Download - Topic 1.a Introduction
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8/9/2019 Topic 1.a Introduction
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VGSAO 5.e; Abtrgfuotagb tgV`l Ajpgrtebt gn Mabflriertlb
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Xlesgbehdl
• O`adfrlb‑s lerdy dlerbabi lxplralbols `evl eprgngubf lnnlot gb t`lar flvldgpjlbt.
• V`lsl lerdy abtlreotagbs farlotdy ennlot t`l weyogbblotagbs erl jefl ab t`l hreab.
• Lerdy dlerbabi lxplralbols erl oruoaed tg t`l nuturlwldd-hlabi gn o`adfrlb, ebf lstehdas` t`l ngubfetagbngr t`l eoquasatagb gn mbgwdlfil ebf smadds t`et waddennlot detlr dlerbabi ebf hl`evagr.
•Hlngrl t`ly ig tg so`ggd, o`adfrlb `evl hllb dlerbabiab e veralty gn lbvargbjlbts ‟ ab t`lar `gjls ebf abo`adfoerl ebf ogjjubaty slttabis.
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Ogbt…
• O`adfrlb erravl et so`ggd wat` fannlrlbtheomirgubfs ebf lxplralbols ebf et fannlrlbtsteils gn flvldgpjlbt.
• Sgsatavl lerdy lxplralbols wat` so`ggd erl gnperejgubt ajpgrtebol tg ygubi o`adfrlb.
• O`adfrlb t`ravl wat`ab odessrggjs t`et jllt
t`lar p`ysaoed ebf flvldgpjlbted bllfs ebft`et prgvafl e slourl, rlsplotnud, ebfburturabi lbvargbjlbt.
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V`l Ajpgrtebol gn Srlso`ggd Lfuoetagb
Srlso`ggd lfuoetagb `es eb ajpgrtebt rgdl abflvldgpabi `ai` quedaty `ujeb rlsgurol. Ngousgb `gdastao flvldgpjlbt as bllflf ab grflr tg
prlperl t`lj wat` t`l ehadaty tg ogjpltl ebf`evl survaved smadds tg jllt idghed o`ebils.
Eoogrfabi tg Lsse
(5118), prlso`ggd lfuoetagb`ldps perlbts tg lb`ebol t`lar o`adfrlb
flvldgpjlbt t`rgui` e `gdastao, jlebabinud ebfnub dlerbabi lxplralbol ab lbrao`lf lbvargbjlbthy stajudetabi t`lar hreabs .
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Ogbt…
Srlso`ggds oeb prgvafl lxplralbols t`et jey
bgt hl prgvaflf et `gjl lvlb t`gui` t`l
nejady `es sunnaoalbt neoadatals (Xg`ety 833
?).
V`l narst navl ylers gr prlso`ggd eil as t`l hlst
tajl ngr perlbts ebf tleo`lrs tg stajudetl
o`adfrlb hloeusl gn t`l nest irgwt` gn t`lar
hreab ab t`as plragf (Hdggj 51>>= Fgjeb833>).
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• Hreab flvldgpjlbt goours vlry repafdy ab t`l narst t`rllylers gn e o`adf's danl. Vg ghteab gptajed hreab flvldgpjlbt,hehals ebf tgffdlrs bllf tg ilt-rao` stajudetagb. V`lstajudetagb as rlolavlf t`rgui` t`lar slbsls. _tajudetagbrlolavlf hlngrl t`l eil gn t`rll ylers wadd hl t`l ltlrbedjljgry w`lb efjabastlrlf ab `ai` nrlqulboy ebf spllf.V`l jgrl stajudetagb, t`l hlttlr t`l nubotagb gn t`l hreab
hloeusl t`l hreab oldds erl uslf. V`l quedaty aborleslsw`lb t`l hreab as iavlb gppgrtubaty tg nubotagb .
• Srl-so`ggd lfuoetagb as tg `ldp perlbts tg prgvafl t`lstajudetagb bllflf ab edd esplots gn flvldgpjlbt . V`l rgdl
ebf ogbtrahutagb gn prlso`ggd lfuoetagb as orataoed ab grflrtg ajprgvl t`l quedaty gn `ujeb rlsgurol t`et as bllflf abbetagb flvldgpjlbt.
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Srlso`ggd Lfuoetagb es Abvlstjlbt
• ^eragus stufals ab ebf gutsafl t`l ogubtry abfaoetlf t`etprlso`ggd lfuoetagb prgvafls jeby hlblnats ab veragusesplots gn danl. Eoogrfabi tg \BAOLN (833>), t`lrl erl saxjekgr praboapdls prlso`ggd lfuoetagb es abvlstjlbt
5. Lfuoetagb as e rai`t gn `ujebateraeb praboapdls8. _tufals ab Blurgsoalbol?. Logbgjao hlblnats6. _goaed lquaty
. Abtlrbetagbed iged
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Lfuoetagb es @ujeb Xai`t
• Eoogrfabi tg t`l \batlf Betagbs- \bavlrsed Floderetagb gn@ujeb Xai`ts (5160). Edd o`adfrlb `evl t`l rai`t tglfuoetagb. Lfuoetagb wadd prgjgtl ubflrstebfabi,tgdlrebol, ebf nralbfs`ap wat` gt`lr betagbs. Lfuoetagb waddogbtabul t`l prgirej t`l \batlf Betagbs (\batlf Betagbs)
ab jeabteababi slouraty ab t`l wgrdf (Eiierwed 833
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• Ygrdf Lfuoetagb Ngruj ab Femer (8333) stetls t`et lfuoetagb
as t`l praboapdl gn `ujeb rai`t. At as t`l mly gn flvldgpjlbt,
pleol, ebf betagb stehadaty ebf as t`l rai`t tggd ngr prgjgtabi
ogjjubaty pertaoapetagb ab t`l logbgjy.
• V`l ngruj eajs tg;
5. Lxpebf prlso`ggd slrvaols lsploaeddy nrgj t`l ubflr
pravadlilf.
8. Ab 835< edd t`l wgjlb ebf o àdfrlb w`g erl ab fannaoudt
satuetagbs ebf lt`bao jabgraty `evl eoolss tg ogjpdltl
t`lar lfuoetagb.
?. Hy 835< edd o`adfrlb ebf wgjlb eo`alvl ilbflr lquedaty ,
heslf tg nudd eoolss ngr wgjlb ebf o`adfrlb ab t`l
lfuoetagbed etteabjlbt.
Ngruj ab Femer as e sgubf hesas ngr ajprgvabi prlso`ggd
lfuoetagb ab jeby ogubtrals.
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Blurgsoalbol Xlslero`ls
Hreab‑s Flvldgpjlbt
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Logbgjao Hlblnats
_lvlred wgrdf griebazetagbs daml t`l Ygrdf Hebm (Ygrdf Hebm), \BAOLN, ebf\BL_OG `es ogbfuotlf eb abtlrvlbtagb prgirej ab t`l jeby ogubtrals.
‟ Ajprgvljlbt gn @ujeb Flvldgpjlbt Abflx flpaots e nuddajprgvljlbt ab lfuoetagb ebf `ledt` (Addatlreoy dlvld,flodablf dlvld gn abnebt jgrtedaty, ebf aborleslf danl
lxplotetagb) (Ygrdf Hebm (833>), ‟ E stretliy tg gvlrogjl t`l rlpltatagb ab prajery _o`ggd
(Farlotgretl gn Mabflriertlb ebf Ldljlbtery _o`ggd, 8330)
‟ E o`adf w`g as jgrl waddabi tg ngddgw t`l prl-so`ggdlfuoetagb as jgrl ogjjattlf et so`ggd et t`l eil gn 56ylers, `ai`lr eo`alvljlbt ab so`ggd, jgrl erl irefuetabi
nrgj `ai` so`ggd ebf hlttlr nejady rldetagbs`aps hlttlr(\BAOLN, 833>)
•
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• Ogst hlblnat ebedysas gn Lerdy O`adf`ggf Lfuoetagb ebfFlvldgpjlbt (LOLF) prgirej suppgrtlf hy t`l Ygrdf
Hebm (833>) ab Abfgblsae s`gwlf e `ai` logbgjao rlturb.Abogjl ebedysas s`gwlf t`lrl as pgtlbtaed rlturb ab t`l retaggn >;5. V`as jlebs ab lvlry $ 5 abvlstlf ab LOLF, at waddprgvafl rlturb et dlest $ >. V`l irletlr rlturb as eo`alvlf
w`lb LOLF abtlrvlbtagbs as eajlf et o`adfrlb nrgj nejadalswat` dgw __L (59;5 retag).
• LOLF abtlrvlbtagbs prgfuol gt`lr hlblnats ab t`l s`grt,jlfauj ebf dgbi tlrj w`ao` as fannaoudt tg hl quebtanalf,
abodufabi p`ysaoed ebf jlbted `ledt` dlvld, efvebteil ab t`lnejady w`lb t`l jgt`lr oeb ig heom tg wgrm jgrl quaomdy ,hlblnat ab t`l ogjjubaty hy rlfuoabi orajls dlvld .
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_goaed Lquaty
•
Srlso`ggd lfuoetagb orletls sgoaed lquaty t`et aboduflslqueddy eoolss tg lfuoetagb ngr o`adfrlb nrgj edd nejadals._goaed lquaty as suppgrtlf hy t`l \batlf Betagbs stetabit`et t`l rai`t gn o`adfrlb tg lfuoetagb eppdy tg eby o`adf
nrgj eby betagb, rlierfdlss gn t`lar sgoaglogbgjao stetus.• _tufy gn _o`wlab`ert lt ed (5118) stetlf t`et lerdy
lfuoetagb oeb rlfuol sgoaed fastabotagb hy lbsurabi t`ett`l o`adf nrgj nejadals ab bllf, `evl eoolss tg `ledt`,lfuoetagb ebf prgvafabi treababi ngr perlbts. V`rgui`
prlso`ggd lfuoetagb, o`adfrlb ebf wgjlb erl trletlflqueddy es jlb.
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• Xg`ety (833?) stetlf t`et prlso`ggd lfuoetagb
betureddy as ngr hgt` t`l bgrjed o`adf`ggf ebf sploaedbllf o`adfrlb.
• Ajpdaoetagb;
•
Sdeoljlbt ebf efjassagb ab prlso`ggd bllf tg hllbngrolf sg t`et p`adgsgp`y gn 'lfuoetagb ngr edd'wadd hl rleo`lf.
• Nurt`lr eoolss tg prlso`ggd lfuoetagb ab rljgtlerles bllf tg hl ajprgvlf eorgss t`l ogubtry.
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_goaed Jghadazetagb
•Srlso`ggd lfuoetagb ogbtrahutls tg sgoaed jghadazetagb. Aboerryabi gut prlso`ggd slrvaols, o`adfrlb `evl t`l bllfs t`etjust hl ghteablf nrgj t`l ogjjubaty.
• _o`ggd oeb ogddehgretl wat` ogjjubaty ab grflr tg strlbit`lb
t`l prlso`ggd prgirejs, l.i. nubf reasabi, `ujebateraebeotavatals, odlebabi up t`l erle ab t`l ogjjubaty, lto. V`asjlebs prlso`ggd as t`l lbtrebol tg t`l ogjjubaty w`ao` dlefstg sgoaed jghadazetagb.
• _goaed jghadazetagb as e hlblnat ngr t`l ogjjubaty ebf prlso`ggdhloeusl hgt` pertals ogbtabul tg irgw. O`adf`ggf as t`l nuturlebf tg o`ebil t`lj jlebs tg o`ebil t`l wgrdf.
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Abtlrbetagbed Igeds
Srlso`ggd prgirejs `ldp tg eo`alvl t`l abtlrbetagbedigeds gn t`l Lfuoetagb ngr Edd (8333);
5.Lrefaoetabi pgvlrty ebf `ubilr,
8.O`adfrlb ogjpdltabi prajery lfuoetagb,?.Srgjgtabi ilbflr lquedaty ab lfuoetagb ebfljpgwlrjlbt gn wgjlb (wgjlb ljpgwlrjlbt),
6.Jabajazabi t`l bujhlr gn o`adf`ggf flet`s
Yat` t`l eo`alvljlbt gn t`l betagb, jlb ebf t`laro`adfrlb wadd `evl e hlttlr danl ebf wgrdf tg davl ab t`lnuturl.
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—Ogbodusagb‚
• Edt`gui` Mabflriertlb prgirejs erl orataoed ab deyabit`l ngubfetagbs ngr suoolss ab dlerbabi, t`lMabflriertlb ylers erl edsg eb ajpgrtebt tajl abo`adfrlb‑s tgted flvldgpjlbt.
• Vleo`lrs, lerdy o`adf`ggf lfuoetgrs, jljhlrs gn t`logjjubaty, ebf nejadals s`gudf wgrm tgilt`lr tgprgvafl o`eddlbiabi ebf lbieiabi dlerbabi lxplralbolst`et wadd huadf o`adfrlb‑s ogbnaflbol, lbogureil t`lj
tg ogbtabul tg sll dlerbabi es hgt` lbkgyehdl ebfuslnud, ebf prgvafl e strgbi ngubfetagb ngr t`lar nuturlabtlddlotued, p`ysaoed, ebf sgoaed flvldgpjlbt.
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_ldejet Jlboghe…!
Vlej Vleo`abi