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TRANSGENIC ANIMALS
UNDER GUIDENCE OF :Ms.Meenu SinghM.Pharm(Ph.D.)Asst.ProffesorDept. Pharmacology
By:M.V.PrasanthM.PharmPharmacology
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Contents:
Definition Advantages Disadvantages Methods used to produce transgenic animals Examples of Transgenic animals Conclusion
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Definition: A Transgenic animal is one
that carries a foreign gene that has been deliberately inserted into its genome.
The foreign gene is constructed using recombinant DNA methodology
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Advantages:
Increased growth rate. Improved disease resistance. Improved food conversion rates. Increased muscle mass. Improved nutritional quality. Improved wool quality.
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Disadvantages:
Inserted gene has multiple functions. Breeding problems. Sometimes leads to mutagenesis
and functional disorders. Low survival rate of transgenic
animals.
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Methods to produce Transgenic animals:
The Embryonic Stem Cell Method.
The Pronucleus Method.
Retro virus mediated gene
transfer.
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The Embryonic Stem Cell Method: Embryonic stem cells Formation of gametocytes Injection into blastocysts Injection into foster mother Formation of new individual.
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The Pronucleus Method:
Formation of DNA as in the first method. Fusion of male pronucleus with desired
DNA. Formation of diploid zygote. Mitotic division Formation of two-cell embryo. Transferring to foster mother. Formation of new individual.
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The image is an comparision between a transgenic mouse and a normal mouse.The giant mouse developed from a fertilized egg transformed with a recombinant DNA molecule containing the Human growth Hormone.
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Retro Virus Mediated Gene Transfer: Retroviruses used as vectors to transfer
genetic material into the host cell, resulting in a chimera, an organism consisting of tissues or parts of diverse genetic constitution
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Examples for genetically modified animals: Mice Goat Sheep Chicken Cow Horse Dogs Fish
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Cats Spiders Guinea pigs Rabbits Rats
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Transgenic cows carrying extra copies of two types of casein genes produce 13% more milk protein.
Currently the milk from these animals is under FDA review.
Transgenic Cow:
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Advantages: Organ transplant harvesting Study of human membrane
co-factor protein
Enviropig:
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Disadvantages: Breeding problem. Mutation will occur. Discharges phytase which is pollutant to
environment.
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Transgenic fish:
Tilapia
Salmon/trout
Catfish
Can grow up to 6 times faster than wildtype fish
Most have extra copies of growth hormone (GH) gene
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Transgenic sheep:
Tracy is the first transgenic animal to produce a recombinant protein in her milk.
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Uses of transgenic sheep: It is used as a model for studying: Immunology Human blood clotting factor viii Transplantation Haematology Biological product manufacturing Recombinant DNA Drug production in milk
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Disadvantages: Difficult procedure Failed in vitro fertilization Expensive
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Transgenic Mice
Knock-out technology allows for the specific loss of a gene in mice
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Advantages: Gene mutation Alzheimer's disease Hypertension Atherosclerosis Cardiac hypertrophy Human leukocyte antigen Human gastric carcinoma Making poliovirus vaccine Different type of cancer HIV studies Ocular inflammation Hepatitis B virus Spinal muscular atrophy (knock-out)
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Disadvantages:
• Expensive• Gene can only be added not deleted• Embryos are not easily accessible for
manipulation.
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Transgenic Monkey:
Its so similar to human hence it used in clinical trail used for studying :
1. HIV
2. Huntington’s disease Disadvantages:
Expensive Difficult Breeding problem
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Transgenic Rabbit:
Alba, the EGFP (enhanced GFP) bunny.
Created in 2000 as a transgenic artwork.
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Advantages: Hemorrhagic disease Gene mutation Cell metabolisms Eye disease Heart problems Atherosclerosis Retinal degeneration
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Conclusion: Transgenic animals
are now-a-days used for screening of many drugs.
Using of transgenic animals reduce number of experimental animals during testing.
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