Download - Trainingpertamina Well Logging
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PRABUMULIH, 23-24 JULY 2008
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COURSE OBJECTIVESCOURSE OBJECTIVES• Open hole Logging:
– Learn the basic tool theory, data acquisation, LQC, applications and limitations of commonly used open-hole logging tools. (SP, GR/NGS, Resistivity laterolog/induction, neutron porosity, sonic, density, RFT/MDT, SHDT/FMI)
– Learn how to correct log readings for the effect of invasion, hole and environment. And make quantitative analysis of log readings.
– Do quantitative log analysis through in-class example, work sessions.
– Able to predict the location of potential hidrocarbon zone and predict producibility
• Basic Log Interpretation– Learn the basic concept of log interpretation. (Archie formula,
clean sand quick-look, dual water model concept,)
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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
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JENIS LOGGING YANG UMUMJENIS LOGGING YANG UMUM•• OPEN HOLE LOGGING SERVICESOPEN HOLE LOGGING SERVICES
– Wireline Logging: Resistivity, GR, Density, Porosity, FMI, RFT/MDT, CMR/NMR, Check shot, VSP.
– LWD: Resistivity, Porosity,density, Sonic, RAB, Seismic while drilling, dll.
•• CASED HOLE LOGGING SERVICESCASED HOLE LOGGING SERVICES– Formation Evaluation: Resistivity, Porosity, Pressure,
fluid analysis and samples, RST.– Production & Monitoring: Perforation, CBL/CET,
Production Logging Tools, Casing Evaluation, dll.
•• OTHERS SERVICESOTHERS SERVICES– Subsidence monitoring, Back-off, SIT, Cutter, Packer
setting, dll.
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WHAT CAN BE EXWHAT CAN BE EXPPECTED ECTED FROM LOG DATA??FROM LOG DATA??
ALL LOGS LOOK THE SAME.Although two logs may appear similar, the information content and validity could vastly differ.
Hydrocarbon volume= 7.758 X Φ X (1-Sw) . h. A
What logging tools do you want to use to meet your objectives ??
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BAGAIMANA VALIDITAS DARI DATABAGAIMANA VALIDITAS DARI DATA????(Log Quality Control)(Log Quality Control)
• Pengaruh environment terhadap alat logging saat pengukuran dilakukan?• Dinding sumur? caving? Rugousity? ovality?lumpur?
Kecepatan logging? Yoyo effect? Bed boundary?• Ke-akuratan pengukuran ?
• Batas-batas pengukuran• Pengukuran alat ukur ‘kedalaman’ atau depth system
apakah bekerja dengan baik? Sampai dimana ke-akurat-an nya?
• Apakah response dari tools di zona interest tepat dan bisa dipercaya?
• Apakah datanya di- filter? Filter apa yang dipakai? Parameter yang dipakai? ?
• Apakah ‘kalibrasi’ nya tepat dan bisa dipercaya?• Dimanakah ‘centralizer’ atau ‘de-centralizer’?nya
dipasang?
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FUNGSI DARI DATA LOG ??FUNGSI DARI DATA LOG ??• Untuk Geologist?
– Kedalaman top formasi, Ada Hydrocarbon? Minyak/gas? Komersial?lingkungan pengendapan cocok unt HC? kemiringan lapisan? Bagaimana dg kemungkinan offset wells? Type clay nya apa? Dll.
• Untuk Reservoir Engineer? – Ketebalan dari pay zone? Apakah reservoir homogen?
Driving mechanismnya? Permeability? Pressure? Volume HC? Dll.
• Untuk Geophysicist ? – Apakah Top formasi sesuai dengan prediksi? Apakah zona
interestnya sesuai dg prediksi seismic? Bagaimana sintetic seismogramnya? Kecepatan suara di tiap lapisan? Dll.
• Untuk Production Engineer? Drilling Engineer?• Petrophysicist?
BAGAIMANA DENGAN DECISION MAKER??ATAU BUYERS?? DALAM MEMILIH LOGGING TOOLSYANG TEPAT, EFFISIEN DAN EKONOMISPERHITUNGAN VOLUME HC YANG TEPAT?
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SPONTANEOUS POTENTIAL (SP)SPONTANEOUS POTENTIAL (SP)
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Symbols Used in Log InterpretationSymbols Used in Log Interpretation
Figure B3
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Electrokinetic Potential of SP
PROSES TERJADINYA SPPROSES TERJADINYA SP
Electrochemical membrane potential of SP
Electrochemical Liquid-Junction Potential os SP
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Figure B9
The SP Circuit PathThe SP Circuit Path
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CONTOH LOG SPCONTOH LOG SP
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The SP Deflection and its Rmf - Rw Dependency
Figure B10
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• The SP log is used for:– Differentiate potentially porous and
permeable reservoir rocks from impermeable clays.
– Define bed boundaries– Give an indication of shalliness (Max
deflection is clean minimum is shale)– Determine Rw in both salt and fresh
muds.
PENGGUNAAN LOG SPPENGGUNAAN LOG SP
• Factors effecting SP reading– Bed thickness– Invasion profile– Tight formation– Noise– SP drift
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GAMMAGAMMA--RAY &RAY &NATURAL GAMMANATURAL GAMMA--RAYRAY
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Max
imum
Def
lect
ion
Min
imum
Def
lect
ionGAMMA-RAY
• The Gamma-Ray log is a measurement of the formation’s natural radioactivity ( total from Potassium, Uranium, Thorium).
• The tool reacts if the shale is radioactive (usually the case), hence show the sands and shales, the permeable zones and the non-permeable zones.
• Computation of the amount of shale: The minimum value gives the clean (100%) shale free zone, the maximum 100% shale zone.
• The Gamma-ray log is used for:– Lithology/Mineralogy (e.g. shalliness)– Correlation– Subsidence logging– Tacer logging
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NATURAL GAMMANATURAL GAMMA--RAYRAY
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NATURAL GAMMA-RAY• The Gamma-Ray log is a measurement of the
spectrum that is the result of the three naturally (Potassium, Uranium, Thorium) occuring radioactive series that presents in the formation.
• The Natural Gamma-ray log is used for:– Lithology/Mineralogy (e.g. shalliness) identification– Study of depositional environtment– Investigation of shale type– Correlation of the GR for clay content evaluation.– Identification of organic material and source rocks.– Fracture identification– Geochemical logging– Study of rock’s diagenetic history
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NEUTRON POROSITY TOOLNEUTRON POROSITY TOOL
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BASIC MEASUREMENTBASIC MEASUREMENT
Time (m/s)
Gamma-rayemmited
CapturedAverage thermal energy 0.025 ev
Epithermal region
Energy leaving sourceAmBeSourceChemical(16 Mev)
H
Fast Neutron
Slowed Neutron
FastFast Neutron
Fast Neutron
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• CNT measures the neutron population in the thermal region- The tool measures the Hydrogen Index which is the quantity of the Hydrogen per unit volume.
• CNT is used to measure porosity• Combined with the bulk density, it gives the
best possible answer for lithology and porosity interpretation.
• It can be used in cased hole.• The logs have to be corrected for the
borehole environtment such as: – Borehole size, Mud cake, Borehole salinity, Mud
weight, Temperature, Pressure, Formation salinity, Stand-offs.
Fresh Water
COMPENSATED NEUTRON TOOLS (CNT)COMPENSATED NEUTRON TOOLS (CNT)
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TRUE POROSITY Vs Apparent Porosity
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LITHO DENSITY TOOLLITHO DENSITY TOOL
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LDT Basic MeasurementLDT Basic Measurement• The LDT has a chemical gamma-ray
source and two detectors. It uses gamma-ray interactions in the Compton Scattering energy range to measure the bulk density of the formation.
• The reaction is when the incident gamma-ray reacts with an electron deflecting it from its path and losing energy in the process.
• The number of gamma-ray returning to the detector depends on the number of electron present, the electron density.
• The electron density can be related to the bulk density of the minerals by simple equation.
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LDT Basic Measurement (Con’tinue.....)LDT Basic Measurement (Con’tinue.....)• The tool uses two detectors, the long
spacing- makes the primary measurement• LDT is a pad tool with collimated source and
detectors. It experiences little or no environmental effect (Note: Hole rugosity may affect the measurement)
• The short spacing is used to correct the result for near borehole effects, such as mud-cake and rugosity.
• The output are:– Rhob (The correct bulk density)– PEF– Drho ( The correction that has been applied to
Rhob- quality curve)
• The photoelectric effect occurs when the incident gamma-ray is completely absorbed by the electron- the energy expelling the electron from its atom and this related to the lithology.
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LDT RESPONSES FOR COMMON SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
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DENSITY TO POROSITY CONVERTIONDENSITY TO POROSITY CONVERTION
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BULK DENSITY CONVERTION TO POROSITYBULK DENSITY CONVERTION TO POROSITY
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INTEGRATED POROSITY LITHOLOGYINTEGRATED POROSITY LITHOLOGY
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SONIC POROSITYSONIC POROSITY
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BASIC MEASUREMENTBASIC MEASUREMENT• The Sonic tools create an acoustic signal and measure how long
it takes to pass through a rock.
T1
T2
R2
R1
R3
R4
Rec
ieve
rs
T
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POROSITY DETERMINATION FROM SONIC LOG
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SONIC TOOLS SUMMARY
Measurement BHC LSS SDT DSICompresional X x x xShear/stonely:
Hard rock - - x xSoft rock - - x
Computations:Porosity x x x x
Lithology x x x xSeismic tie in x x x x
Mech. Properties:Hard rock - - x xSoft rock - - x
Fracture detection - - x xPermeability - - x
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TYPICALLOGRESPONSES
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LITHOLOGY IDENTIFICATIONFrom Poro, Density & Sonic logs
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RESISTIVITY LOGRESISTIVITY LOG
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VI
BASIC MEASUREMENTThe resistivity (r) of substance is a measure of its Ability to impede the flow of electrical current
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Symbols Used in Log Interpretation
Figure B3
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DUAL LATEROLOG TOOL
• DLL tool ha response range of .2 to 40,000 ohm-m.
• The deep laterolog measurement (LLD) has a deeper depth of investigation of about 1.2 to 1.5m and vertical beam current of 2f.
• The shallow laterolog measurement (LLS) has about 50 to 60 cm and vertical beam current of 2f.
• Dual laterolog performs most effectively in saline mud (Rmf/Rw < 2.5)
• RLL = Rm + Rmc + Rxo + Rt• Combined with MSFL to get Rt
Rm Rmc Rxo Rt
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MICRO SPHERICALLY LOG• The MicroSFL is a pad mounted
spherically focused logging device. The tool measure resistivity in the invaded zone.
• MSFL forcing the measurement current to flow directly into the formation, the effect of mud cake resistivity on the tool response is minimized.
• MSFL is combinable with Dual laterolog or Induction log.
• The application of MSFL log are:• Identification of permeable zones.• Measure Rxo• Sw determination using Rxo and
Rt values provide an independent lithology-free check on other methods.
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DLL-MSFL Example
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DLL-MSFL Example
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Basic two-coil induction log system
DUAL INDUCTION TOOL• How to measure resistivity of the formation in fresh mud or oil base mud
where dual laterolog will not work?• Induction tool uses a high frequency “e.m” transmitter to induce a current
in a ground loop of formation- this, in turn, induces electrical field whose magnitude is proportional to the formation conductivity.
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Figu
re B
1
Cm Cmc Cxo Ct
• Induction tools measure Conductivity.• Induction tools measure resistivity in Parallel• Best readings occur in high resistivity mud, oil-based is better,
fresh mud is good• Induction Corrections:
•Borehole effect•Shoulder bed effect•Skin effect (Caused by ground loops creting their own fieldsand interfering with the signal being measured)
DUAL INDUCTION TOOL
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Figu
re B
1
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PERBANDINGAN LOGPERBANDINGAN LOG
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Array Induction ToolArray Induction Tool
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HIGH RESOLUTION DUAL LATEROLOGHIGH RESOLUTION DUAL LATEROLOG
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PEMILIHAN RESISTIVITY TOOLPEMILIHAN RESISTIVITY TOOL
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MODULAR DYNAMIC TESTERMODULAR DYNAMIC TESTER
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MDT APPLICATIONSMDT APPLICATIONS
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Picture B14
CASED HOLE MDTCASED HOLE MDT
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FORMATION MICRO SCANNERFORMATION MICRO SCANNER
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63NO FRACTURE FRACTURES IDENTIFIED
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64
FRACTURE FRACTURE IDENTIFICATIONIDENTIFICATION
RESISTIVITY LOG
DIPMETER LOG-FRACTURE
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Figu
re B
15
FMI EXAMPLESFMI EXAMPLES
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CASED HOLE RESISTIVITYCASED HOLE RESISTIVITY
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PEMAKAINAN NMR DI DUNIA KEDOKTERANPEMAKAINAN NMR DI DUNIA KEDOKTERAN
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CMRCMR( COMBINABLE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE( COMBINABLE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE))
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NUMAR/MRILNUMAR/MRIL
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MRIL TOOL PRINCIPLESMRIL TOOL PRINCIPLES
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MRIL TOOL RESPONSEMRIL TOOL RESPONSE
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BASIC QUICKBASIC QUICK--LOOK INTERPRETATIONLOOK INTERPRETATION
• Quick-look methods of log interpretation might be clasiied as those used to identified possible producing zones, usually at the wellsite. The requirement are to locate permeable beds, calculate bed thickness, porositys and saturations of hydrocarbon zones, and to predict producibility.
• Methods that usually used: Overlay Technique, Rwa, Direct Method of Calculating Sw.
• Assumptions that should be considered: – Constant Rw, – Thick and homogenous formation, – constant clean lithology, – a clean water bearing zone must exist, – invasion must be moderate and a step profile
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Rwa TechniqueRwa TechniqueBasic Archie’s equation:
Assume: Sw =100%, then:
Rearrang to solve for Rw
Since we assume that all zones have Sw = 100%, then
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Water Saturation CalculationWater Saturation CalculationBasic Archie’s equation:
If Ro is the resistivity when 100% water, Rt= F.Rwa or we call Rt = Ro
To calculate Water Saturation Sw in oil or gas zones:
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