Download - Tibet's history
TIBET/XIZANGImprove your knowledge…
Aurélien AvignonBenoit Vanmoer
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Superlative TibetGeographyDemographyHistoryPoliticsEconomic viewCultural particularitiesA controversial issue
Superlative Tibet
World's highest mountain?oMount Qomolangma (ཇོ� ་མོ� ་གླང་མོ)oMount EverestoMount Sagarmatha (सगरमा�था�)oMount Shèngmǔ Fēng ( 圣母峰 )
All ! 8840m
3,679 ascents, by 2,436 individuals… and 210 deaths
Superlative Tibet
Highest altitude monastery ?Rongbo Monastery 5100m
Mount Everest
Monastery and Pagoda
Superlative Tibet
World's longest epic poem: King Gesar
120 volumes, more than 1 million verses, over 20 million words
Geography
EVERESTLhassa
Tibet Autonomous Region
Belgium
Geography
Superficy : 2.5 billion m² ( 84x Belgium)Borders : India, Nepal, ButhanRegion capital : Lhassa
GeographyA Star of China
Ouïghurs
Hans
Mongols
Mandchous
Tibetans
Demography
Population of Tibet Autonomous Region
2,616,000 inhabitants
93% of Tibetans
6% of Hans
1% other (Mongols…)
Demography
Tibetan, one of the 55 Chinese ethnic minorities
Demography
Bilingual education in Tibet?
1950-1957 : Bilingual education1958-1977 : Chinese-monopolistic language policy1978-present : Back to bilingual education, also at an high level
History
127 B.C. 846 A.D. 1260 A.D.
Songtsen Gampo (6l7-698 A.D.)Golden AgeMarried Princess Wencheng (introduction of Buddhism)Introduction of Tibetan writing
Empire
645
History
World 820 A.D
History
127 B.C. 846 A.D. 1260 A.D.
UpriseBuddhism persecutionDivision into several kingdoms
Empire846
History
World 1200
846
HistoryGhengis Khan conquests
History
127 B.C. 846 A.D. 1260 A.D.
Conquest by KhansAppointement of Sakya Pandita Viceroy of TibetVassal state of Mongols Tibet spiritual influence><Mongol military influence
Empire1260
History
1368 1644 1912
First Dalai Lama1391
1385First Panchen Lama
1839-1901Opium Wars
1645Potala
History
1368 1644 1912 1950
English expedition from India to TibetExecution of remaining Sino-Mongol protection forces~12,000 killedForced to pay compensations & to trade with England1904
A friendly theocratic Serfdom?
Aristocrats in Lhassa
The Three rulling categories Aristocrat house
A friendly theocratic Serfdom?
Serfs harvesting barley in the burning sun
Serf with eyes gouged by owners
Hands cut by serf ownersBeg with shackles
Instrument of torture
History
1368 1644 1912 1950
10th Panchen Lama => ask for liberationMao Zedong => People's Liberation ArmyLocal government & Dalai Lama => against May 1951 agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet
1950
History
1368 1644 1912 1950
Rebellion led by Dalai Lama, and former privileged class (Indian and English influense, CIA Weapons)
Reaction of Central Government for unityDalai Lama and former privileged class => exile to India
1959
History
1368 1644 1912 1950
Creation of Tibet Autonomous RegionNgabo Ngawang as Governor
cabinet member under the Dalai Lamacommander of the Tibetan army in 1950
1965
Nowadays
PoliticsAutonomous Region Government
~95% of participationEmancipated serfs and slavesIlliterate (beans)30% of women95% of Tibetan
Exiled Government in IndiaBased on former aristocratic societyOnly men, former serfs non-eligible until 1991
Economic view
2006 GDP : 29 Billion Yuan (2.9Billion €)Major sectors:
Subsistence agricultureTourism
2.5billion yuan invested each year by Chinese Government
Cultural aspects
ReligionsBön => ancient Buddhism
Tibetan BuddhismDalai & Panchen Lama
Islam (Sunni)From Kashmir, Kabul &Samarkand
Mosque in Lhassa
Cultural aspects
Tibetain artPainting => Architecture => Adapted to the environmentMusic => ReligiousOrigami?
Thangka MandalasThangka Mandalas
A controversial issueChinese view
Linked historyVassal state since 1360Live improvmentRight of self-determination assuredEconomical developmentSaved from Monks and Aristocrats dictatorshipCultural protectionProblems created by English, nourrished by the U.S.
A controversial issueA problem nourrished by the U.S.?
THE CIA ACTIVITY REPORT 1964-1968-”political action, propaganda, and paramilitary activity”-”support subsidy to the Dalai Lama's entourage at Dharmsala, India”
Total--$ 1,735,000/year
“ Educational program for 20 selected junior Tibetan officers-- $ 45,000”“Expenses of covert training site in Colorado--$ 400,000”
http://www.state.gov/www/about_state/history/vol_xxx/337_343.html
A controversial issue
“The purpose of the program at this stage is to keep the political concept of an autonomous Tibet alive within Tibet and among foreign nations”…
http://www.state.gov/www/about_state/history/vol_xxx/337_343.html
A controversial issue
About misinformation
A controversial issue
About misinformation
"Our conflict with the Dalai clique is not an ethnic problem, not a religious problem, nor a human rights problem. It is a problem either to safeguard national unification or to split the motherland," Hu Jintao 胡胡胡
General Secretary of the Communist Party of China
A controversial issue
Exiled Government view:• Historical point of view• No freedom of speaking• No freedom of religion• No freedom of Government• Invasion by the Han
Thanks for your attention