Color three-pulse Photon Echoesmwg/chem295/lec13.pdf · 2008. 11. 7. · 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 Wavelength (nm) Intensity (normalized) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071607/6144f3ff34130627ed50ae0f/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Dipole strength and gfe
ImRe
T = 0 fs T = 100 fs
ImRe
dfe = deg
gfe(t) = 0
ωfe = ωeg
dfe = 1.5 deg
gfe(t) = 0
ωfe = ωeg
dfe = 1.5 deg
gfe(t) = gee(t)
ωfe = ωeg
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2D Spectroscopy of Aggregates
MOLECULAR AGGREGATES
WEAKLY COUPLEDSTRONGLY COUPLED
LH2 Complex
Two-excitonBand 2e
One-excitonBand 1e
Ground state g
Linear chain of 2 level
molecules with electrostatic
dipole-dipole interaction
Absorption spectra of BIC monomer
and J-aggregates
![Page 52: Two-Color three-pulse Photon Echoesmwg/chem295/lec13.pdf · 2008. 11. 7. · 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 Wavelength (nm) Intensity (normalized) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071607/6144f3ff34130627ed50ae0f/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
J-AGGREGATE HAMILTONIAN
Off-diagonal
Electrostatic
Diagonal
Electron-Phonon
∑∑≠
==
+N
nmnm
mn
N
n
n nJmnn1,1
ε=)(qH ∑=
−N
n
phel
nn nqHn1
)(+ )(qH ph+
EXCITON BASIS: EXCITON WAVEFUNCTIONS
•Higher Exciton States are Strongly Delocalized•Exchange-Narrowing is Stronger for Higher (More Delocalized) Exciton States
•Relaxation is Faster for Higher Exciton States
Diagonal Exciton-Phonon Off-Diagonal Exciton-Phonon
SITE BASIS:
Overlap Factors DefineRelaxation
Renormalization FactorsCause Exchange Narrowing
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+
-
BIC J-Aggregates, Real 2D Spectra
![Page 54: Two-Color three-pulse Photon Echoesmwg/chem295/lec13.pdf · 2008. 11. 7. · 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 Wavelength (nm) Intensity (normalized) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071607/6144f3ff34130627ed50ae0f/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Absolute Value 2D Spectra BIC J-Aggregates
70%
50%
Magnifiedcentral
part of 2Dspectrum
Diagonal Elongation: Static DisorderWidth Broadening at Higher Frequencies: Exciton RelaxationDetailed Width Profile: Frequency-Dependent Dynamics
![Page 55: Two-Color three-pulse Photon Echoesmwg/chem295/lec13.pdf · 2008. 11. 7. · 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 Wavelength (nm) Intensity (normalized) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071607/6144f3ff34130627ed50ae0f/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Absolute Value 2D Plots
BIC J-aggregates
Absolute value of the 2D plots; population periods T=50, 500 fs.
Evolution of the 2D plots is mostly determined by the excitonrelaxation during the population period.
T = 50 fs T = 500 fs
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Frequency-Dependent Exciton Relaxation
• Fast Mode, no Relaxation: Small Changes with T, Minimum Width at Higher Frequencies
• Simulation with relaxation & Experiment:- Minimum width to the lower Frequency of 2D Peak & Asymmetric Shape:
Relaxation induced “Life-Time Broadening” is stronger at Higher Frequency
- Increased Width: Exciton Relaxation in Population Period
- Reduced Width: No Exciton Relaxation
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J-Aggregate HamiltonianSITE BASIS:
FREQUENCY- DEPENDENT DYNAMICS
Relaxation:Hopping Between States
Exchange Narrowing:
Reduction of theFluctuation Amplitude
Diagonal Exciton-Phonon Off-Diagonal Exciton-Phonon
EXCITON BASIS:
1
N
kn
n
k nϕ=
= ⋅∑
Off-diagonal
Electrostatic
Diagonal
Electron-Phonon
1 1,
N N
n mn
n m nm n
n n m J nε= =
≠
+∑ ∑=)(qH ∑=
−N
n
phel
nn nqHn1
)(+ )(qH ph+
|n> - monomer #n is excited
![Page 58: Two-Color three-pulse Photon Echoesmwg/chem295/lec13.pdf · 2008. 11. 7. · 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 Wavelength (nm) Intensity (normalized) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071607/6144f3ff34130627ed50ae0f/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Experimental 2D Spectrum
2D Spectra From J-Aggregates for T=50fs and T=500fs
Broadening of Higher Frequency Part is Due to Exciton Relaxation
|ω1 |
Anti-Diagonal Width
![Page 59: Two-Color three-pulse Photon Echoesmwg/chem295/lec13.pdf · 2008. 11. 7. · 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 Wavelength (nm) Intensity (normalized) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071607/6144f3ff34130627ed50ae0f/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Discrimination of Fluctuational and
Relaxational Dynamics
EXPERIMENT
SIMULATION
with RELAXATION
SIMULATION
without RELAXATION
a) fast mode
b) slower mode
Relaxation Broadens
High Frequency Part
Fluctuation Only
Dynamics
High Frequency Part
Shrinks
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Frequency-Dependent
Delocalization,
Relaxation and Exchange-Narrowing
•Delocalization Varies from 5 to 30 monomers across the Absorption Band of
J-aggregates
•Relaxation is Increased at Higher
Frequencies
•Dynamic Fluctuations are Reduced at
Higher Frequencies by Exchange-
Narrowing
![Page 61: Two-Color three-pulse Photon Echoesmwg/chem295/lec13.pdf · 2008. 11. 7. · 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 Wavelength (nm) Intensity (normalized) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071607/6144f3ff34130627ed50ae0f/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Best Fit: Experiment & Simulations
•Experiment is Reproduced
Theoretically over Complete R(3)
•Model Parameters(only 1 independent):
Disorder: σ = 250 cm-1
Gaussian Mode Correlation Function:
λ = 250 cm-1, τ = 50 fs (liquid water: 30…70fs)Coupling: J = 1080 cm-1 (from absorption)
(σ & λ determine absorption spectrum width)
•Frequency-Dependent Dynamics
is Correctly Reproduced
•Monomer Static Disorder and the
Approximate Correlation Function
are Retrieved
•Dynamics of One and Two Exciton
Contributions are Correctly
Reproduced
[Positive and Negative Spots in the
2D Real Spectrum ]
Solid lines are plotted at +10,20,…% and
dashed at -10,20,…% of the
absolute 2D spectrum maximum [at given time T ]