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Topic 03Overview of Plant Taxa
Lecture Reading:1 Plate 1 Reproductive Terminology (pp 978-979) in Rhoads & Block1. Plate 1. Reproductive Terminology (pp 978-979) in Rhoads & Block
(2007).2. Plate 2. Leaf Terminology (pp 980-981) in Rhoads & Block (2007).3. Rhoads & Block (2007) descriptions of all PA-native plant families
mentioned. 4. Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. 2009. An update of the Angiosperm
Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III.
II. Seed plants (spermatophytes)B. Angiosperms or flowering plants
•Angiospermous: carpels & fruits. •Flowers (perianth).•Vessels.•Sieve tubes.•Endosperm (a 3n tissue from “double fertilization”)p ( )
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II. Seed plants (spermatophytes)B. Angiosperms or flowering plants
•Angiospermous: carpels & fruits. •Flowers (perianth).•Vessels.•Sieve tubes.•Endosperm (a 3n tissue from “double fertilization”)p ( )
monocotsmagnoliids
nymphaeids(water-lilies & friends)
Ranunculids& other primitive
asteridscaryophyllids
rosids
peudicots
II. Seed plants (spermatophytes)B. Angiosperms or flowering plants
1.Primitive Dicots or Basal Angiosperms
• Retain dicotyledonous condition common to some gymnosperms
Ginkgo embryo Avocado embryo (Websters Dictionary)
• Retain eustele of gymnosperms
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II. Seed plants (spermatophytes)B. Angiosperms or flowering plants
1.Primitive Dicots or Basal Angiosperms
• Retain monoaperturate pollen of gymnosperms
• Flower parts generally spiral & numerous or trimerous, or whorled & trimerous.
• Various floral whorls poorly differentiated from one another.
a. nymphaeids (water-lily & friends)
Family to know: Nymphaeaceae
aquatic herbs; floating leaves w/ palmate venationflowers solitary, scaposefloral parts spiral; petals, stamens and carpels numerousstamens laminarstamens laminarCa4-6(-14) Co8-many Amany, laminar G[3-many]
Nymphaea at Longwood. Nuphar, Nymphaea & Nate in MD.
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Victoria at Longwood (Nymphaea in the background)
Victoria
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Nuphar
Nymphaea
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Nymphaea
b. magnoliids
Families to know: Magnoliaceae & Lauraceae
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Magnoliaceae
1. Trees & shrubs w/ ethereal
1. Trees & shrubs w/ ethereal
< LiriodendronMagnolia >
ethereal oils
ethereal oils
13
2 Showy
Magnoliaceae
Pmany or Ca3 Co6-many Amany, laminar Gmany
2. Showy, solitary flowers
Magnolia kobusLiriodendron tulipifera14
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3 Ca & Co
Magnoliaceae
Pmany or Ca3 Co6-many Amany, laminar Gmany
3. Ca & Co in 3’s
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Magnoliaceae
Pmany or Ca3 Co6-many Amany, laminar Gmany
4. Many
Magnolia kobusLiriodendron tulipifera
4. Many spiraled, laminar stamens
16
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Magnoliaceae
Pmany or Ca3 Co6-many Amany, laminar Gmany
Many free carpels
5. Many spirally arranged, pistils
Magnolia kobusLiriodendron tulipifera17
Magnoliaceae
Pmany or Ca3 Co6-many Amany, laminar Gmany
Many flat 6. ElongatestamensElongate receptacle
18
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Tropical members of Magnoliaceae
Michelia (50 spp.; Tropical, subtropical; S & SE Asia) 19
Lauraceae
20
LinderaSassafras
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Lauraceae
1. Trees & shrubs with th l ilethereal oils
CinnamomumSassafras Laurus21
Lauraceae
2. Small, yellowish to
P3+3(+3) A3-12(-many), valvate G1
yellowish to whitish flowers
avocadobay laurelsassafras
5 mm5 mm5 mm
22
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3. Parts in 3’s
Lauraceae
P3+3(+3) A3-12(-many), valvate G1
avocadobay laurelsassafras
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4. Parts whorled
Lauraceae
P3+3(+3) A3-12(-many), valvate G1
avocadobay laurelsassafras
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5. 1 pistil, 1 carpel
Lauraceae
P3+3(+3) A3-12(-many), valvate G1
p
avocadobay laurelsassafras
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Lauraceae
6. Anthers valvate
P3+3(+3) A3-12(-many), valvate G1
avocadobay laurelsassafras
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6. Anthers valvate
Lauraceae
P3+3(+3) A3-12(-many), valvate G1
bay laurel
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II. Seed plants (spermatophytes)B. Angiosperms or flowering plants
2. Monocots
• Loss of second cotyledon.• Retain monoaperturate pollen of basal angiosperms.• Eustele transformed into atactostele (lose vascular cambium)( )
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II. Seed plants (spermatophytes)B. Angiosperms or flowering plants
2. Monocots
• Loss of second cotyledon.• Retain monoaperturate pollen of basal angiosperms.• Eustele transformed into atactostele (lose vascular cambium)( )• Most with parallel leaf venation.
II. Seed plants (spermatophytes)B. Angiosperms or flowering plants
2. Monocots
• Loss of second cotyledon.• Retain monoaperturate pollen of basal angiosperms.• Eustele transformed into atactostele (lose vascular cambium)( )• Most with parallel leaf venation.• Flowers merosity becomes fixed in 3’s.
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Alismataceae (water‐plantain family)
*aquatic or marsh herbs with basal leaves
*pinnate or palmate venation*pinnate or palmate venation
*Ca 3 Co 3 A 3,6‐many G 3,6‐many
Alismataceae (water‐plantain family)
Alisma
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Alismataceae (water‐plantain family)
Sagittaria
Alismataceae (water‐plantain family)
Sagittaria
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Araceae (arum or aroid family)
*terrestrial to aquatic herbs or vines
*leaves with pinnate venationp
*flowers minute
*spathe & spadix
*P 2+2, 3+3, or 0 A 4 or 6 G [3]
Araceae (arum or aroid family)
Arisaema >
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Araceae (arum or aroid family)
Symplocarpos >
Araceae (arum or aroid family)
Zantedischia >(calla-lily)
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Zantedeschia aethiopica Calla‐lily
Amorphophallus titanum
Largest inflorescence in world
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Liliaceae (lily family)
bulbous herbs
parallel venation
Lilium >
p
P 3+3 A 3+3 G [3]
Liliaceae (lily family)
bulbous herbs
parallel venationp
P 3+3 A 3+3 G [3]
Tulipa >
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Orchidaceae (orchid family)
2nd largest family
Terrestrial or epiphytic, +/‐ succulent herbsp p y , /
P[3+3] [A1 G[3], inferior]
Bilateral flowers, labellum, column
Pollinia
Orchidaceae (orchid family)
< Vanilla
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Orchidaceae (orchid family)
Orchidaceae (orchid family)
Cymbidium
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Orchidaceae (orchid family)
Cypripedium
Arecaceae or Palmae (palm family)
Unbranched trees or shrubs
Terminal rosette of large, sheathing, plicate lvsg , g, p
Large, spathed panicles
P3+3A3+3 G3 or [3]
Perianth tiny
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Arecaceae or Palmae (palm family)
plicate lvs
Arecaceae or Palmae (palm family)
Sheathing lvsPaniclesTiny fls
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Arecaceae or Palmae (palm family)
< Cocos
Arecaceae or Palmae (palm family)
< Phoenix
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Arecaceae or Palmae (palm family)
< Washingtonia
Poaceae or Gramineae (grass family)
Rhizomatous or stoloniferous herbs or bamboos
Internodes hollow
Lvs distichous, sheathing, linear
Fls minute, wind pollinated
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Poaceae or Gramineae (grass family)
distichous
leaf
arrangement
Poaceae or Gramineae (grass family)
open sheath
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Poaceae or Gramineae (grass family)
Bamboos
Poaceae or Gramineae (grass family)
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Poaceae or Gramineae (grass family)
Panicles of “spikelets”
Ca2, palea & lemmaCo2‐3, lodicules A2-3,pendulousG[2‐3]
Poaceae or Gramineae (grass family)
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II. Seed plants (spermatophytes)B. Angiosperms or flowering plants
3. Primitive Eudicots
• Many stamens and carpels• Perianth reduced in number, though still poorly differentiated• Parts generally free (some with fusion in G)g y ( )• Triaperturate pollen.
Ranunculaceae (buttercup family)
Herbs to vines or woody vines
Lvs simple, compound, to dissected, all withp , p , ,sheathing bases; basal rosette of lvs common.
Ca4-many Co4-5-many Amany Gseveral-many
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Ranunculaceae (buttercup family)
Ranunculus
Ranunculaceae (buttercup family)
Clematis
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II. Seed plants (spermatophytes)B. Angiosperms or flowering plants
4. Core Eudicots
• Perianth parts fixed in 4’s or 5’s• Stamens & carpels reduced in number• Parts whorled• Perianth well differentiated• Triaperturate pollen.
II. Seed plants (spermatophytes)B. Angiosperms or flowering plants
4. Core Eudicots
• Perianth parts fixed in 4’s or 5’s• Stamens & carpels reduced in number• Parts whorled• Perianth well differentiated• Triaperturate pollen.
a. Rosids
• Habit variable• #Stamens > #petals (often 2x or more)• Petals free.
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Rosaceae (rose family)
Herbs w/ trifoliate lvs, or shrubs & trees w/
simple (compound) leaves.
Lvs toothed.
Ca5 Co5, clawed A10-many G[1-5] – many, sup or inf
Hypanthium often well developed
5 petals with many t
5 petals with many t
5 clawed petals with
manystamensstamensmany stamens
AppleCherry Rose68
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hypanthiumw/ 1 carpel
AppleCherry Rose
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hypanthiumw/ many
free carpels
70
AppleCherry Rose
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hypanthium fused around 5 fused
carpels
71
AppleCherry Rose
72
Apple(pome)
Cherry(drupe)
Rose(hip)
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Malus & Pyrus
Rubus
http://mcgregor.sbs.auckland.ac.nz
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Fabaceae or Leguminosae (legume family)
Plants with compound (simple) lvs with
pulvinus at petiole (petiolule) base and apex.
Lvs usu entire.
Ca[5] Co5 or 1+2+[2] A10 or [9]+1 G1, sup
Hypanthium more or less developed
Legume
Subfamily Faboideae (pea-type flowers)Ca[5] Co1+2+[2], banner + wings + [keel] A [9]+1 G1, superiorIrregular (monosymmetric, zygomorphic)
Fabaceae
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Lupinus
Coronilla
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Trifolium
Subfamily CaesalpinioideaeCa[5] Co5 A10 G1, superiorIrregular or regular (radial) symmetry
Fabaceae
Cercis
Senna
Chamaecrista
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FabaceaeCercis (redbud)
Subfamily Mimosoideae (mimosa-type flowers)Ca[5] Co5, inconspicuous A10, conspicuous G1, supRegular (radial) symmetryLvs often bipinnate
Fabaceae
Albizia (mimosa tree)
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Fabaceae
Acacia tortuosa (acacia)
Fagaceae (beech & oak family)
Monoecious trees
Fls tinyy
Male: P4-6 A4-20 G1 pistillode, catkin
Female: P4-6 Astaminodes G[3-6] cupule
Nut(s) w/ subtending cupule
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oaks(Quercus)
© K. Nixon85
oaks(e.g., willow-oak, Quercus phellos)
© USDA
© K. Nixon
Not all oak leaves are lobed, but all have acorns
© K. Nixon 86
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Genus: FagusShown here: American beech (Fagus americana)
87
Genus: Castanea; 9 species; north temperateShown here: American chestnut (Castanea dentata)
88©Timothy Van Vliet
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Genus: Lithocarpus; 334 species; eastern Asia & CaliforniaShown here: tan-oak, stone-oak (Lithocarpus densiflora)
89©Timothy Van Vliet
The Cupule is Diagnostic for the Fagaceae
Oak (Quercus)Beech (Fagus)
© K. Nixon
Stone-oak (Lithocarpus)Chestnut (Castanea)90
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II. Seed plants (spermatophytes)B. Angiosperms or flowering plants
4. Core Eudicots
• Perianth parts fixed in 4’s or 5’s• Stamens & carpels reduced in number• Parts whorled• Perianth well differentiated• Triaperturate pollen.
b. Asterids
• Habit variable• #Stamens < #petals• Petals fused• Stamens fused to petals
Ericaceae (heath family)
Evergreen or semievergreen shrubs or trees
(herbs)
Ca[5] Co[5], funnelform or urceolate A10, epipetalous,
poricidal G[5], sup or inf
Capsule from sup ovary or berry form infovary
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Pieris
Rhododendron
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Vaccinium
Lamiaceae or Labiatae (mint family)
Aromatic herbs or shrubs with opposite lvs
and square stems
Ca[5] Co[5], bilabiate A2+2, epipetalous G[2], gynobasic
style
Fruit a schizocarp splitting into 4 nutlets
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Lamium
Mentha
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Solanaceae (nightshade family)
Habit variable
Ca[5] Co[5] A5, epipetalous G[2]
Psychoactive chemistry
Many seeded berry or capsule withpersistent and more or less enlargedcalyx
Solanum
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Petunia
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Nicotiana tabacum
Physalis
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Capsicum
Datura
Asteraceae or Compositae (composite family)
Largest plant family
Habit variable
Capappus Co[5], regular or irregular A5, connivent anthers,
epipetalousG[2], inf
Head with involucre
Fruit an achene
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Types of Heads in the family
Radiate Head Ligulate Head Discoid/Disciform Head
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Taraxacum
Cichorium
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Symphyotrichum
ErigeronSolidago