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Transportation Fuels from
Biomass :A sustainable
Alternative for Energy Needs
Dr A K GuptaEx. Scientist G , Indian Institute of Petroleum,
Dehradun, INDIA
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Background
About 100 years ago, the economy wasprimarily based on Biomass orCarbohydrates
In 1920s a shift towards Fossil Fuelsstarted
This trend accelerated after World war II
Presently Fossil fuels have become theenergy and chemical commoditybackbone of both developed anddeveloping Nations.
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Due to abundant availability and favourable
economics, Fossil fuels (crude oil, Naturalgas and Coal) energy resources stilldominated the market.
Concerns for environment, and depletion offossil fuel reserves have evoked seriousdeplates all over the world
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This has led to
search for ecofriendly and sustainablealternative fuels.
increased efforts for energyconservation and improving energyefficiency.
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For developing countries like India,where the economy is largelyagricultural based biofuels such as
Biodiesel, ethanol, biomass derivedfuels, biogas and bio-syn gas arebecoming increasingly important as
future fuels.
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Biomass can providealternative to
Fossil resources
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Strengths of biomass Available in abundant quantities
Can significantly enhance our energyindependence and security
Can reduce use of imported oil and increase
reliability of energy supplies Can improve balance of Trade deficit Other benefits include
Productive use of agricultural, Municipal andforest wastes
Lower Emissions of Green House gases andpollutants
Growth of Rural Economy
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Potential Biomass Resourcess
Agricultural Residues
Forest Residues
Primary mill residues
Sludge (manure & Biosolids) Biogas (Landfill, digester and sewage
gas)
Other wastes (e.g. Organic fraction ofMSN)
Micro algae
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SLUDGE
SLUDGE
PROTEIN,SLUDGE
METHANE
HYDROGEN
ALCOHOLS;ETHANOL,
ETC.SUGARS
COMPOSTHUMUS,CO2, H2O
WETBIOMASS,SEWAGE,MANURE,ALGAE,WASTELIQUORS
ANAEROBICDIGESTION
MICROBIALDIGESTION
ANAEROBICDIGESTION
ACIDHYDROLYSIS
FERMEN-TATION
FEEDSTOCK PROCESS FUELS COPRODUCTS
Bioconversion processes
+
+
+
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Pyroconversion processes
DRYBIOMASS
MUNICIPALWASTE
WOOD ANDFARM
RESIDUES
DESTRUCTIVEDISTILLATION
PYROLYSIS
O2-PARTIALCOMBUSTION
FEEDSTOCK PROCESS FUELS COPRODUCTS
CHARCOAL(METHANOL)
CHARS, OILS,GASSES
OILS
METHANE
METHANOL
HEAT, STEAM,ELECTRICITY
HYDROLIQUEFACTION
SYNTHESISGAS
CO + H2
AIR PARTIALCOMBUSTION LOW BTU
GAS
TOTAL COMBUSTION
WOODCHEMICALS
AMMONIA
MINERALASH
+
+
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Current and future biofuels
Bio-alchols and ethers Methanol, Ethanol, butanol,ETBE, MTBE
Vegetable oils, Biodiesel
Biogas- SNG, bio-methane
Gasification products- Syn gas Bio-mehane steam reformed products- Syn gas
Pyrolysis oil
Bio-syn gas based Liquid fuels- F-T fuels, Methanol,
DME Hydrogen
MicroAlgae based biodiesel and liquid fuels
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Bio-ethanol
Conventionally produced viafermentation of sugars derived fromsugar crops.
Can also be produced from starch
and biomass via hydrolysis followedby fermentation.
Bio-ethanol is suitable as gasoline
blending component The cost of ethanol from biomass is
higher ~ $ 1.27 / gal
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Bioethanol
Future Research is focussed onreducing the cost of productionthrough improvements in
fermentation technology, using lowcost feed stocks, and newbiocatalysts.
The process patented by IIP,Dehradun uses a Thermophilicbacteria which directly converts
starch into ethanol in high yields.
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Biodiesel
Biodiesel is methyl/ethyl esters ofFatty acids.
Biodiesel can be used in blends withdiesel or as such in IC engines.
It produces less tail pipeemmissions and improves lubricityof diesel.
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Biodiesel
Conventionally produced viatransesterification of vegetable oils,waste oils and animal fat using alkali
catalysts such as NaOH, KOH,MeONa etc.
Alkali catalysts based processes are
not suitable for feed stockscontaining high FFA and generatelarge effluents as waste.
1.5 -2 times costler than diesel
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Biodiesel More Research is needed to reduce the
cost of biodiesel, use of cheaper feedstocks with high FFA, and reduceeffluents.
Recently, Studies have been reported in:-Transesterification in supercritical
MeOH
- Use of heterogeneous catalysts (metaloxides, phosphates, zeolites etc.
Most of the heterogeneous catalystsare also not suitable for high FFA
containing feed stocks
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Biodiesel: new developments
Axens, France process uses a silicatecatalyst for transesterification of lowFFA oils.
IIP, Dehradun has patented aheterogeneous catalyst whichsimultaneously catalysestransesterification of glycerides and
esterification of FFA, thereby givinghigh yields even with low quality oilscontaining high FFA.
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Substitute natural gas(SNG) from Biomass
What is SNG ?
SNG is subtitute natural gas derived frombiomass/ organic wastes. Since it is
obtained from renewable resources it isalso known as green gas
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SNG Production:
There are four options for producing SNG fro biomass/ wasteorganic matter (MSW):
1. SNG production by upgrading Biomass from AnaerobicDigestion
2. SNG production by combined biomassgasification/methanation process.
3. SNG production by biomass hydrogasification process4. Cogeneration as well as stand-alone production of F-T
liquids and SNG
SNG d ti
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SNG production..
Development status:
Anaerobic digestion is a well established technology for wastetreatment, and generally available on commercial scale.
Millions of anaerobic digesters (commonly known as biogas
plants) have been built around the world, most of which arevery small, built in developing countries.
Large scale digesters have been built in France, Germany, andBelgium for treating Municipal Solid waste (MSW) and farm
based digesters dotted around Europe. In UK use of land fillgas is significant.
The technology is fully commercial.
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SNG production by combined biomass
gasification/methanation process:
GasificationGas
Clean-up
Methanation
Gas conditioning
SNG
Biomass
Steam(O2)
SNG production by combined biomass gasification/ methanation
process
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SNG production by biomass hydrogasificationprocess:
Hydrogen and biomass are fed to the reactoroperating at 30 bar and 800-850oC.
Due to exothermic reactions this reactor canbe operated autothermally. ( ExampleDeutshe Montan Tehnologies (DMT)
Hydro-
gasification
Gas
Clean-up
Gas
conditioning
Bioma
ss
H2 (rich)gas
Final
Methanation
SNG
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SNG co-production by conversion of biomassthrough Fischer-Tropsch/metanation:
In this process syn gas produced in the gasifier isconverted to liquid fuel by once through F-T process.
The off gas is from F-T process which contains
unconverted CO and H2 and methane produced ingasification and C1C4 hydrocarbons produced in F-Tsynthesis is upgraded by methanation and CO2removal.
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Cogeneration as well as stand-alone production ofF-T liquids and SNG
GasificationF-T
SynthesisMethanation
CO2
removalSNG
CO2
F-T liquids
Biomass
Gasification
Gasification
Biomass
F-T
synthesis
Methanation CO2removal
SNG
F-T
liquids
CO2
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Potential Alternative Bio-syngas
applications
Base chemicals Transportation fuels
nAromatics (BTX)
nOlefins
(Ethylene, propylene,butenes, Butadiene)
nMethanol
nSubstitute for CNG
nGasoline (MTG process)nDimethyl Ether (DME)
nFischer-Tropsch (FT)
dieselnMixed Alcohols
nSubstitute Natural Gas
(SNG)
nPower production
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Syn gas (Bio-syn gas)from biomass
Syn gas is a mixture of CO and H2
Biosyn gas can be produced by gasification
of biomass.
It can also be produced by steam reforming ofSNG obtained from anaerobic digestion of
biomass Currently, Bio Syn gas to liquid fuels is one of
the most researched area
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Boi-oils from biomass
Fast Pyrolysis, a thermal process, is used toproduce pyrolysis oil ( Bio-oil)
Bio-oils are not suitable as transportation fuelsbut can be upgraded
Bio-oils can be used in power plants.
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Bio-oils
Upgrading Bio-oils to Transportation fuels:- Microemulsion with 5-30% bio-oil in
diesel with emulsifiers.
- Deoxigenation :-hydrotreatment over Co-Mo/Ni-Mo catalysts
- Catalytic cracking over zeolitecatalysts
Upgrading bio-oils to transportation fuels is
not economical
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H2 From Biomass
Biomass conversion technologies can be divided intotwo categories.
1. Direct production routes (simplicity of process).
2. Conversion of storable intermediates (additionalproduction steps, distributed production ofintermediates, lower transportation costs of biomass,
larger-scale H2 production facilities.) Both categories involve thermochemical and biological
routes.
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Pathways From Biomass to H2Biomass
Thermochemical
Gasification High Pressure
AqueousPyrolysis
H2/CO CH4/CO2
CH3OH/CO2
H2
/CO2
CH4/CO2 CH1.4O.6
H2
/CO2H2/C
H2
/CO2
Bio-shift
Shift
Synthesis
Reforming
shift
H2/CO2
Reforming
shift
H2/CO2
Reforming
shift
Sever
e
P th f Bi t
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Pathways from Biomass toH2 Biomass
Biological
H2/CO2
AnaerobicDigestion
Metabolic
ProcessingFermentation
CH4/CO2CH3CH2OH/CO2
H2/CO2H2/C
H2/CO2
Bio-shiftReformingshift Pyrolysis
Reformingshift Photo-
biology
H2/O2
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Direct Production of H2 From
Biomass Gasification coupled with water-gas shift is the most
widely practiced process route for biomass to H2.
Thermal, steam and partial oxidation gasificationtechnologies are under development around theworld.
Feedstocks include both dedicated crops and
agricultural and forest product residues of hardwood,softwood and herbaceous species.
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Direct Solar Gasification
Several investigators have examined the use ofsolar process heat for gasification or organicsolid wastes to produce H
2.
Studies have shown favourable economicprojections for solar gasification of
carbonaceous materials such as agriculturalwaste to produce syn gas for producing H2.
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Supercritical Conversion of
Biomass Aqueous conversion of whole biomass to H2
under low temperature supercritical
conditions in another area of investigation inrecent years.
Corrosion, pumping of biomass slurry,improvement in heating rates, heat transfer,commercial reactor system development aresome of the problems need attention.
P l i H d d C b
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Pyrolysis to Hydrogen and Carbonor MethanolThis is a high temperature two-step process involving
(i) Conversion of biomass to methane
(ii) Thermal decomposition of methane to H2 and clean carbon-black
Typical overall stoichiometry is:
CH1.44 O0.66 + C + 0.6 H2 + 0.66 H2O
The process is called Hydrocarb processIn another process Carnol Process methanol is produced with H2
CH1.44 O0.66 + 0.30 CH4 0.64 C + 0.66 CH3OH
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ISSUES
Since H2 content in Biomass is low the yield of H2 islow (Approx. 6% vs. 25% of CH4)
Energy content of biomass is also low due to 40% O2content.
Low energy content of biomass is inherent limitationof the process since over half of H2 from biomasscomes from splitting of water in steam reforming.
continued
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Even at reasonable high efficiency, production of H2from biomass is not presently economically competitivewith natural gas steam reforming without the advantageof high-value co-products, very low cost biomass andpotential environmental incentives.
There are no completed technology demonstrations.
ISSUES
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Microalgae
Micro algae are single-celled plants that containphotosynthetic machinery driven by the Suns
energy to combine CO2 and water to form
variety of products. These are low input high yield feed stocks to
produce biofuels.
It produces 30 times more energy per acre landthan land crops such as soyabean.
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Algae to liquid fuels Dry algae contains as high as 50-60% lipids
and hydrocarbons.
Oil is extracted from dry algae by solvents
Algae oil is converted to biodiesel Oil cake can be gasified to produce syn gas
which can be used to produce liquid fuels(
diesel and gasoline) via F-T process Cost of production of biodiesel from
microalgae is ~ $ 3.50/gal
C l i
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Conclusions:
Awide range of transportation fuels, which
can reduce our vulnerabilityto disruption infuel supplies and improve our balance oftrade deficit, can be produced from biomass.
Biomass based fuels are little costlier thanfossil fuels
Biofuels are more eco-friendly than fossil
fuels. There is need for focused R&D to reduce
cost and quality of biomass based fuels
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Thanks