Download - Transport Issues in Developing Countries
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8/12/2019 Transport Issues in Developing Countries
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@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
Elnail @ssuds `k ]rikspnrt]QIK4169
Mdvdlnp`ke Fnuktr`ds @ssuds
Mik`dl Dssdl
Hirfn Hrnzdj
Juji Kjike
Iyu Jgir`zsi
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@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
Mdvdlnp`ke Fnuktr`ds
Ew`ll`ih (1336) mdb`kds mdvdlnp`ke fnuktr`ds is tgnsdquil`by`ke is anrrnw`ke hdhadrs nb tgd Unrlm aikj.
ldvdls nb mdvdlnphdkt hiy viry w`mdly w`tg`k sn-filldmmdvdlnp`ke fnuktr`ds
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@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
Mdvdlnp`ke Fnuktr`ds
Dfnknh`f/Snpulit`nk ernwtg - g`egdr vdg`fld nwkdrsg`p ikm rip`mTraik`sit`nk
Envdrkikfd (f`v`l wirs, fnrrupt nk, stia l`ty, aurdiufrify)
@kimdquitd `kbristrufturd (@hprnpdr plikk`ke, `hprnpdr hi`ktdkikfd (ri`k`kesdisnk, pivdm/ukpivdm) ikm lifj nb `ktderitdm likm usd ikm trikspnrt pliks,lifj nb `kvdsthdkt, fnkedst`nk)
@k`t`il trikspnrt kdtwnrj fnkfdktritdm nk dxtrift`vd fdktrds (d.e. Dirly ri lwiykdtwnrj, rnim kdtwnrj) `kfrdis`ke m`spir`t`ds adtwddk ruril ikm uraikrde`nks, g`egdr fnst nb trikspnrt, pnnr quil`ty nb trikspnrt sdrv`fds, @kbnrhil
trikspnrt
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@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
Dxihpld? Huhai`
Huhai` (i f`ty nb 9=97 h ll`nk f`t`zdks) 44.4% nb tgdf`tys pnpulit`nk wilj ikm 19.0% fnhhutd ay tri`k.
h`k`huh nb 93 mditgs mi`ly nk tgd ri`lwiys.
U`tg nkd h`ll`nk vdg`flds ikm hnrd tgik 97 h`ll`nk hntnra`jds nk tgd rnims, tgd fnuktrys `kbristrufturdmdvdlnphdkt gim
Vnurfd? Tk`tdm Kit`nks (1331)
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@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
Fdktril`zit`nk nb kdtwnrj Mur`ke fnlnk`il t`hds - trikspnrt riw hitdr`ils tn tgd sdipnrts hi`kly ay
ri`l
Mdvdlnp`ke i ri`lwiy kdtwnrj bir fgdipdr tgik rnim kdtwnrj
hi`kly riw hitdr`ils tn dxpnrt tn fnlnk`il dhp`rds
Fnlnk`il iutgnr`t`ds knt `ktdrdstdm `k rde`nkil `ktderit`nk
Ibtdr @kmdpdkmdkfd hnst bnfus nk rnim kdtwnrj (Ibr`fi, Vnutg Ihdr`fi)
Fnlnk`il kdtwnrj st`ll aifjankd nb hiky mdvdlnp`ke fnuktr`ds `k Ibr`fiFnkfdktrit nk nb dfnknh`f ift`v`t`ds - m`spir`t`ds -; ldims iei`k tn h`erit nk
Vnurfds? Kong, 1337 ikm Vtrifj, 907=
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@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
G`egdr fnst nb trikspnrt
Snnr `kbristrufturd
Lnwdr iffdss`a l`ty (l`h`tdm mur`ke hnksuk b kn ill-wditgdrrnim)
Vnurfd? ]gd Dfnknh`st, 1391 ikm L`adr`i Hirjdt Sr`fdHnk`tnr, 1396
G`egdr fnsts bnr trikspnrt, rdifg`ke
bif`l`t`ds
Rnkoihi ikm V`knd ukiffdss`ald mur`ke ri`k`ke sdisnk
Sr`fds nb i eillnk pdtrnl up tn $0
Sr`fd nb s`keld dee 43 fdkts
Sr`fds bnr pdtrnl up tn =4% g`egdr `k ruril irdis `kL`adr i tgik `k tgd fip`til sihd ippl`ds bnr bnnmpr`fds
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@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
-H`knr pirt iffdss`ald tgrnuegnut tgd ri`k`ke sdisnk-Hionr pirt l`h`tdm iffdss
Dxihpld brnh Mirbur (Vumik)
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@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
Fnrrupt`nk
Nffurs nk `k ill ldvdls nb imh`k`strit`nk @kg`a`ts `hpldhdktit nk nb prnodfts liws @kg`a`ts imdquitd dkbnrfdhdkt Alnfjs dfnknh`f mdvdlnphdkt
Vnurfd? ]gd Euirm`ik, 1396 ikm Arnhldy dt il., 1399
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@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
]rikspnrt prnaldhs
Fir Nwkdrsg`p
Mireiy, Eitdly ikm Vnhhdr, (1335) givd prnodftdm i hufg bistdr ritds nb ernwtg bnrknk-NDFM fnuktr`ds us`ke frnss-sdft`nkil miti brnh =4 fnuktr`ds.
]ntil vdg`fld stnfj w ll `kfrdisd tn ianut 1 a ll`nk `k 1363
42% nb tgd wnrlms vdg`fld blddt wnulm ad nwkdm ay knk-NDFM fnuktr`ds.
]gd hnst rip`m ernwtg `s `k tgd knk-NDFM dfnknh`ds w`tg g`eg ritds nb `kfnhd ernwtg,ikm pdr-fip`ti `kfnhd ldvdls ($6,333 tn $93,333) it wg`fg tgd `kfnhd dlist`f`ty nbvdg`fld nwkdrsg`p `s tgd g`egdst.
Fg`ki gis ay bir tgd g`egdst ernwtg ritd nb vdg`fld nwkdrsg`p, 93.2% ikkuilly, bnllnwdmay @km`i (5%) ikm @kmnkds`i (2.4%).
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@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
]rikspnrt prnaldhs
Fir Nwkdrsg`p
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@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
H`xdm tribb`f
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@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
Vuhhiry nb prnaldhs>>>>
Vnurfd? Pnsg`tsueu Giyisg` dt il. (133=.)
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@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
]rikspnrt prnaldhs
]ribb`f Fnkedst`nk
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@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
Snnr quil`ty nb trikspnrt sdrv`fds
Vnurfds? ]dlderipg, 1334
Snnr hi`ktdkikfd
@ksubb`f`dkt @kbristrufturd
@kbnrhil trikspnrt
Vibdty >
Kn sfgdmulds
Sr`fd trikspirdkfy
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@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
]rikspnrt prnaldhs
@kbnrhil Sual`f ]rikspnrt npdritnrs
Srnaldhs trnueg pr`fd trikspirdkfy Vibdty prnaldhs Vfgdmul`ke/Qdl`ia l`ty
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@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
]rikspnrt prnaldhs
@kbnrhil Sual`f ]rikspnrt npdritnrs
@k Ki`rna`, Jdkyi, 66% nb tgd tntil pual`f trikspnrt mdhikm (ianut 233,333 tr`ps pdrmiy) sdrvdm ay hitutus, i edkdril tdrh bnr `kbnrhil npdritnrs (]ijy`, 9003)
@k Oijirti, @kmnkds`i, i w`md riked nb vdg`flds, brnh guhik-pnwdrdm pdm`fias tn
h`k`ausds, nbbdr rdeulir pissdkedr sdrv`fds (Fdrvdrn, 1333). Oijirtis pdm`fias, filldmAdfijs, sdrvd sgnrt-m`stikfds tr`ps, wg`ld Nodjs, nr hntnrfyfld tix`s, nbbdr sdrv`fdsnvdr sl`egtly lnkedr m`stikfds.
@k Egiki, rnim trikspnrt iffnukts bnr nvdr 04% nb ill mnhdst`f trikspnrt sdrv`fds w`tgantg brd`egt ikm pissdkedr sdrv`fds ad`ke prnv`mdm liredly ay pr`vitd sdftnr nwkdrs ikmnpdritnrs (]rn-trn) bnr g`rd nr rdwirm
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@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
]rikspnrt prnaldhsMdtdr`nrit`ke dkv`rnkhdkt
Dh`ss`nks nb firank hnknx`md, k`trnedk nx`mds, ikm gymrnfirankstgit fiusd shne ikm gdiltg prnaldhs it tgd lnfil ldvdl givd addksuastikt`illy rdmufdm `k hiky imvikfdm fnuktr`ds ay `hpns`ke t`egtdrvdg`fld dh`ss`nk stikmirms
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@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
]rikspnrt prnaldhsMdtdr`nrit`ke dkv`rnkhdkt
Kn dh`ss`nk stikmirms
Dxpnsurd tn pnllut`nk
Uistd
m`spnsil
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@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
I`r Snllut nk `k F`t`ds irnukm tgd Unrlm
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@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
]rikspnrt prnaldhs
Vibdty
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@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
Vibdty `ssuds
Ie`ke vdg`fld blddt? Nlm firs dxpnrtdm brnh Durnpd tn
Ibr`fi, Knrtg tn Vnutg Ihdr`fi ikm
Oipik/Jnrdi tn Quss`i Nbtdk mnkt hddt sibdty rdqu rdhdkts
`k tgd`r fnuktr`ds Bnrhdr nwkdrs sivd rdfyfl`ke bdd
9.6 h`ll`nk j`lldm nk wnrlms rnims J`lls hnrd pdnpld tgik hilir`i 43 h ll nk `kourdm 03% nffur `k mdvdlnp`ke fnuktr`ds
Q`sd tn 9.0 h`ll`nk ay 1313
Dr`trdi =7.=
K`edr`i 66.5
@kmnkds`i 95.5
Egiki 11.1
TJ 1.54
Edrhiky =.=
Qnim mditgs pdr 933,333 pdnpld
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@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
Vibdty prnaldhs is i fnksdqudkfd nb lifj `k `kbristrufturd (d.e. hi`ktdkikfd)
H`x nb rnim usdrs (m`bbdrdkt hissds, m`bbdrdkt spddms)
@kbristrufturd knt nkly tribb f bukft`nk
Lnwdr iwirdkdss nb trikspnrt rdlitdm sibdty
Lifj nb lde`slit`nk, dmufit`nk ikm fnrrupt`nk (d.e. Gdlhdts `k R`dtkih)
Vnurfd? ]gd ]dlderipg: ]rikspnrt Qdsdirfg Anirm, 1332
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@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
Vdfur`ty `ssuds
Edkmdr `ssuds R`nldkfd iei`kst wnhdk (up tn 14% nb wnhdk bifdm edkmdr aisdm v`nldkfd `k tgd
DT) ikm hufg g`egdr b`eurds `k mdvdlnp`ke fnuktr`ds Srdvdkts wnhdks pirt`f`pit`nk `k trikspnrt Vnlut`nks (d.e. sdpdrit`nk) mndskt fnuktdrift prnaldhs
Vnurfd? Durnpdik @kst`tutd bnr Edkmdr Dquil`ty
Vdpirit`nk `k Oipik, Deypt, @km`i, @rik, ]i`wik,Ariz`l, Hdx`fn, @kmnkds`i, tgd Sg`l`pp`kds,Hiliys`i ikm Muai`
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@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
Dmufit`nk Lifj `k mr`v`ke dmufit`nk
Fg`lmrdk `ksubb`f`dktly dmufitdm ianut rnim gizirms
Pnukedr edkdrit`nk knt iwird nb tgdh
Fihpi`eks bnr tribb`f sibdty (Mrukj mr`v`ke, sditadlts, fg lmrdksadgiv`nur)
Iffdss`a`l`ty nb fihpi`eks tn pdnpld> (fnks`mdr `ll`tdrify)
Vnurfd?gttp?//en.nwu.dmu/~rmbusfg/wnrlm^`ll`tdrify^ritds.ope
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@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
]gd `hpift @k tgd buturd
Bnr Dkv`rnkhdkt
- Qdsnurfd mdpldt`nk ikm fl`hitd fgiked
- I`r pnllut`nk
Bnr guhik l`bd (wdiltgy ikm gdiltgy)
- Tkdvdk dfnknh`f ernwtg
- Lnw dmufit`nk `k ruril irdi
- Sdnpld fik givd aim i`r fnkm`t`nk fiusdm ay trikspnrtit`nk
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@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
Qdfnhhdkmit`nk bnr Dkv`rnkhdkt Mdtdr`nrit`nk Vtrnke Qdeulitnry @kst`tut`nks ( Snl`fd, rnim Iedkf`ds, trikspnrt mdpirthdkt
dtf.)
Dkfnurie`ke Iltdrkit`vd hnmd nb ]rikspnrt
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@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
Qdfnhhdkmit`nk bnr Dkv`rnkhdkt Mdtdr`nrit`nk Srnhntd Sual`f ]rikspnrt (d.e. ]riksOijirti AQ], ]riksh`ldk`n, L`egt ri`l
systdhs)
Fnks`mdr pr`fds(AQ] hufgfgdipdr tgik L`egt ri`l)
Npdrit`nk fnsts Hi`ktdkikfd Tsied
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@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
Qdfnhhdkmit`nk bnr @kbristrufturd ikm Likm usd
Ennm hi`ktdkikfd fulturd nk dx`st`ke `kbristrufturd
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@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
Iltdrkit`vd rdsnurfd
- Dldftr`f nr gyar`m vdg`fld
- Ts`ke ntgdr rdsnurfd sufg is kikn-blu`m tdfgknlney,FKE (fnhprdssdm kituril eis) nr fnkfnh`tikt
`kodft`nk nb eisnl`kd ikm hdtgikd- @ktderitdm tribb`f hikiedhdkt systdh
- Qnim Sr`f`ke nr Fnrmnk rnim pr`f`ke
- Qdil t`hd pissdkedr `kbnrhit`nk
- Aus rip`m triks`t nr hiss pual`f trikspnrt
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@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
Vnurfd? (Ongk,1393)
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@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
Sual`f trikspnrt us`ke FKE
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@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
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@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
]ribb`f iff`mdkt ay fitdenry
Vdldftdm fnuktr`ds, Elnail Vtitus Qdpnrt nk Qnim Vibdty, UGN, 1330
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@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
B`vd p`llir nb elnail plik bnr rnim sibdty
strdketgdk`ke `kst`tut`nkil ikm npdrit`nkil fipif`ty tn ifg`dvd kit`nkil rnim sibdty naodft`vds: suppnrt`ke strnkedrenvdrkikfd ikm pnl`f`ke
Qnim sibdty hikiedhdkt
`hprnv`ke tgd plikk`ke, mds`ek, fnkstruft`nk ikm npdrit`nk nb rnim kdtwnrjs tn dksurd sibdty bnr ill usdrs:dkfnurie`ke `kvdsthdkt `k susti`kiald hnmds nb trikspnrt
Vibd rnim ikm hna`l`ty
prnhnt`ke frisgwnrtg`kdss ikm dhpnwdr`ke fnksuhdrs w`tg sibdty `kbnrhit`nk: iffdldrit`ke `ktrnmuft`nk ikm usd nb prnvdk sibdty tdfgknlne`ds
Vibdr vdg`flds
putt`ke vulkdriald rnim usdrs, l`jd pdmdstr`iks ikm fyfl`sts, b`rst `k pnl`fy: prnhnt`ke usd nb sdit adlts ikm frisggdlhdts: tifjl`ke mr`kj mr`v`ke: sdtt`ke ikm dkbnrf`ke dbbdft`vd spddm l`h`ts: `hprnv`ke mr`vdr tri`k`ke
Vibd rnim usdr
`hprnv`ke dhdredkfy rdspnksd ikm triuhi fird: suppnrt`ke rdgia`l`tit`nk ikm fird nb rnim `koury v`ft`hs: prnv`m`keimv`fd, suppnrt ikm ldeil rdmrdss bnr v`ft`hs ikm tgd`r bih`l`ds: dkfnurie`ke tg`rm pirty `ksurikfd sfgdhds tn b`kikfdrdgia`l`tit`nk
Snst-frisg rdspnksd
Fnhh`ss`nk bnr Elnail Qnim Vibdty 1396
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@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
Qdfnhhdkmit`nk bnr ]ribb`f Iff`mdkts
Adgiv`nur Ipprnifg
- Dmufit`nk stirts brnh dirly sfgnnl
- Hijd fg lmrdk iwird ianut sibdty
- ]rivdl iwirdkdss fihpi`ek
- U`tg imvdrt`sdhdkt
- Vpddm L`h t
Fnhhuk`ty Ipprnifg
- Fyfl ke flua
- Vfgnnl aus fnhhuk`ty
Likm usd ikm @kbristrufturd Ipprnifg- Qds`mdkt`il znkd ikm sfgnnl znkd `k nkd irdi
- Sdrhdiald strddt systdh
- Fnks`mdr sdpirit`nk wgdrd ipprnpr`itd
-
8/12/2019 Transport Issues in Developing Countries
38/40
@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
]PSDV NB @KBQIV]QTF]TQD
IKM MDRDLNSHDK]
HIW@HTH VIBD ]QIRDL
IKM @HSIF ] VSDDM (JH/G)
Lnfit`nks w`tg pnss`ald fnkbl`ftsadtwddk firs ikm pitr`f`iks/fyfl`sts
63(13 hpg)
@ktdrsdft`nks w`tg pnss`ald
s`md fnll`s`nks adtwddk firs
43
(63 hpg)Qnims w`tg pnss`ald brnktil
fnll`s`nks adtwddk firs53
(=3 hpg)
Qnim w`tg kn pnss`a`l`ty nb s`mdnr brnktil fnll`s`nks
(nkly fnll`s`nk w`tg strufturds)
;933(; 23hpg)
Vnurfd? VUNR@kst`tutd bnr Qnim Vibdty Qdsdirfg, Kdtgdrlikms 1396
-
8/12/2019 Transport Issues in Developing Countries
39/40
@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
Sual`f Fihpi`ek
-
8/12/2019 Transport Issues in Developing Countries
40/40
@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]
Fnkflus`nk ]rikspnrt prnaldhs is fnksdqudkfd nb `ktdrift`ke prnaldhs (d.e. Fnrrupt`nk,
dmufit`nk, itt`tumds, pnpulit`nk ernwtg, uraik`sit`nk, snf`n mdhneripg`f)
]gd `hpift tgit w`ll gippdk `k tgd buturd is bnllnws:
- Mr`v`ke itt`tumds
- Qnim iff`mdkt ldim`ke fiusd nb tgd mditg ikm gikm`fippdm f`t`zdks bnr ynukepdnpld
- Dkv`rnkhdktil pnllut`nk tgit h`egt w`ll `hpift tn f`t zdk gditg ikm fl hitdfgiked
Qdfnhhdkmit`nk bnr snlv`ke trikspnrt rdlitdm prnaldhs `kvnlvd hikym`bbdrdkt ldvdls nb imh`k`strit`nk, dmufit`nk ikm dke`kddr`ke
Fnks`mdr tnp mnwk prnfdss