Auth
ors:
Sar
ah B
. Fic
k, M
ehm
et Is
cim
en, P
.E.
GEA
G 2
012
TVA
Kin
gsto
n Pe
nins
ula
Dis
posa
l Site
Proj
ect C
halle
nges
Dev
elop
ing
Ove
r Kar
st F
orm
atio
nsAu
thor
s:
Meh
met
Isci
men
, P.E
.; Sa
rah
B. F
ick;
Cun
eyt G
okm
en, P
.E.;
Nei
l Dav
ies,
P.E
.; R
ache
l Bur
nette
-Com
bs; S
cott
Turn
bow
2015
2015
Wo
rld
of
Co
al A
sh (
WO
CA
) C
on
fere
nce
in N
asvh
ille,
TN
- M
ay 5
-7, 2
015
htt
p:/
/ww
w.f
lyas
h.in
fo/
2
KIN
GST
ON
FO
SSIL
PLA
NT
(KIF
)Si
te L
ocat
ion
3
PEN
INSU
LA S
ITE
Gyp
sum
Dis
posa
l Are
a (G
DA
) Pha
se I
Lift
Stat
ion
Lift
Stat
ion
Cen
tral
D
rain
age
Cor
ridor
Cen
tral
D
rain
age
Cor
ridor
SW
Pond
SW
Pond
2010
2010
4
GYP
SUM
DIS
POSA
L A
REA
D
ec. 1
5, 2
010
Dro
p-ou
t
5
AG
END
A
•Pr
ojec
t Cha
lleng
es
•Si
te In
vest
igat
ion
–Si
te G
eolo
gy–
Roo
t-Cau
se A
naly
sis
•D
rop-
out I
nves
tigat
ion
& M
itiga
tion
–O
ver-e
xcav
atio
n an
d id
entif
icat
ion
–R
epai
r effo
rt
•Li
ner a
nd D
rain
age
Syst
ems
–R
edes
igne
d im
prov
ed s
yste
m–
Ong
oing
wor
k an
d re
sear
ch
6
Proj
ect C
halle
nges
•Pl
ant’s
pow
er g
ener
atio
n sc
hedu
le–
In <
1 ye
ar, (
I) id
entif
y ro
ot c
ause
of t
he s
ubsi
denc
e, (i
i) de
velo
p a
corre
ctiv
e ac
tion
plan
, (iii)
rece
ive
appr
oval
of m
ultip
le d
epar
tmen
ts w
ithin
TVA
and
TD
EC, a
nd (i
v)
impl
emen
t the
con
stru
ctio
n on
a s
ched
ule
that
had
no
flexi
bilit
y fo
r del
ays,
due
to
pow
er d
eman
d an
d op
erat
iona
l con
stra
ints
.
•C
ompl
ex s
ite g
eolo
gy
–m
ainl
y al
luvi
al re
sidu
um s
oils
ove
rlyin
g Kn
ox G
roup
bed
rock
form
atio
n su
scep
tible
to
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f kar
st fe
atur
es a
nd d
rop-
outs
.
•Pl
ant o
pera
tiona
l dem
ands
–
wet
to d
ry tr
ansi
tion
of C
CR
s at
KIF
–a
dew
ater
ing
faci
lity
for t
he g
ypsu
m w
as in
con
stru
ctio
n =>
des
ign
and
cons
truct
a
hybr
id d
ispo
sal f
acilit
y th
at w
ould
mee
t fut
ure
dry
disp
osal
regu
lato
ry re
quire
men
ts,
whi
le s
till b
eing
abl
e to
ope
rate
as
a w
et d
ispo
sal f
acilit
y du
ring
the
trans
ition
.
•C
hara
cter
istic
s of
CC
Rs
(e.g
., w
et v
s. d
ry p
roce
ssin
g, fl
y as
h vs
. gyp
sum
, et
c.)
–Pa
rticl
e si
ze c
ompa
tibilit
y w
ith s
elec
ted
filte
r med
ia, g
ranu
lar f
ilter
thic
knes
s, a
nd
cons
truct
ion
prac
tices
=>
effe
ctiv
enes
s of
filte
r and
dra
inag
e sy
stem
s / p
artia
l or
com
plet
e cl
oggi
ng.
7
Geo
logi
c Fe
atur
es
Dec
. 15,
201
0 D
rop-
out S
uspe
cted
Fo
rmat
ion
Mec
hani
sm 8
For i
llust
ratio
n O
nly
Not
to S
cale
Void
For
mat
ion
Surfa
ce c
onne
cts
to T
hroa
t
Gro
undw
ater
dis
pers
esTh
roug
h be
droc
k re
gim
e
SOIL
EM
BAN
KMEN
T
3 FT
CO
MPA
CTE
D C
LAY
LIN
ER
GC
L
APP
RO
XIM
ATE
LOC
ATIO
N
OF
12/1
5/10
DR
OP-
OU
T
FIN
GER
DR
AIN
1 FT
PR
OTE
CTI
VE S
OIL
CO
VER
MAX
IMU
M W
ATER
ELE
VATI
ON
SU
RVE
YED
(EL.
761
.1’)
THR
OAT
(EL.
743
.6’)
RO
CK
9.4
FT
5 FT
Hig
hly
wea
ther
ed/ir
regu
lar
Roc
k Fo
rmat
ion
(Cut
ter/P
inna
cle)
9
Prev
ious
and
Pos
t Dro
p-ou
t Site
Inve
stig
atio
ns
•Pr
evio
us S
tudi
es–
(1) 1
5 ex
plor
ator
y bo
rings
and
4 s
eism
ic re
fract
ion
surv
eys
by S
ingl
eton
M
ater
ials
Eng
inee
ring
Lab
(198
8); (
2) 6
soi
l bor
ings
and
2 b
edro
ck c
orin
gsby
M
acte
c(2
003)
; (3)
55
geop
robe
borin
gs b
y TV
A (2
003
and
2005
); (4
) 26
soil
borin
gs, 1
4 be
droc
k co
rings
, 13
mon
itorin
g w
ells
, and
10
cone
pen
etra
tion
test
s by
Mac
tec
(200
5); (
5) 2
6 so
il bo
rings
and
3 m
onito
ring
wel
ls b
y M
acte
c(2
006)
.•
Post
Dro
p-ou
t Stu
dies
–G
eote
chni
cal E
xplo
ratio
n of
the
Dro
p-ou
t Are
a
•14
pie
zoco
ne(C
PTu)
and
7 s
eism
ic c
one
pene
tratio
n te
st (S
CPT
u) to
dep
ths
rang
ing
from
abo
ut 4
.4 fe
et to
abo
ut 4
3.8
feet
. •
Shel
by tu
bes
•Fi
ve te
mpo
rary
pie
zom
eter
s w
ere
set i
n fiv
e of
the
CPT
sou
ndin
g ho
les.
–D
ye-T
race
Stu
dy–
Addi
tiona
l Env
ironm
enta
l Sam
plin
g an
d G
roun
dwat
er L
evel
Dat
a C
olle
ctio
n–
Inve
stig
atio
n/R
epai
r of t
he D
rop-
out
–O
vera
ll La
ndfil
l Ins
pect
ion
–O
vera
ll Su
bsur
face
Inve
stig
atio
n an
d R
epai
r Pro
gram
•O
ver-e
xcav
atio
n an
d D
rop-
out M
itiga
tion
Dec
. 15,
201
0 D
rop-
out
•Inc
rem
enta
l exc
avat
ion
to
soil/
bedr
ock
inte
rface
•Nom
inal
dim
ensi
on o
f 3.3
in
ches
•Dye
trac
e in
ject
ion
pipi
ng in
stal
led
•Dye
inje
ctio
n co
mpl
eted
Feb
7,
2011
10
11
DR
OP-
OU
T IN
VEST
IGAT
ION
& M
ITIG
ATIO
N
Ove
r-ex
cava
tion
12
BA
CK
GR
OU
ND
Scop
e of
Wor
k –
Phas
e IA
13
Rem
edia
l Opt
ions
Con
side
red
•C
onve
ntio
nal d
rillin
g•
Geo
phys
ical
met
hods
•D
ynam
ic c
ompa
ctio
n•
Ove
r-exc
avat
ion
& pr
oof-r
ollin
g
Com
bine
d w
ith a
robu
st:
-Li
ner s
yste
m-
Dra
inag
e sy
stem
14
Hig
hlig
hts
of O
ver-
exca
vatio
n an
d Pr
oof-R
ollin
g
•O
ver-e
xcav
ate
seve
n (7
) fee
t or m
ore
belo
w th
e lin
er le
vel;
•Pr
oof-r
oll t
he b
otto
m o
f ove
r-exc
avat
ion
with
hea
vy e
quip
men
t; an
d•
Back
-fill
with
com
pact
ed s
oil t
o re
ach
liner
gra
des
and
esta
blis
h a
“brid
ging
laye
r”.
Not
e th
at:
•Se
vent
y pe
rcen
t -ov
er-e
xcav
atio
n (i.
e., i
n th
ose
area
s w
here
line
r gr
ades
are
bel
ow th
e pr
edev
elop
men
t gra
des
and/
or th
e di
stan
ce
betw
een
the
liner
gra
des
and
the
pred
evel
opm
ent g
rade
s ar
e le
ss
than
sev
en (7
) fee
t). I
n th
ese
area
s, o
verb
urde
n so
il w
as o
ver-
exca
vate
d ge
nera
lly 7
feet
or m
ore
belo
w li
ner g
rade
, exc
avat
ion
botto
m w
as p
roof
-rolle
d, a
nd th
en e
xcav
atio
n ar
ea w
as b
ackf
illed
with
com
pact
ed s
oil t
o re
ach
liner
gra
des;
and
•
Thirt
y pe
rcen
t -fil
ling
and
com
pact
ion
effo
rts to
est
ablis
h lin
er
grad
es (i
.e.,
in th
ose
area
s w
here
line
r gra
des
are
7-ft
or m
ore
abov
e th
e pr
edev
elop
men
t gra
des—
area
s ou
tsid
e th
e ov
er-
exca
vatio
n zo
nes—
rece
ived
sev
en (7
) fee
t or m
ore
com
pact
ed fi
ll m
ater
ial t
o es
tabl
ish
the
liner
gra
des
and
thus
they
had
alre
ady
been
pr
oof-r
olle
d du
ring
fillin
g an
d co
mpa
ctio
n ef
forts
.
15
Min
e Su
bsid
ence
Mod
el
Figu
re.
Min
e Su
bsid
ence
Sch
emat
ic M
odel
Bul
king
fa
ctor
Pso
il
16
Min
e Su
bsid
ence
Mod
el -
II
Tabl
e. M
axim
um S
trai
n vs
Voi
d Si
ze
17
BA
CK
GR
OU
ND
Phas
e IA
Typ
ical
Cro
ss-S
ectio
n
18
BA
CK
GR
OU
ND
Scop
e of
Wor
k
BEFO
RE
AFTE
R10
oz/yd
2NW
GEO
TEXT
ILE F
ILTER
8” D
IA. S
DR-9
GY
PSUM
PERF
ERAT
ED H
DPE
PIPE
NO. 2
STO
NE
GCL
SUBG
RADE
COMP
ACTE
D CL
AY LI
NER
SOIL
COVE
R
19
DR
OP-
OU
T IN
VEST
IGAT
ION
& M
ITIG
ATIO
NO
ver-
exca
vatio
n
20
DR
OP-
OU
T IN
VEST
IGAT
ION
& M
ITIG
ATIO
N
Iden
tific
atio
n
21
DR
OP-
OU
T IN
VEST
IGAT
ION
& M
ITIG
ATIO
NIn
vest
igat
ion
22
DR
OP-
OU
T IN
VEST
IGAT
ION
& M
ITIG
ATIO
N
Rep
air E
ffort
1//S
hot R
ock
as n
eede
d &
grad
ed w
ith
No.
4 st
one
(typ.
)
23
DR
OP-
OU
T IN
VEST
IGAT
ION
& M
ITIG
ATIO
N
Rep
air E
ffort
2//G
eote
xtile
(GT)
&
Soil
Fill
18 in
. loo
se s
oil l
ifts
(typ.
)
24
DR
OP-
OU
T IN
VEST
IGAT
ION
& M
ITIG
ATIO
N
Rep
air E
ffort
3//A
ltern
atin
g Li
fts o
f Soi
l Fi
ll &
GT
fill t
o ba
se o
f exc
avat
ed a
rea
~3-5
lifts
(typ
)
25
DR
OP-
OU
T IN
VEST
IGAT
ION
& M
ITIG
ATIO
N
Spec
ial D
rop-
outs
26
LIN
ER S
YSTE
M
27
LIN
ER S
YSTE
M
Con
cret
e R
iser
s D
esig
n So
lutio
n
Poly
Lock
TM
28
LIN
ER S
YSTE
M
Con
cret
e R
iser
s D
esig
n So
lutio
n
29
DR
AIN
AG
E SY
STEM
D
esig
ning
for C
CR
s
30
DR
AIN
AG
E SY
STEM
D
esig
ning
for C
CR
s
10oz
/yd2
NW G
EOTE
XTILE
FILT
ER
8” D
IA. S
DR-9
GY
PSUM
PERF
ERAT
ED H
DPE
PIPE
NO. 2
STO
NE
GCL
SUBG
RADE
COMP
ACTE
D CL
AY LI
NER
SOIL
COVE
R
31
DR
AIN
AG
E SY
STEM
D
esig
ning
for C
CR
s
12
STAT
E O
F TH
E PR
AC
TIC
EFi
lter D
esig
n C
halle
nges
AGGREGATEFILTER
SYNT
HETICFILTER
33
DR
AIN
AG
E SY
STEM
La
bora
tory
Con
firm
ed (P
hase
I)
34
DR
AIN
AG
E SY
STEM
La
bora
tory
Con
firm
atio
n Fo
r Gyp
sum
(Pha
se II
& II
I)
1-2
ft
2-12
in
Gyp
sum
Slu
rry
Filte
r San
d
3 ft
1 ft
Filte
r San
d
Fine
Gra
vel
Coa
rse
Gra
vel
1 ft
1 ft
Gyp
sum
Slu
rry
PHA
SE II
PHA
SE II
I
35
DR
AIN
AG
E SY
STEM
La
bora
tory
Con
firm
atio
n Fo
r Fly
Ash
and
Opt
imiz
atio
n
(Pha
se II
& II
I)
6 in
2-12
in
Com
pact
ed
or S
lurri
edFl
y As
h
Filte
r San
d
3 ft
12 in
Filte
r San
d
Fine
Gra
vel
Coa
rse
Gra
vel
6in
6 in
PHA
SE II
I•
Nex
t sta
ge o
f tes
ts w
ith fl
y as
h•
Opt
imiz
atio
n of
filte
r and
dra
inag
e la
yers
Com
pact
ed
or S
lurri
edFl
y As
h
PHA
SE II
36
DR
AIN
AG
E SY
STEM
A
s-B
uilt
37
Inco
min
g G
ypsu
m S
lurr
y (d
urin
g in
itial
wet
ope
ratio
n)
EFFE
CTI
VEN
ESS
OF
LEA
CH
ATE
CO
LLEC
TIO
N
SYST
EM
Filte
red
Gyp
sum
Lea
chat
e
38
AM
ERIC
AN
CO
UN
CIL
OF
ENG
INEE
RIN
G C
OM
PAN
IES
(AC
EC) G
EOR
GIA
2014
EN
GIN
EER
ING
EX
CEL
LEN
CE
GR
AN
D A
WA
RD
PRO
JEC
T R
ECO
GN
ITIO
N
THA
NK
YO
U!
QU
ESTI
ON
S?
