-
Tm tt l thuyt vt l 12 n thi i hc luyn thi i hc BNG TM TT L THUYT VT L 12 ( Nng cao)
CHNG I: NG LC HC VT RN I. c im chuyn ng ca vt rn quay quanh 1 trc c nh:
Mi im vch ra mt ng trn nm trong mt phng vung gc vi
trc quay c bn knh bng khong cch t im n trc quay.
Mi im trn vt u quay c cng 1 gc trong cng 1 khong thi
gian.
II. nh lut bo ton momen ng lng:
Mmen ng lng: .L I
nh l bin thin momen ng lng: L = M.t
Nu tng cc momen lc tc dng ln mt vt rn (hay h vt) i vi
trc quay bng khng th tng momen ng lng ca vt rn (hay h
vt) i vi 1 trc c bo ton
L = hng s
III. Momen qun tnh ca vt rn i vi mt trc quay:
N: L i lng c trng cho mc qun tnh ca vt rn trong chuyn ng
quay quanh trc y.
Thanh di c trc quay i qua trng tm: 21
12I ml
Thanh di c trc quay i qua u thanh: 2
3
1mlI
Vnh trn bn knh R (hnh tr rng) : I = mR
a trn mng (hnh tr c): 21
.2
I m R
Khi cu c, trc quay i qua tm: 22
.5
I m R
IV. Tc gc:
N: Tc gc tc thi (tc gc) l i lng c trng cho mc
nhanh, chm ca chuyn ng quay ca vt rn quanh mt trc thi
im t v c xc nh bng o hm ca to gc theo thi gian.
V. Gia tc gc:
N: Gia tc gc tc thi (gia tc gc) ca vt rn quay quanh mt trc c
nh thi im t l i lng c trng cho s bin thin ca tc gc
thi im v c xc nh bng o hm ca tc gc theo thi
gian
VI. Cc cng thc trong chuyn ng quay
Cc cng thc ca chuyn ng quay bin i u ( = const)
.2
2
1
22
2
o
o
o
tt
t
Phng trnh c bn chuyn ng quay ca vt rn:
.M I
ng nng quay: W 21
.2
I
Mi lin h gia tc gc, tc di: v = .R
Mi lin h gia gia tc gc v gia tc tip tuyn: R
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Tm tt l thuyt vt l 12 n thi i hc luyn thi i hc
CHNG II: DAO NG C CC KHI NIM C BN C IM CA VN TC V GIA TC TRONG DAO NG IU
HO
Dao ng: l qu trnh chuyn ng qua li quanh mt v tr cn bng.
Dao ng tun hon: l dao ng m trng thi dao ng c lp li nh c sau nhng khong thi gian bng nhau.
Dao ng iu ho: l dao ng m phng trnh c dng l hm sin hay cos ph thuc thi gian nhn vi 1 hng s. c im: + L hnh chiu ca chuyn ng trn u
xung ng thng trong mt phng qu o. + Mi dao ng iu ho iu ho c biu
din bng mt vect quay. + Bin dao ng A ph thuc vo iu kin
ban u Dao ng t do: l dao ng ca 1 h chu nh hng ca ni
lc. c im: Chu k ca dao ng ph thuc c im ca h.
Dao ng tt dn: l dao ng c bin gim dn theo thi gian. c im: + ph thuc vo ma st.
+ ph thuc vo bin . + khng phi l dao ng iu ho. + ph thuc vo nht.
Dao ng duy tr l dao ng tt dn c duy tr bng cch gi cho bin v tn s khng thay i. c im: + Bin A khng i.
+ tn s dao ng bng tn s dao ng ring. Dao ng cng bc: l dao ng chu tc dng ca ngoi lc tun
hon.
c im: + Dao ng cng bc l dao ng iu ho. + tn s gc ca dao ng cng bc bng tn
s gc ca ngoi lc. + Bin ca dao ng cng bc ph thuc
bin ca ngoi lc v chnh lch tn s ca ngoi lc v tn s dao ng ring ca h.
Chu k: l thi gian thc hin 1 dao ng ton phn. Tn s: l nghch o ca chu k.
Vn tc: + v sm pha hn x mt gc 2
+ v i chiu khi qua v tr bin + v bng 0 khi v tr bin
+ v t cc i bng A khi vt qua VTCB.
Gia tc: + a vi x ngc pha + a tri du vi x + a bng 0 khi VTCB, c ln cc i khi v tr
bin + a lun c hng v VTCB + ln a t l vi ln x
Lc hi phc: + lun hng v VTCB + ln t l vi lch khi VTCB + cc i khi vt v tr bin .
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Tm tt l thuyt vt l 12 n thi i hc luyn thi i hc
CHNG III: SNG C HC
I. SNG C: 1. nh ngha: Sng c hc l s lan truyn ca dao ng c hc trong mt mi trng vt cht n hi. 2. Tc truyn sng: l i lng c trng cho s lan truyn
nhanh hay chm ca sng v ch ph thuc bn cht mi trng.
3. Bc sng: (KH: ) - L qung ng sng truyn c trong mt chu k. - L khong cch gia 2 im gn nhau nht trn phng truyn sng m dao ng ti 2 im l cng pha. * ngha: + nhng im cch nhau s nguyn ln bc sng th dao ng cng pha. + nhng im cch nhau 1 s bn nguyn ln bc sng th dao ng ngc pha.
4. Sng ngang: l sng m cc phn t ca mi trng dao ng theo phng vung gc vi phng truyn sng. * MTrng truyn: cht rn, trn b mt cht lng.
5. Sng dc: l sng m cc phn t ca mi trng dao ng theo phng truyn sng. * Mtrng truyn: rn, lng, kh.
6. Phn x sng: sng ang truyn trong mt mi trng m gp vt cn th b phn x. *Tnh cht: + c cng tn s v bc sng i vi sng ti. + Vt cn c nh: sng px ngc pha sng ti. + Vt cn t do: sng px cng pha sng ti.
II. SNG DNG: 1. N: Sng dng l sng c cc nt v cc bng c nh trong
khng gian.
2. iu kin xy ra sng dng: * u phn x sng c nh:
l = k.2
S nt = k+1; S bng = k
* u phn x sng t do:
l = (k+2
1).
2
S nt = S bng = k+1
III. GIAO THOA SNG: 1. N: Giao thoa sng l hin tng 2 sng kt hp, khi gp nhau ti nhng im
xc nh, lun lun hoc tng cng nhau hoc trit tiu nhau. 2. iu kin: hai sng phi xut pht t hai ngun dao ng c cng tn s, cng
phng dao ng v c lch pha khng i theo thi gian.
3. lch pha ca hai ngun sng: 2 1
2( )d d
* Bin dao ng cc i (cng pha): 2k
* Bin dao ng cc tiu: (2 1)k .
IV. SNG M: 1. N: Sng m l nhng sng c truyn trong cc mi trng rn, lng, kh. 2. Mi trng truyn sng:
+ Trong cht lng v cht kh sng m l sng dc. + Trong cht rn sng m gm c sng ngang v sng dc. Tc truyn m: ph thuc vo nhit , khi lng ring ca mi trng.
3. c trng sinh l ca m: - cao: l c trng sinh l ca m t l vi tn s f ca m. + Nhng m c f > 20.000 Hz gi l siu m. + Nhng m c f < 16 Hz gi l h m. - m sc: l c trng sinh l ca m ph thuc bin v tn s gip phn bit hai m thanh c cng m c bn nhng do hai ngun m khc nhau pht ra. - to ca m: Ph thuc cng m v mc cng m.
+ Cng m: 24 R
PI n
+ Mc cng m c nh ngha bng cng thc: 0
( ) lgI
L BI
.
4. Hiu ng p-Ple: * KN: l hin tng tn s sng m m ngun thu nhn c f khc vi tn s sng m do ngun pht ra f khi ngun m v my thu c chuyn ng tng i.
a). Ngun m ng yn, my thu chuyn ng:
* Tn s: ' .M MV V V V
f fV
( Du - nu ngun di chuyn ra xa) b). My thu ng yn, ngun m chuyn ng.
* Ngi quan st: ' .' S
V Vf f
V V
(du - nu dch chuyn li gn).
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Tm tt l thuyt vt l 12 n thi i hc luyn thi i hc CHNG IV: DAO NG IN T
I. MCH DAO NG 1.Khi nim mch dao ng: l mch in kn gm cun cm L v t in C.
2.S bin thin q, u, i: Biu thc:
q = Qocos(t+); u = C
Q
C
q o cos(t+); i = q = - Qosin(t+);
c im:
* i sm pha hn q mt lng 2
* u,q cng pha
* q bin thin iu ho Nhn xt: i, q, u bin thin iu ho.
3.Nng lng in trng trong mch dao ng:
Biu thc: EC
Q
C
q
22
2
0
2
cos2(t+); Et = C
QLi o
22
12
2 sin2(t+)
c im: E v Et bin thin iu ho vi tn s =2 nhng tng ca chng l nng lng in t khng thay i.
4. Cc nh ngha:
Dao ng in t duy tr: l dao ng c duy tr vi tn s dao ng ring fo bng cch b ng phn nng lng b tiu hao trong mi chu k.
Dao ng in t tt dn: l dao ng in t c bin gim dn n 0, gi tr R rt ln th khng c dao ng.
Dao ng in t cng bc: l dao ng in trong mch dao ng theo tn s f ca ngun (thng thng f fo)
S cng hng: L hin tng bin ca dao ng in t t gi tr cc i khi f = fo
II. IN T TRNG: 1. Khi nim in t trng * in trng v t trng bin thin cng tn ti trong khng gian chuyn ho ln nhau trong mt trng thng nht gi l in t trng. * c im: + in trng hay t trng l tng mt ca mt chnh th in t trng + Khng bao gi c s tn ti ring bit ca in trng hay t trng c 2. Cc gi thuyt MC-XOEN: * T trng bin thin theo thi gian lm xut hin in trng xoy. (c im in trng xoy l ng sc ca n khng c im khi u v cng khng c im kt thc nh ng sc ca in trng tnh m l ng cong kn).
* in trng bin thin theo thi gian lm xut hin t trng xoy. (Cc ng sc ca t trng ny l cc ng khp kn bao quanh cc ng sc ca in trng)
III.SNG IN T: 1.nh ngha: Sng in t l qu trnh lan truyn in t trng trong khng gian. 2. c im: * Tc lan truyn ca sng in t trong chn khng bng tc nh sng c = 300000 km/s
* Sng in t l sng ngang. Vect cng in trng lun vung gc vi vect
cm ng t v c 2 lun vung gc vi phng truyn sng. C E v B u bin thin tun hon theo khng gian v thi gian, v lun ng pha * Sng in t c th truyn qua c chn khng 3. Tnh cht ca sng in t: * Trong qu trnh lan truyn, n mang theo nng lng. * Tun theo cc quy lut truyn thng, phn x v khc x. * Tun theo cc quy lut giao thoa, nhiu x. IV.S TRUYN THNG: 1. Mch dao ng h: l mch dao ng m in t trng bc x ra bn ngoi. 2. Mch dao ng kn: l mch dao ng m in t trng khng bc x ra ngoi. 3. Anten: l 1 dng mch dao ng h l 1 cng c hu hiu bc x sng in t. 4. Nguyn tc chung ca s truyn thng bng sng in t:
+ Bin cc m thanh (hnh nh) mun truyn i thnh cc dao ng in tn s thp (tn hiu m tn). + Dng sng in t tn s cao mang cc tn hiu m tn i xa qua anten pht. + Dng my thu vi anten thu chn v thu ly sng in t cao tn. + Tch tn hiu m tn ra khi sng cao tn v a ra loa.
H thng pht thanh: + Dao dng cao tn: to ra dao dng in t tn s cao (MHz) + ng ni: bin m thanh thnh dao ng in m tn. + Bin iu: trn dao ng m thanh v dao ng cao tn thnh dao ng cao tn bin iu. + Khuch i cao tn: khuch i dao ng cao tn bin iu a ra anten pht.
+ Anten pht: pht x sng cao tn bin iu ra khng gian. H thng thu thanh:
+ Anten thu: cm ng nhiu vi sng in t. + Chn sng: chn lc sng mun thu nh cng hng. + Tch sng: ly ra sng m tn t sng cao tn bin iu thu c. + Khuch i m tn: khuch i m tn ri a ra loa ti lp m thanh.
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CHNG V: DNG IN XOAY CHIU I. MY IN
1. My pht in xoay chiu: Nguyn tc hot ng: da trn hin tng cm ng in t: khi t thng qua
mt vng dy bin thin iu ho, trong vng dy xut hin sut in ng cm ng xoay chiu .
Gii thch: Nu t thng qua mi vng dy bin thin thin v trong cun dy c N vng ging nhau, th xut hin sut in ng xoay chiu trong cun dy.
My pht in xoay chiu 1 pha: Cu to: c 2 b phn chnh l:
Phn cm: l phn to ra t trng c th l nam chm in hoc nam chm vnh cu.
Phn ng: l nhng cun dy trong xut hin sut in ng cm ng khi my hot ng.
Phn c nh l stato, phn quay l roto. Hot ng:
Cch 1: phn ng quay, phn cm c nh. * Stato l nam chm t c nh, roto l khung dy quay quanh 1 trc trong t trng to bi stato. * dn dng in ra mch ngoi, dng 2 vnh khuyn t ng trc & cng quay vi khung dy. Mi vnh khuyn c 1 thanh qut t vo. Khi khung dy quay, 2 vnh khuyn trt trn 2 thanh qut ,dao ng truyn t khung dy qua 2 thanh qut ra ngoi.
Cch 2: phn cm quay,phn ng c nh. -Cn roto l nam chm in c nui bi dng in 1 chiu, stato gm nhiu cun dy c li st xp thnh 1 vng trn.
My pht in xoay chiu 3 pha: l h thng 3 dng in xoay chiu gy bi 3 sut in ng xoay chiu c cng tn s bin nhng lch pha nhau tng i mt v
bng 2
3
.
Cu to: stato c 3 cun dy ring r, hon ton ging nhau, qun trn 3 li st t lch nhau 120 trn 1 vng trn. Roto l 1 nam chm in.
Nguyn tc hot ng: khi roto quay u cc sut in ng cm ng
xut hin trong 3 cun dy c cng bin , cng tn s nhng lch pha nhau l 2
3
.
Nu ni cc u dy ca 3 cun vi 3 mch ngai ging nhau th ta c h 3 dng in
cng bin , cng tn s nhng lch pha nhau v pha l 2
3
Cng thc tnh: f = p.n (p: S cp cc, n: S vng quay trong 1s)
2. ng c khng ng b 3 pha: Nguyn tc hot ng: * Da trn hin tng cm ng in t
*Tc dng ca t trng quay.
Cu to: Stato c 3 cun dy ging nhau qun trn 3 li
st b tr lch nhau 1/3 vng trn. Roto l 1 hnh tr to bi nhiu l thp mng
ghp cch in vi nhau, cc rnh x mt ngoi roto c t cc thanh kim loi. Hai u mi thanh c ni vo cc vnh kim loi to thnh mt chic lng. Lng ny cch in vi li thp v c tc dng nh nhiu khung dy u t lch nhau to thnh roto lng sc.
Hot ng: Khi mc cc cun dy stato vi ngun in 3 pha t trng quay to thnh c tc gc bng tn s gc ca dng in. T trng quay tc dng ln dng in cm ng trong khung dy roto lm roto quay vi tc nh
hn tc gc quay ca t trng cun s cp.
+ Cun 2 ni vi ti tiu th in nng bng>th cp. Hot ng: Da trn hin tng cm ng in t * Gii thch: +Dng in qua cun s cp bng>xut hin t trng bin thin + T thng bin thin cun th cp lm xut hin
cun th cp sut in ng xoay chiu.
Cng thc: 2
1
2
1
N
N
U
U ;
11
22
IU
IU
P
PH
vao
ra
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CHNG VI. SNG NH SNG I. TN SC NH SNG
1. nh sng trng: l tng hp v s nh sng n sc c mu bin thin lin tc t n tm.
2. nh sng n sc: l nh sng khng b tn sc m ch b lch khi i qua lng knh.
3. S tn sc nh sng l s phn tch mt chm nh sng phc tp thnh cc chm nh sng n sc khc nhau.
4. Gii thch hin tng tn sc nh sng: * Chit sut ca thu tinh c gi tr khc nhau i vi nh sng n sc c mu khc nhau, gi tr nh nht i vi nh sng v ln nht i vi nh sng
tm. * Gc lch ca tia sng qua lng knh ph thuc vo chit sut ca lng knh. Chit sut cng ln th gc lch cng ln.
II. NHIU X NH SNG V GIAO THOA NH SNG. 1. Nhiu x nh sng l hin tng nh sng khng tun theo nh lut truyn
thng, quan st c khi nh sng truyn qua l nh hoc gn mp cc vt trong sut hoc khng trong sut.
2. Giao thoa nh sng l hin tng khi hai chm sng kt hp (cng tn s v c lch pha khng i) gp nhau to nn cc vn sng v vn ti xen k cch u nhau.
III. KHONG VN, BC SNG V MU SC NH SNG. 1. Khong vn (i) l khong cch gia hai vn sng (hoc ti) cnh nhau
Di
a
.
V tr vn sng : D
x ka
V tr vn ti : ( 0,5)D
x ka
.
2. Bc sng v mu sc nh sng: Mi nh sng n sc c mt bc sng xc nh v tn s f xc nh. Mi nh sng n sc m ta nhn thy c 0,38 m 0,76 m
(: = 0,76 m; tm: = 0,38 m). 3. Chit sut ca mi trng: Chit sut n ca mi trng trong sut i vi mt nh sng n sc ph thuc
vo tn s ca nh sng n sc .
Chit sut ca mi trng : c
nv
; ( )F f
Trong : c : vn tc nh sng trong chn khng v : vn tc nh sng trong mi trng c t thm v hng s in mi f : tn s ca nh sng
IV. MY QUANG PH LNG KNH. My quang ph l dng c dng phn tch chm
sng phc tp thnh nhng thnh phn n sc khc nhau.
My quang ph lng knh gm 3 b phn chnh : ng chun trc, h tn sc, bung nh.
Nguyn tc hot ng : da trn hin tng tn sc nh sng.
V. TIA HNG NGOI, T NGOI, TIA RNGHEN.
VI. CC LOI QUANG PH.
Xem tip trang bn
Tm tt l thuyt vt l 12 n thi i hc luyn
thi i hc
-
Tia hng ngoi Tia t ngoi Tia X QP Vch lin tc
QP Vch pht x
QP Vch hp th
nh
ngh
a
L bc x c bc sng di hn 0,76 m n vi mm (ln hn bc sng ca nh sng v nh hn bc sng ca sng v tuyn in)
Bc x c bc sng ngn hn 0,38 m n c 10-9 m (ngn hn bc sng ca nh sng tm)
Bc x c bc sng t 10
-8m 10
-11m (ngn hn
bc sng tia t ngoi)
L QP gm nhiu di mu t n tm, ni lin nhau mt cch lin tc
L QP gm cc vch mu ring l, ngn cch nhau bng nhng khong ti.
C dng cc vch ti trn nn ca quang ph lin tc.
Ngu
n
ph
t Mi vt mi
nhit (T>0 K); l than, l in, n dy tc
Ch :
Tvt>Tmi trng
Cc vt b nung nng n trn 2000oC; n hi thy ngn, h quang in c nhit trn 3000
oC
Khi cho chm tia catot c
vn tc ln p vo mt i m cc bng kim loi kh nng chy nh vonfam hoc platin
Cc cht rn, cht lng v cht kh p sut ln b nung nng.
Cc cht kh hay hi p sut thp b kch thch nng sng.
Khi chiu nh sng trng qua m kh hay hi kim loi c nhit thp hn nhit ngun sng s to ra quang ph hp th.
Tn
h c
ht
* Tc dng nhit * Gy ra mt s phn ng ha hc * C th bin iu c nh sng cao tn *Gy ra hin tng quang in trong mt s cht bn dn
* Tc dng ln phim nh * Lm ion ha khng
kh
* Gy ra phn ng quang ha, quang hp * Tc dng sinh l: hy dit t bo da, dit khun * Gy ra hin tng quang in * B nc v thy tinh hp th rt mnh
* Kh nng m xuyn. Tia X c bc sng cng ngn th kh nng m xuyn cng mnh, c th xuyn qua cc vt chn sng thng thng. * Tc dng mnh ln phim nh, lm ion ha khng kh. * Tc dng lm pht quang nhiu cht. * Gy ra hin tng quang in hu ht kim loi. * Tc dng dit vi khun, hy dit t bo.
* Khng ph thuc bn cht ca vt, ch ph thuc nhit ca vt. * mi nhit , vt u bc x. * Khi nhit tng dn th cng bc x cng mnh v min quang ph lan dn t bc x c bc sng di sang bc x c bc sng ngn.
Nguyn t khc nhau c quang
ph vch ring khc nhau v s lng vch, mu sc vch, v tr vch v cng sng ca vch.
- mt nhit xc nh, vt ch hp th nhng bc x m n c kh nng pht x, v ngc li. - Cc nguyn t khc nhau c QP vch hp th ring c trng cho nguyn t .
n
g d
n
g
* Sy kh, si m * iu khin t xa
* Chp nh b mt Tri t t v tinh * Qun s (tn la t ng tm mc tiu, camera hng ngoi, ng nhm hng ngoi)
* Kh trng nc ung, thc phm * Cha bnh ci xng * Xc nh vt nc trn b mt kim loi
* Chiu in, chp in dng trong y t chn on bnh. * Cha bnh ung th. * Kim tra vt c, d bt kh, vt nt trong kim loi. * Kim tra hnh l hnh khch i my bay.
o nhit ca vt Xc nh thnh phn (nguyn t), hm lng cc thnh phn trong vt.
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CHNG VII. LNG T NH SNG I. HIN TNG QUANG IN NGOI.
1. Khi nim: Hin tng quang in ngoi l hin tng nh sng lm bt cc electron ra khi b mt kim loi. * Cc electron b bt ra gi l electron quang in hay quang electron
2. Cc nh lut quang in:
nh lut v gii hn quang in: Hin tng quang in ch xy ra khi nh sng kch thch chiu vo kim loi c bc sng nh hn
hoc bng gii hn quang in ca kim loi . 0 ( 0 nm trong
min t ngoi).
nh lut v cng dng quang in bo ha: i vi mi nh
sng thch hp (c 0 ), cng dng quang in bo ha t l
thun vi cng ca chm sng kch thch.
nh lut v ng nng cc i ca quang electron: ng nng ban u cc i ca quang electrong khng ph thuc cng ca chm sng kch thch, m ch ph thuc bc sng nh sng kch thch v bn cht ca kim loi.
II. THUYT LNG T NH SNG. 1. Gi thuyt Plng:
Nguyn t hay phn t khng hp th hay pht x nh sng mt cch lin tc m thnh tng phn ring bit t qun, mi phn c gi tr hon ton xc nh hf , gi l lng t nng lng.
2. Thuyt lng t nh sng: Chm nh sng l mt chm cc photon (cc lng t nh sng). Mi
photon c nng lng xc nh hf . Cng ca chm sng t l
vi s photon pht ra trong 1s (giy). Phn t, nguyn t, electron pht x hay hp th nh sng cng c
ngha l chng pht x hay hp th photon. Cc photon bay dc theo tia sng vi tc c = 3.108m/s trong chn
khng.
III. HIN TNG QUANG IN TRONG 1. Hin tng quang in trong l hin tng to thnh cc electron dn
v l trng trong cht bn dn, do tc dng ca nh sng c bc sng thch hp.
* iu kin: 0 ( 0 nm trong vng nh sng hng ngoi).
2. Hin tng quang dn l hin tng gim in tr sut, tc l tng dn in ca bn dn, khi c nh sng thch hp chiu vo bn dn.
3. Quang in tr :
L tm bn dn c gi tr in tr thay i khi cng chm sng chiu vo n thay i.
Nguyn tc hot ng: da trn hin tng quang in trong.
Cu to: gm mt tm bn dn c gn hai in cc.
ng dng: c lp vi cc mch khuch i trong cc thit b iu khin bng nh sng, trong cc my o nh sng.
4. Pin quang in.
L ngun in trong quang nng c bin i trc tip thnh in nng.
Nguyn tc hot ng: da trn hin tng quang in trong ca mt s cht bn dn nh ng oxit, selen, silic..
Cu to: gm 1 tm bn dn loi n, bn trn c ph lp mng bn dn loi p. Mt trn cng l 1 lp kloi mng, trong sut vi nh sng v di cng l 1 kim loi.
ng dng: ngun in cho vng su, vng xa, hi o, v tinh nhn to, my o nh sng, my tnh b ti
IV. HP TH NH SNG. 1. Hp th nh sng l hin tng mi trng vt cht lm
gim cng ca chm sng truyn qua n. 2. nh lut v s hp th nh sng: Cng I ca chm
sng n sc, khi truyn qua mi trng hp th, gim theo nh lut hm m ca di d ca ng i tia sng.
0
dI I e ; 0I l cng chm sng ti mi trng; l
h s hp th ca mi trng.
Tm tt l thuyt vt l 12 n thi i hc luyn thi i hc
-
V. TIN BO. 1. Nguyn t ch tn ti trong mt s trng thi c nng lng xc nh En,
gi l trng thi dng. Khi trng thi dng, nguyn t khng bc x. 2. Tin v s hp th v bc x nng lng ca nguyn t. Khi nguyn t chuyn t trng thi dng c mc nng lng EN sang
trng thi dng c mc nng lng EM nh hn th nguyn t pht ra mt photon c nng lng hfbng EN - EM.
Khi nguyn t ang trng thi dng c mc nng lng EM m hp th mt photon c nng lng hf bng EN - EM th n chuyn sang trng thi dng c mc nng lng EN ln hn.
3. Quang ph ca nguyn t Hidro. c im: Sp xp thnh cc dy khc nhau:
Dy Laiman nm trong vng t ngoi.
Dy Banme: 1 phn nm trong vng t ngoi, 1 phn nm trong nh sng nhn thy: , lam , chm , tm .
Dy Pasen: trong min hng ngoi. Gii thch:
S to thnh quang ph vch: + Khi nhn c nng lng kch thch, nt hiro chuyn ra
qu o bn ngoi. + Khi chyn t qu o bn ngoi v trng thi c bn, cc
nt hiro pht ra cc phtn bng> Quang ph vch.
S to thnh cc dy: + Laiman: to thnh khi e chuyn t qu o bn ngoi vo k. + Banme: to thnh khi e t cc qu o pha ngoi chuyn v
qu o L: M bng> L (vch ), N bng> L (vch lam), O bng> L ( vch chm), P bng> L (vch tm)
+ Pasen: c to thnh khi e t qu o ngoi chuyn v qu o M.
VI. S PHT QUANG. 1. S pht quang l hin tng m mt s cht (rn, lng, kh) hp th
nng lng di mt dng no th pht ra cc bc x in t trong min nh sng nhn thy * c im:
Mi cht pht quang c mt quang ph c trng cho n.
Sau khi ngng kch thch, s pht quang ca mt s cht vn cn tip tc ko di thm mt khong thi gian no ri mi dng hn..
2. Cc dng pht quang:
Hunh quang l s pht quang c thi gian pht quang ngn (di 10-8s; hu nh tt ngay sau khi ngng kch thch). Thng xy ra vi cht lng v cht kh.
Ln quang l s pht quang c thi gian pht quang di (10
-8s tr ln). Thng xy ra vi cht rn (cht ln quang).
3. nh lut Xtc v s pht quang: nh sng pht quang c bc sng ' di hn bc sng ca nh sng kch thch: ' > .
VII. S LC V LAZE. Laze l mt ngun pht ra chm sng song song, kt
hp, c tnh n sc rt cao v c cng ln.
Cc loi laze: laze hng ngc, laze rn, laze kh, laze bn dn.
ng dng: thng tin lin lc v tuyn; dao m, cha bnh ngoi da; u c CD, bt tr bng; khoan, ct.
Tm tt l thuyt vt l 12 n thi i hc luyn thi
i hc
-
CHNG VIII. S LC V THUYT TNG I HP
I. THUYT TNG I HP. 1. Tin Anh-xtanh.
Tin I: cc nh lut vt l (c hc, in t hc..) c cng mt dng nh nhau trong mi h quy chiu qun tnh.
Tin II: Tc nh sng trong chn khng c cng ln bng c trong mi h quy chiu qun tnh, khng ph thuc vo phng truyn v vo tc ca ngun sng hay my thu. c = 300 000 km/s.
2. H qu thuyt tng i hp.
S co di: 2
0 21
vl l
c
Trong : 0l : di ring, l : di quan st.
S chm li ca ng h chuyn ng: 0 02
21
tt t
v
c
.
II. H THC ANH-XTANH. 1. Khi lng tng i tnh.
00
2
21
mm m
v
c
.
Trong : m: l khi lng tng i tnh, m0: khi lng ngh ca vt. 2. H thc gia nng lng v khi lng.
2 20
2
21
mE mc c
v
c
.
Khi nng lng thay i mt lng E th khi lng thay i mt lng m tng ng v ngc li.
E = m .c2. Cc trng hp ring:
+ Khi v = 0 th 20 0 0.E m c E : Nng lng ngh.
+ Khi 1c
vth: 2 20 0
1
2E m c m v .
3. ng lng v ng nng ca vt trong c hc tng
i tnh. ng lng:
p = m.v = v
c
v
mo
2
2
1
ng nng:
)1
1
1(
2
2
2
c
vcmEEW ood
Tm tt l thuyt vt l 12 n thi i hc
luyn thi i hc
-
CHNG IX. HT NHN NGUYN T
I. CU TO HT NHN NGUYN T. 1. Cu to ht nhn:
Ht nhn: c cu to t nhng ht nh hn gi l nucln. C 2 loi nucln:
+ Prtn (p): c mp = 1,67262.10-27
kg, mang in tch nguyn t dng.
+ Ntron (n): c mn = 1,67493.10-27
kg, khng mang in.
S prtn trong ht nhn bng s th t Z. S ntron trong ht nhn: N = A-Z vi A l s khi (tng s nucln).
Kch thc ht nhn: R = 1,2.10-15A-1/3(m). 2. ng v:
ng v l nhng nguyn t m ht nhn cha cng s prtn Z, nhng c s ntron N khc nhau.
3. n v khi lng nguyn t: 1u = 1,6605.10-27kg = 931,5MeV/c2.
4. Nng lng lin kt: Lc ht nhn: l lc tng tc gia cc nucln trong ht nhn.
c im: + Khng phi l lc tnh in, khng f thuc vo in tch ca cc nucln, c cng rt ln. + Ch c tc dng khi 2 nucln cch nhau 1 khong rt ngn bng hoc nh hn kch thc ca ht nhn. + Mun tch nucln ra khi ht nhn cn fi tn nng lng thng lc ht nhn.
ht khi:
.( )p N h nhanm Zm A Z m m .
Nng lng:
2 2
0 ( ) .p nE Zm A Z m c m c .
Nng lng lin kt: L do mang tn nng lng lin kt:
+ C nng lng to ra khi to thnh ht nhn. + Mun tch ht nhn thnh cc nucln ring r cn tn nng lng.
Nng lng lin kt tnh cho 1 nucln gi l nng lng lin kt ring.
+ c im: c trng cho bn vng ca ht nhn + Ht nhn c nng lng lin kt ring cng ln th cng bn vng.
2 2.. ( ) .lk p n h nhanW m c Zm A Z m m c .
II. PHNG X. 1. Hin tng phng x l hin tng m mt ht nhn
khng bn vng t pht ra cc tia phng x v bin i thnh ht nhn khc. c im: do nguyn nhn bn trong gy ra khng
ph thuc cc yu t bn ngoi. Qu trnh phn r phng x l qu trnh chnh dn
n s bin i ht nhn. Ht nhn phng x l ht nhn m. Ht nhn sn
phm phn r l ht nhn con.
2. Cc loi tia phng x. Tia
Chnh l cc ht nhn ca nguyn t Heli.
Tc khong 2.107m/s, lm ion ho mnh cc nguyn t trn ng i ca n nn mt nng lng rt nhanh.
i c ti a khong 8cm trong khng kh, khng xuyn qua t ba dy 1mm.
B lch trong t trng v in trng. Tia
Vn tc xp x vn tc nh sng.
Lm ion ha mi trng yu hn tia .
i c qung ng di hn vi mt trong khng kh v c th xuyn qua l nhm c mm.
+ - chnh l cc electron e .
+ + chnh l cc pozitron e .
* Ntrino() v phn notriono ( ) l cc ht khng mang in, khi lng ngh bng 0, vn tc xp x vn tc nh sng.
Tia
L sng in t c 1110 m , cng l ht photon c nng lng rt cao.
Kh nng m xuyn rt ln.
Trong phn r v , ht nhn con c th trng thi kch thch v phng x tia tr v trng thi c bn.
-
CHNG X: T VI M N V M I. CC HT S CP:
1. Ht s cp: l cc ht c kch thc v khi lng rt nh, nh hn ht nhn nguyn t.
2. Cc c trng: * Khi lng ngh mo hoc thay cho mo ngi ta thng dng i lng c trng l Eo = mo.c
2.
* in tch: Q = +1, Q = 0, Q = -1. (Q: s lng t in tch) * Spin l i lng c trng cho momen ng lng ring v
mmen t ring ca ht. ( )2
hs
.
* Thi gian sng trung bnh: c 4 ht khng phn r thnh cc ht khc ( ht bn): prtn, lectron, phtn, ntrin. Tt c cc ht cn li l cc ht khng bn tr ntron c thi gian sng khong 932s.
3. Phn ht: * Phn ln cc ht s cp to thnh cp: ht v phn ht. C khi lng ngh mo nh nhau, mt s c trng khc th c tr s bng nhau nhng tri du. * Trong qu trnh tng tc ca cc ht, c th xy ra hin tng hu mt cp ht + phn ht thnh cc ht khc, hoc sinh ra 1 cp ht v phn ht.
4. Phn loi * Phton: c mo bng 0. * Leptn: gm lectron, muyn, cc ht tau. * Mzn: gm cc ht c khi lng trung bnh: mzn v mzn k.
* Barion: gm cc ht nng c khi lng mp.C 2 nhm: nucln v hipron, cng cc phn ht ca chng. Tp hp cc mzn v barion c tn chung l harn.
5. Tng tc ca cc ht s cp * Tng tc hp dn: tng tc gia cc ht vt cht c khi lng. * Tng tc in t: tng tc gia cc ht mang in, ma st...
* Tng tc yu: tng tc gia cc ht trong phn r . * Tng tc mnh: l tng tc gia cc harn.
6. Ht quac * Tt c cc harn u cu to t cc ht nh hn, gi l quac.
* C 6 ht quac: u, d, s, c, b v t. in tch cc ht quac v phn
quac bng 2
,3 3
e e .
* Cc barion l t hp ca 3 quac (VD: ntron udd; proton uud)
II. MT TRI V H MT TRI 1. Cu to h Mt Tri.
a) H Mt Tri bao gm:
Mt Tri trung tm h ( l thin th duy nht nng sng)
Tm hnh tinh ln: Thu Tinh, Kim tinh, Tri t, Ho tinh, Mc tinh, Th tinh, Thin Vng tinh v Hi Vng tinh.
Cc hnh tinh t hon: gi l cc tiu hnh tinh, cc sao chi, thin thch
b) c im:
Tt c cc hnh tinh u chuyn ng quanh Mt Tri theo cng 1 chiu thun, gn nh trong cng 1 mt phng.
Mt tri v cc hnh tinh u quay quanh mnh n v theo chiu thun (tr Kim tinh).
Ton b h Mt Tri quay quanh trung tm Thin H ca chng ta.
T nh lut III K-ple, khi lng ca Mt Tri ln hn khi lng Tri t 333 000 ln (1,99.1030 kg).
2) Mt Tri. a) Cu to: gm 2 phn quang cu v kh quyn.
Quang cu: c dng a sng trn vi bn knh gc 16 pht. + Khi lng ring trung bnh ca vt cht trong quang cu l 1400kg/m
3.
Kh quyn Mt Tri: + Cu to ch yu bi Hiro, Heli + Phn lm 2 lp: sc cu v nht hoa. - Sc cu: l lp kh nm st mt quang cu c dy trn 10000 km, nhit khong 4500K. - Nht hoa: nm pha ngoi sc cu, vt cht cu to trng thi ion ho mnh (trng thi plasma).
a) Nng lng
Mt Tri lin tc bc x nng lng ra xung quanh.
Hng s Mt Tri H l lng nng lng bc x ca Mt Tri truyn vung gc ti 1 n v din tch cch n 1 n v thin vn trong 1 n v thi gian. H bng 1360 W/m2 suy ra
PT = 3,9.1026
W
c) Hot ng:
Nm Mt Tri c nhiu vt en nht xut hin l nm Mt Tri hot ng. Nm t vt en nht l nm Mt Tri tnh.
Din ra theo chu k lin quan n s vt en trn MTri. Chu k hot ng ca MTri trung bnh l 11 nm.
Tm tt l thuyt vt l 12 n thi i hc luyn thi i hc
-
III. TRI T. 1. Cu to: Tri t c dng hnh cu dt. Rxch o = 6378 km, R2cc = 6357 km, Dtrung bnh = 520kg/m
3.
Tri t c li bn knh khong 3000 km c cu to ch yu l st, Niken.
Bao quanh li l lp trung gian, ngoi cng l l lp v dy khong 35 km, vt cht trong v c D = 3300 kg/m3.
2. Mt trng- v tinh ca Tt. Mt Trng cch Tri t 384000 km. RMtTrng = 1738 km, mMT =
7,35.1022
kg.
Mt Trng chuyn ng quanh Tri t vi chu k T = 27,32 ngy. Lun hng mt na nht nh ca Mt Trng v Tri t. Trn Mt Trng khng c kh quyn. B mt ph 1 lp vt cht xp. Trn b mt c cc dy ni cao. Nhit trong 1 ngy m chnh lch nhau rt ln. C nhiu nh hng n Tri t: gy ra hin tng thu triu.
IV. SAO THIN H. 1. nh ngha: Sao l khi kh nng sng, ging nh Mt Tri 2. c im: a s cc sao tn ti trong trng thi n nh, c kch thc
nhit .. khng i trong thi gian di. Mt Tri l mt trong s cc sao ny.
3. Cc loi sao: Sao bin quang: c sng thay i. C 2 loi:
+ Sao bin quang do che khut. + Sao bin quang do nn dn
Sao mi: c sng tng t ngt ln hng ngn, hng vn hay hng triu ln sau t t gim.
Punxa v sao ntron: bx nng lng di dng xung sng in t rt mnh.
L en l thin th cu to bi cc ntron, c kh nng ht mi vt th, k c nh sng.
Tinh vn: l nhng m my sng. 4. S tin ho: Sao c cu to t 1 m my kh v bi. m my va quay va co li, sau vi chc nghn nm, vt cht dn tp
trung gia , to thnh tinh vn. trung tm tinh vn, ngi sao nguyn thu c to thnh.
Sao tip tc co li v nng dn to thnh ngi sao sng t.
Trong thi gian tn ti ca sao, xy ra phn ng nhit hch, tiu hao dn Hir to thnh Heli v cc nguyn t khc (C, O, Fe..)
Khi nhin liu trong sao cn kit, sao bin thnh cc thin th khc.
V. THIN H 1. KN: Thin h l h thngsao gm nhiu loi sao v tinh
vn.
2. Cc loi thin h:
Thin h xon c l thin h c hnh dng dt nh ci a trn c nhng cnh tay xon c, cha nhiu kh.
Thin h elip l thin h c hnh elip, cha t kh v c khi lng tri ra trn 1 di rng.
Thin h khng nh hnh l thin h khng c hnh dng xc nh.
CH : Ton b cc sao trong mi thin h u quay xung quanh trung tm thin h.
VI. THIN H CA CHNG TA (NGN H) c im: Thin h ca chng ta l loi thin h xon c.
+ ng knh khong 100 nghn nm nh sng + Khi lng bng khong 150 t ln khi lng MTri. + L 1 h phng ging nh mt ci a, dy khong 330 nm nh sng, cha vi trm t ngi sao.
Phn trung tm Thin H c dng 1 hnh cu dt, gi l vng li trung tm. c to bi cc sao gi, kh v bi.
trung tm Thin H c ngun pht x hng ngoi v l ngun pht x sng v tuyn in.
Di ngn h: l hnh chiu ca Thin H trn vm tri nh mt di sng tri ra trn bu tri m.
-
Tm tt l thuyt vt l 12 n thi i hc luyn thi i hc
VII. THUYT BIG BANG. c im: V tr bt u dn n t mt thi im k d. Mun tnh tui ca v tr, phi lp lun i ngc thi gian n
im k d, lc tui v RVTr bng 0 (im zero Big Bag). Vt l hc hin i da vo vt l ht s cp c on c
nhng s kin xy ra bt u t thi im tp bng 10-35
s sau
V n ln bng> Thi im Plng. thi im Plng:
+ Kch thc v tr l 10-35 m,D bng 1091kg/cm3 nhit bng1032 K. bng> Tr s Plng. + V tr trn ngp bi cc ht c nng lng cao: electron, ntrin v quac.
S to thnh cc ht: Nucln c to ra sau V n 1s. Cc ht nhn nguyn t u tin xut hin sau 3 pht. 300 nghn nm sau xut hin cc nguyn t u tin. 3 triu nm sau xut hin cc sao v thin h. Ti t bng 14 t nm, v tr trng thi hin nay, nhit trung
bnh T bng 2,7 K.
The End
Chc cc em thnh cng trong cc k thi sp ti!
Tm tt l thuyt vt l 12 n thi i hc luyn thi
i hc