Download - Transport Protocols for Sensor Networks
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April 19, 2023 1
Transport Protocols for Sensor Networks
Nischal M. Piratla
Sangeetha L. Bangolae
Tarun Banka
Computer Networking Research Laboratory
Colorado State University
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April 19, 2023 2
Motivation
What is expected out of a transport protocol for sensor networks ? Reliability, congestion control, mux/demux,……
Why can’t we use the existing protocols ?Resource constraints – power, storage, computation
complexity, data rates, … Are these constraints common for all sensor
networks ? No, they are application specific.
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April 19, 2023 3
Motivation ..contd.
Any application can have a union of the constraints that we know or yet to figure out
Spectra for known constraints:Low data Rate High data Rate
Power limited Not Power limited
Storage limited Not Storage limited
Bursty samples Periodic samples
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April 19, 2023 4
Motivation ..contd.
General notion for sensor networks
Low data Rate High data Rate
Power limited Not power limited
Storage limited Not storage limited
Sink
user
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Motivation ..contd.
Radar application:
Range of Transport protocols is yet to be explored
ESRT, PSFQ, CODA …….……!!!!………..TRABOL
Low data Rate High data Rate
Power limited Not Power limited
Storage limited Not storage limited
High data RateNot Power limited
Not Storage limited
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April 19, 2023 6
Event-to-Sink Reliable Transport (ESRT) for Wireless Sensor Networks
Salient Features: Event-to-sink reliability Self-configuration Energy awareness [low power
consumption requirement!] Congestion Control Variation in complexity at source and
sink. [computation complexity]
S
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April 19, 2023 7
ESRT’s Definition of Reliability
Reliability is measured in terms of the number of packets received. Or reporting frequency i.e., number of packets/decision interval.
Observed reliability: number of received data packets in decision interval at the sink.
Desired reliability: number of packets required for reliable event detection.
Normalized reliability = observed/desired.
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April 19, 2023 8
ESRT operation
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Algorithm for ESRT
If congestion and low reliability: decrease reporting frequency aggressively. (exponential decrease)
If congestion and high reliability: decrease reporting to relieve congestion. No compromise on reliability (multiplicative increase)
If no congestion and low reliability: increase reporting frequency aggressively (multiplicative increase)
If no congestion and high reliability: decrease reporting slowing (half the slope)
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April 19, 2023 10
Components of ESRT
In sink: Normalized reliability computation A congestion detection mechanism
In source: Listen to sink broadcast Overhead free local congestion detection mechanism
E.g., buffer level monitoring, CN – Congestion Notification
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April 19, 2023 11
Analytical Results
Analytical results (intuitive yet useful) .. We will skip this slide
Starting from no congestion, high reliability and with linear reliability behavior when the network is not congested, the network state remains unchanged until ESRT converges
Starting from no congestion, high reliability, and with linear reliability behavior when the network is congested, ESRT converges to optimum operating range in t[log2((-1)/)]
With linear reliability behavior when the network is not congested, the network state transition from congestion, high reliability to no congestion, low reliability.
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April 19, 2023 12
Performance Results (based on simulations)
please refer to the paper for graphs .. They may not be legible here
Starting with no congestion and low reliability:
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Performance Results contd… (based on simulations)
Starting with no congestion and high reliability:
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April 19, 2023 14
Performance Results contd… (based on simulations)
please refer to the paper for graphs
Starting with congestion and high reliability:
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April 19, 2023 15
Performance Results contd… (based on simulations)
please refer to the paper for graphs
Starting with congestion and low reliability:
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April 19, 2023 16
Performance Results contd… (based on simulations)
please refer to the paper for graphs
Average power consumption while starting with no congestion and high reliability:
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Challenges with ESRT
Multiple concurrent events. Congestion may be due to all sensor nodes.
Can there be a better way to slow down the nodes causing the congestion ?
Buffer occupancy and congestion.
We will now move to TRABOL.
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April 19, 2023 18
Gigabit Networking: Digitized Radar Data Transfer and Beyond
Sangeetha L.Bangolae, Anura P. Jayasumana, V. Chandrasekar
Sangeetha L. Bangolae
(Sang)
Computer Networking Research Lab
Colorado State University
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Motivation
Present a new class of high-bandwidth (64 – 384 Mbps) application – VCHILL radar
Discuss the transport protocols to satisfy real-time radar data transfer over high-speed links
Congestion Control to be TCP-friendly
* VCHILL – Virtual CHILL
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Gigabit Networking Applications
Digital Earth Bio-medical Tele Immersion NASA
Virtual MechanoSynthesis Digital Sky
VCHILL
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April 19, 2023 21
VCHILL Radar Application
AIM Transfer and Display of Digitized Radar Signals
in real-time over the NGI (Next Generation Internet)
Remote Control of the radar
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VCHILL Radar Application
CHARACTERISTICS High-bandwidth requirement for best operation; A
high responsiveness to available bandwidth. Satisfactory operation with a minimum bandwidth
threshold possible; Yet increase in bandwidth provides a better display image.
Tolerance to losses and end-to-end delay high, compared to audio and video streaming media.
Smoothness (delay jitter) not critical for proper functioning.
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CSU-CHILL Doppler Radar
11 cm wavelengthDual-polarizationRadar
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Current Status
Remote Client
Shared MemoryDigitized
Radar Signal
Internet
Internet
TCPServer
MulticastServer
RDP(TRABOL)
Server
SignalProcessing
RadarDisplay
End UserApplication
High Speed Link400/800 Mbps
Real-time video
Display: PPI/RHI (Plan Position Indicator/Range Height Indicator)End stations: Sun Solaris basedSignal Processing: DSP Software based
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Radar Data Format
Gate1 VVI(1)VVQ(1) VVI(2)VVQ(2) VVI(3)VVQ(3) VVI(4)VVQ(4) HHI(1)VVQ(1) HHI(2)VVQ(2) HHI(3)HHQ(3) HHI(4)HHQ(4)
Gate2 VVI(1)VVQ(1) VVI(2)VVQ(2) VVI(3)VVQ(3) VVI(4)VVQ(4) HHI(1)VVQ(1) HHI(2)VVQ(2) HHI(3)HHQ(3) HHI(4)HHQ(4)
Gate3 VVI(1)VVQ(1) VVI(2)VVQ(2) VVI(3)VVQ(3) VVI(4)VVQ(4) HHI(1)VVQ(1) HHI(2)VVQ(2) HHI(3)HHQ(3) HHI(4)HHQ(4) | | | | | | | |
Gate1000 VVI(1)VVQ(1) VVI(2)VVQ(2) VVI(3)VVQ(3) VVI(4)VVQ(4) HHI(1)VVQ(1) HHI(2)VVQ(2) HHI(3)HHQ(3) HHI(4)HHQ(4)
1st Sample 2nd Sample 3rd Sample 4st Sample
Each Sample size: 16000 bytes
One Ray of DRS Data
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Radar Parameter Display Image
UDP-based (RDP) DRS Transfer with no losses* RDP: Radar Data transfer Protocol
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Radar Parameter Display Image
UDP-based (RDP) DRS Transfer with 90% losses
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VCHILL Application TCP – too conservative, not suitable for real-
time UDP – Suitable for real-time, but No congestion
control, flow control
Require a transport protocol for real-time data transfer - With Congestion control!
Transport protocols and Congestion Control
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VCHILL UDP-based DRS Transfer Architecture
Feedback Sender
Feedback Manager
Data Transmission
Data Reception
Parameter Estimation
DISPLAY
DRS Client
64 – 384 Mbps Radar
NGI/I2
DRS Server
Data Acquisition
Data Control
Application Layer
Transport Layer (UDP)
Congestion Manager
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TRABOL: TCP-friendly Rate Adaptation Based On Loss
Source-based Rate Control based on AIMD If (Congestion)
Decrease sending rate to MIN_RATE If (No Congestion)
Increase sending rate towards TARGET_RATE in steps
Congestion policies based on feedback from receiver
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April 19, 2023 31
Feedback Mechanism
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Performance Evaluation
0 5 10 15 20 250
20
40
60
80
100
120RDP Transmission rate and Loss rate without rate control
Time in seconds -->
RD
P T
ran
sm
iss
ion
ra
te i
n M
bp
s -
->
Transmission rate
0 5 10 15 20 250
20
40
60
80
Lo
ss
ra
te i
n %
-->
Time in seconds -->
Loss rate
Datagram size = 32 KB
Sending rate (Mbps) and Loss rate (%) forRadar Application without rate control
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Performance Evaluation (contd…)
Sending rate (Mbps) and Loss rate (%) forRadar Application with memory-based TRABOL
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
20
40
60
80
100RDP Transmission rate w/memory and Loss rate
Tra
ns
mis
sio
n R
ate
in
Mb
ps
-->
Time in seconds -->
Transmission Rate
0 10 20 30 40 50 600
10
20
30
40
50
60
Time in seconds -->
Lo
ss
Ra
te i
n %
-->
Loss Rate
Datagram size = 32K, MIN RATE = 25 Mbps, Step size = 12 Mbps
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VCHILL as a NGI application Current Status of the Project Transport protocols for the application UDP-based Radar data transfer protocol Need for congestion Control TRABOL and Performance Evaluation
Summary
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April 19, 2023 35
Thank you
Questions!