TissuesTissues
Epithelial Tissue Epithelial Tissue Tissue that always faces a free surface Tissue that always faces a free surface Examples: Skin; lining of mouthExamples: Skin; lining of mouth
Cells are layered on top of one anotherCells are layered on top of one another
Part of cells opposite the free surface attaches to a basement Part of cells opposite the free surface attaches to a basement membranemembrane
Basement membrane Basement membrane membrane packed with proteins and membrane packed with proteins and carbohydratescarbohydrates
Types of Epithelial TissueTypes of Epithelial Tissue
Simple Simple single layer of cells single layer of cells
Used for absorption, diffusion, and excretionUsed for absorption, diffusion, and excretion
Stratified Stratified 2 or more cell layers 2 or more cell layers
Used for protectionUsed for protection
PseudostratifiedPseudostratified single, staggered layer of cells single, staggered layer of cells
Usually ciliated; cilia sweep mucus across cell surfaceUsually ciliated; cilia sweep mucus across cell surface
Shapes of Epithelial CellsShapes of Epithelial Cells
Squamous epithelial --> Flattened cellsSquamous epithelial --> Flattened cells
Cuboidal epithelial Cuboidal epithelial Cube shaped cells Cube shaped cells
Columnar epithelial Columnar epithelial Column shaped Column shaped
Putting it All TogetherPutting it All Together
Simple Squamous cells Simple Squamous cells lining of blood vessels; lungs lining of blood vessels; lungs
Simple Cuboidal CellsSimple Cuboidal Cells ducts and glands ducts and glands
Simple Columnar Cells Simple Columnar Cells stomach and intestines stomach and intestines
Stratified Squamous Cells Stratified Squamous Cells skin skin
Stratified Cuboidal Cells Stratified Cuboidal Cells ducts of sweat glands ducts of sweat glands
Stratified Columnar Cells Stratified Columnar Cells ducts of salivary glands ducts of salivary glands
Pseudostratified Columnar Cells Pseudostratified Columnar Cells throat, nasal passages throat, nasal passages
Epithelial Tissue TypesEpithelial Tissue Types
The following pix are NOT in your Notes!The following pix are NOT in your Notes!
I just want you to SEE what these tissues types look likeI just want you to SEE what these tissues types look like
I also want you to see SOME of their functions & locationsI also want you to see SOME of their functions & locations
Location: outer Location: outer layers of skinlayers of skin
Function: to Function: to protectprotect
Description: Description: single layer of single layer of columnar cells columnar cells with ciliawith cilia
Location: lines Location: lines uterus, central uterus, central canal of spinal canal of spinal cord, and some cord, and some upper respiratory upper respiratory tracttractFunction: moves Function: moves
particles and fluids particles and fluids alongalong
Description: two or more layers Description: two or more layers of cubed shape cellsof cubed shape cells
Location: Location: sweat sweat glandsglands
Function: to protectFunction: to protect
Description: Description: several layers of several layers of polyhedral cells polyhedral cells
Location: excretory ducts in Location: excretory ducts in some glandssome glands
Function: Function: secretion and secretion and protectionprotection
GlandsGlands
Glands Glands cells that secrete substances; made from epithelial cells cells that secrete substances; made from epithelial cells
Exocrine Glands Exocrine Glands secrete substances to the free surface of epithelial secrete substances to the free surface of epithelial cells through ductscells through ducts
Example: Goblet Cells Example: Goblet Cells secrete mucus into trachea secrete mucus into trachea
Saliva, earwax, and oilSaliva, earwax, and oil
Endocrine Glands Endocrine Glands secrete substances directly into fluid secrete substances directly into fluid
Example: Hormones are released directly into bloodstreamExample: Hormones are released directly into bloodstream
Thyroid, adrenal, and pituitary glandThyroid, adrenal, and pituitary gland
MembranesMembranes
Membranes Membranes sheet-like coverings over organs sheet-like coverings over organs
Mucous Membranes Mucous Membranes line the cavity of digestive, respiratory systems; line the cavity of digestive, respiratory systems; have ducts that release mucoushave ducts that release mucous
Serous Membranes Serous Membranes enclose organs enclose organs
Cell to Cell Contact & Cell to Cell Contact & Connective TissueConnective Tissue
How do cells stick together?How do cells stick together?
Tight Junctions Tight Junctions rows of proteins that seal cells together rows of proteins that seal cells together
Prevents molecules from getting stuck in between cellsPrevents molecules from getting stuck in between cells
Important in epithelial cells of the intestinesImportant in epithelial cells of the intestines
Adhering Junctions Adhering Junctions Mass of proteins (called desmosomes) that spot Mass of proteins (called desmosomes) that spot weld the cell together at a very specific pointweld the cell together at a very specific point
Important in areas where stretching occursImportant in areas where stretching occurs
Found in skin cells, lining of stomachFound in skin cells, lining of stomach
Gap Junctions Gap Junctions protein channels that connect cells protein channels that connect cells
Promotes cell-to-cell communication; allows ions to move through cellsPromotes cell-to-cell communication; allows ions to move through cells
Found in heart & and other organsFound in heart & and other organs
Connective TissuesConnective Tissues
Connective Tissue Connective Tissue Most abundant tissue in the body Most abundant tissue in the body
Small numbers of cells embedded with connective fibers such as Small numbers of cells embedded with connective fibers such as collagen and elastincollagen and elastin
Collagen Collagen structural protein fibers give mass and volume to structures structural protein fibers give mass and volume to structures
Fibroblasts Fibroblasts secrete jelly-like substance; gives structure to organs secrete jelly-like substance; gives structure to organs
ElastinElastin stretchable fibers that allow for elasticity stretchable fibers that allow for elasticity
All connective tissue has the same ingredients, All connective tissue has the same ingredients, just in different proportionsjust in different proportions
Loose Connective TissueLoose Connective Tissue
Many Cells; few fibersMany Cells; few fibers
Collagen & Elastin Fibers are loosely arrangedCollagen & Elastin Fibers are loosely arranged
Macrophages & Fibroblasts are the most common cellsMacrophages & Fibroblasts are the most common cells
Surrounds blood vessels and nervesSurrounds blood vessels and nerves
Dense Irregular Dense Irregular Connective TissueConnective Tissue
Lots of collagen fibers and fibroblastsLots of collagen fibers and fibroblasts
Deep regions of the skinDeep regions of the skin
Dense Regular Dense Regular Connective TissueConnective Tissue
Collagen fibers run parallel to each otherCollagen fibers run parallel to each other
Creates strong attachments between muscles and bonesCreates strong attachments between muscles and bones
Found in ligaments and tendonsFound in ligaments and tendons
Cartilage & BoneCartilage & BoneCartilage Cartilage type of connective tissue that cushions and maintains shape type of connective tissue that cushions and maintains shape of body partsof body parts
Structure of Cartilage Structure of Cartilage Stretchable fibers similar in texture to rubber. Stretchable fibers similar in texture to rubber. Newly divided cells are called chondroblasts; mature into chondrocytesNewly divided cells are called chondroblasts; mature into chondrocytes
Very few blood vessels innervate cartilage; difficult to healVery few blood vessels innervate cartilage; difficult to heal
CartilageCartilage BoneBone
Types of CartilageTypes of Cartilage
Hyaline Cartilage Hyaline Cartilage Consists of collagen fibers. Found where bone Consists of collagen fibers. Found where bone meets bone or at joints in the bodymeets bone or at joints in the body
Reduces friction between moving bonesReduces friction between moving bones
Found on either side of femur; end of nose, in between ribsFound on either side of femur; end of nose, in between ribs
Chondrocytes Chondrocytes
Types of CartilageTypes of Cartilage
Elastic Cartilage Elastic Cartilage Consists of elastic fibers made from protein; also Consists of elastic fibers made from protein; also some collagensome collagen
Found in parts of the body where stretchability is importantFound in parts of the body where stretchability is important
Found in outer edge of ear, surrounding esophagus, epiglottisFound in outer edge of ear, surrounding esophagus, epiglottis
Types of CartilageTypes of Cartilage
Fibrocartilage Fibrocartilage Rigid and Resilient; can withstand large amounts of Rigid and Resilient; can withstand large amounts of pressurepressure
Densely packed with collagen fibersDensely packed with collagen fibers
Found in kneecaps, in between vertebraeFound in kneecaps, in between vertebrae
Collagen Fiber Collagen Fiber
BoneBone
•Weight bearing tissue of bodyWeight bearing tissue of body
•Bones are joined with muscles to bring about movementBones are joined with muscles to bring about movement
•Bones store calcium & produce some kinds of blood cellsBones store calcium & produce some kinds of blood cells
•Bones made from densely packed collagen fibers and calcium saltsBones made from densely packed collagen fibers and calcium salts
•Inside fibers are lacunae, cavities that contain the living bone cells, Inside fibers are lacunae, cavities that contain the living bone cells, osteocytesosteocytes
•Bone is innervated by more blood vessels than cartilageBone is innervated by more blood vessels than cartilage
Types of BoneTypes of Bone
Compact BoneCompact Bone
Found on the outside of larger bones, embedded with lots of blood Found on the outside of larger bones, embedded with lots of blood vessels and nervesvessels and nerves
Types of BoneTypes of Bone
Spongy Bone Spongy Bone
Found at the ends of bones, loosely packed collagen and calciumFound at the ends of bones, loosely packed collagen and calcium
Muscles & NervesMuscles & Nerves
MusclesMuscles tissues that contract and relax to move body parts tissues that contract and relax to move body parts
Fibers are arranged in parallel for increased resiliencyFibers are arranged in parallel for increased resiliency
Types of MuscleTypes of Muscle
Skeletal MuscleSkeletal Muscle Muscle attached to bones Muscle attached to bones
Individual cells are called muscle fibersIndividual cells are called muscle fibers
Each cell has multiple nuclei, caused from the fusion of juvenile muscle Each cell has multiple nuclei, caused from the fusion of juvenile muscle cellscells
Proteins are embedded in the muscle fibers (called Actin & Myosin)Proteins are embedded in the muscle fibers (called Actin & Myosin)
Actin & Myosin form bands in skeletal muscle that make it striatedActin & Myosin form bands in skeletal muscle that make it striated
Fibers are bundled together in fasicles & wrapped in connective tissueFibers are bundled together in fasicles & wrapped in connective tissue
Types of MuscleTypes of Muscle
Smooth MuscleSmooth Muscle muscle of stomach, blood vessels, & internal organs muscle of stomach, blood vessels, & internal organs
Fewer Actin & Myosin fibers, no banding; unstriatedFewer Actin & Myosin fibers, no banding; unstriated
Maintains constant tension, smaller contractionsMaintains constant tension, smaller contractions
Often called involuntary muscleOften called involuntary muscle
Types of MuscleTypes of Muscle
Cardiac MuscleCardiac Muscle
Striated like skeletal muscleStriated like skeletal muscle
Involuntary like smooth muscleInvoluntary like smooth muscle
Muscle fibers are tightly packed together by specialized fibers called Muscle fibers are tightly packed together by specialized fibers called intercalated discsintercalated discs
Nerve TissueNerve Tissue
Nerve Tissue Nerve Tissue exercises control over body’s activities exercises control over body’s activities
Individual cells called neuronsIndividual cells called neurons
Structure of NeuronsStructure of Neurons
Main Structure is cell bodyMain Structure is cell body
Dendrites Dendrites branched “arms” that pick up incoming chemical branched “arms” that pick up incoming chemical informationinformation
Axons Axons “arms” that send out chemical information “arms” that send out chemical information
Nerve Nerve cluster of neurons cluster of neurons
Nervous TissueNervous Tissue
Nervous TissueNervous Tissue
Sensory Neurons Sensory Neurons Used to detect chemical changes Used to detect chemical changes
Examples Examples Olfactory neurons Olfactory neuronsRetinal Neurons in the eyeRetinal Neurons in the eye
Epithelial Neurons embedded in the skinEpithelial Neurons embedded in the skin
Blood & Adipose TissueBlood & Adipose Tissue
Blood specialized tissue that carries proteins, ions, oxygen, fibrin (clots tissue)Blood cells are made in bone marrow (center of bone)
3 Parts of BloodPlasma fluid portion of bloodPlatelets white blood cells
Red Blood Cells Carry Oxygen to muscles; adult cells are non-nucleated
White Blood Cells function in immunity, cell defense
Platelets fragments of cells (called mekaryocytes) that aid in blood clotting
Blood carries nutrients and proteins to cells and carries waste away from cells
Adipose TissueAdipose Tissue
Large clustered cells used for fat storageLarge clustered cells used for fat storage
Excess carbohydrates and proteins are converted to fatExcess carbohydrates and proteins are converted to fat
Adipose tissue is connected with lots of blood vesselsAdipose tissue is connected with lots of blood vessels
Where does adipose tissue collect?Where does adipose tissue collect?
Hips, abdomen, thighs, under skin, around kidneys Hips, abdomen, thighs, under skin, around kidneys