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THERMAL HYDROLYSIS AND ENERGY REDUCTION IN BIOSOLIDS PROCESSINGSTEVE ARANT, P.E.
STEVE TARALLO, P.E.
GUSTAVO QUEIROZ, P.E.
PROJECT MANAGER
B&V WATER NORTH AMERICA SUSTAINABLE WATER AND ENERGY SOLUTIONS
RESIDUALS PROCESS SPECIALIST
20
No
vem
be
r 2
01
3
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WERF ENERGY NEUTRAL PROJECTENER1C12
2
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4 December 2013
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WERF ENER1C12 – ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND PRODUCTION
Objective:
Provide research … that will allow wastewater treatment plants to be energy neutral, and thus able to operate solely on the energy embedded in the water and wastes they treat.
Co Principal Investigators:Steve Tarallo Black & VeatchRalph Eshborn AECOM
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• Chemical energy – caloric energy stored in organic compounds• May include embedded energy (nutrients)
• Hydraulic energy – potential and kinetic
• Thermal energy – heat energy due to specific heat of water
SOURCES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY AT WATER RECLAMATION FACILITIES
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Thermal energy Chemical energy Hydraulic energy
Un
it E
ne
rgy,
MM
Btu
/MG
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5
Base Case
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WERF- Energy Efficiency in Wastewater Treatment in North America: A Compendium of Best Practices and Case Studies of Novel Approaches, 2010 6
Best Practices
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OPTIMIZATION – BEST PRACTICES
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Process Parameter Units Typical Optimized
Multiple pump efficiency % 60% 85%
Grit removal energy use hp 33.5 4.6
Primary clarifiers removal efficiency % 60% 70%
Biological reactor fouling constant 0.6 0.95
Biological reactor combined blower/motor efficiency % 70% 80%
Gravity thickener thickened sludge concentration %TS 5% 7%
Gravity thickener removal efficiency % 90% 92%
Mechanical thickener thickened sludge concentration %TS 5% 6%
Mechanical thickener removal efficiency % 95% 98%
Anaerobic digester mixing power use hp 68 6
CHP electric efficiency % 33% 40%
CHP thermal efficiency % 40% 45%
Dewatering cake concentration %TS 18% 23%
Dewatering capture rate % 90% 95%
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2011 B&V PPT Template Presentation
Proven Energy Neutral Treatment Processes
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Future Energy Neutral Treatment Processes
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• 50 Baseline energy models
• Common WWTP configurations
• 25 “un-optimized”
• 25 “optimized” (best practices)
• 19 “pioneering” process modules
• Potential for significant step towards energy neutrality
WERF ENER1C12 PROJECTENERGY MODELING 10 MGD PLANT
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G1Activated Sludge – BNR – with Primary Treatment; WAS Mechanical Thickening, Anaerobic Digestion, and Dewatering
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4 December 2013
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G1 OPTActivated Sludge – BNR – with Primary Treatment; WAS Mechanical Thickening, Anaerobic Digestion, and Dewatering
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4 December 2013
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1,338
1,491
1,389
1,334
703
1,509
1,480
1,058
2,078
2,028
1,697
1,876
1,300
1,831
2,443
2,264
1,963
1,947
5,676
5,269
5,948
5,493
1,854
1,981
1,307
859
1,136
1,005
870
60
997
1,025
793
1,377
1,295
1,075
1,133
348
1,103
1,452
1,348
1,205
1,198
2,815
2,593
3,082
2,847
1,145
1,277
445
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000
Conv. Act. Sludge w/ Pri. Treat., Co‐thickening in Gravity Sludge Thickener, …
Conv. Act. Sludge w/ Pri. Treat., Co‐thickening in Gravity Sludge Thickener, …
Conv. Act. Sludge w/ Pri. Treat., Co‐thickening in Gravity Sludge Thickener, …
Conv. Act. Sludge w/ Pri. Treat., WAS Mech. Thickening, Anaerobic Digestion and …
Conv. Act. Sludge w/ Pri. Treat., WAS Mech. Thickening, Anaerobic Digestion, …
Conv. Act. Sludge w/ Pri. Treat., WAS Mech. Thick., Anaerobic Digest., Dewater. …
Conv. Act. Sludge w/o Pri. Treat.; WAS Dewatering and Class B Lime Stabilization
Trickling Filter w/ Pri. Treat., Co‐thickening, Anaerobic Digestion and Dewatering
Act. Sludge – nitrification – w/o Pri. Treat., WAS Aerobic Digestion and Dewatering
Act. Sludge – nitrification – w/ Pri. Treat., WAS Aerobic Digestion and Dewatering
Act. Sludge – nitrification – w/ Pri. Treat., WAS Mech. Thickening, Anaerobic …
Act. Sludge – BNR – w/ Pri. Treat., WAS Mech. Thickening, Anaerobic Digest. and …
Act. Sludge – BNR – w/ Pri. Treat., WAS Mech. Thickening, Anaerobic Digest. and …
Act. Sludge – BNR – w/ Pri. Treat. and Chem. P‐removal, WAS Mech. Thickening, …
Act. Sludge – BNR w/o Pri. Treat., WAS Aerobic Digestion and Dewatering
Act. Sludge – BNR w/o Pri. Treat., WAS Dewatering and Class B Lime Stabilization
Act. Sludge – ENR – w/ Pri. Treat., WAS Mech. Thickening, Anaerobic Digest. and …
Act. Sludge – ENR – w/ Pri. Treat. and Chem. P removal, WAS Mech. Thickening, …
MBR (aerobic) – BNR – w/ Pri. Treat., Co‐thickening, Anaerobic Digestion and …
MBR (aerobic) – BNR w/o carbon addition – w/ Pri. Treat., Co‐thickening, …
MBR (aerobic) – BNR w/o carbon addition – w/o Pri. Treat. WAS Aerobic …
MBR (aerobic) – BNR – w/o Pri. Treat. WAS Aerobic Digestion and Dewatering
Pure Oxygen Act. Sludge w/ Pri. Treat., Co‐thickening, Anaerobic Digestion and …
Mainstream Two‐Sludge (A/B) Act. Sludge (Two secondaries in series – each w/ …
Mainstream Two‐Sludge (A/B) Act. Sludge (Two secondaries in series – each w/ …
A1
A5
A6
B1
B1
EB
4C
3D
1E2
E2'
F1G
1G
1E
H1
I2I3
L1M
1N
1N
1'
N2
N2
'O
1P
1P
1E
Total Plant Electricity Usage (kWh/MG)
Typical
Optimized
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4 December 2013
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Pioneering Module
Wastewater Treatment
Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment (CEPT)
Short SRT Step Feed
Anaerobic lagoon with gas capture
Nutrients
Sidestream P Recovery (OSTARA)
Sidestream N Removal (Deammonification)
Mainstream Simultaneous Nitritation-Denitritation (MBR)
Solids Handling
Advanced Digestion (Acid-Gas)
Digestion Pretreatment (Thermal Hydrolysis)
Digestion Pretreatment (Electrokinetic Disintegration)
Solar sludge drying
Energy Recovery/Production
Co-Digestion – FOG
Food Processing Waste
Residential Sink Food Processing
Waste process heat power production (Organic Rankine Cycle)
Wastewater heat recovery (adsorption chillers)
Water Source Heat Pumps, (WSHPs)
Gasification
Fluidized Bed with Energy Recovery
Multiple Hearth Energy Recovery
“PIONEERING” PROCESS MODULES
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CHEMICALLY ENHANCED PRIMARY CLARIFICATION
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CEPT
15% Increase in Biogas17% Decrease in aeration
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THERMAL HYDROLYSIS4 December 2013
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Biogas 18% increaseBiosolids 22% decrease
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• Base energy use and optimized operation strongly dependent on specific configuration
• What technologies apply to you?
Optimize existing processes
Combined heat/power
Chemically enhanced primary treatment
Co-digestion
Thermal hydrolysis/pretreatment
Future treatment technologies
TAKE HOME MESSAGES
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THERMAL HYDROLYSIS
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Hydrolysis
• Solubilisation of the cellular material
Thermal
• Done by applying heat —it’s just a pressure cooker!
THE BASICS
19
12/4/2013Implementing THP |
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THP INSTALLED CAPACITY4 December 2013
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0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
900,000
1,000,000
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Inst
alle
d C
apac
ity
(met
ric
TDS/
ann
um
)
All Installations Non CAMBI
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• Batch Heat Sterilization
• Hold sludge for 30 min at 170 °C (340 °F), 6 bars
• USEPA alternate 1 time/temp Class A batch – no reactivation
• Destruction of Extra Cellular Polymeric Substances
• Sludge dewatering 10 percentage points increase
• Lower viscosity – increased digester capacity
• Hydrolysis of insoluble COD
• Rapid digestion, 10 days HRT, 60% VSR
THERMAL HYDROLYSIS PROCESS (THP)
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TYPICAL CONFIGURATION
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To Land
Biosolids Dewatering
CHPBoiler
Ste
am
Thermal Hydrolysis
Heat
Bio
gas
Digestion Dewatering
WH
AT
IS
TH
ER
MA
L H
YD
RO
LY
SIS
?
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• 1 gram ECP binds 5 gram water
HEAT TREATMENT DENATURES EXTRACELLULAR PROTEINS
Barjenbruch and Kopplow, Universlty of Rostok, 2003The effect of different treatments on the extra cellular polymer content of activated sludge
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• THP sludge behaves differently to conventional sludges
LE
SS
ON
S L
EA
RN
ED
SLUDGE RHEOLOGY
0.1
1
10
100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Ap
pare
nt
vis
cosi
ty (
Pas)
Shear rate (s-1)
Rheogram to compare 12% Hydrolysed sludge with digested sludges of 7 to 8
%DS
Hydrolysed
8% DS digested sludge
7.6% DS digested sludge
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SLUDGE RHEOLOGY
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Dewatered 15-18% Digested sludge6% DS
Cambi hydrolyzed sludge at 12-13%
(pre-dilution)
Dewatered biosolids cake at 30-35%DS
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Source: Li and Noike Wat. Sci Tech. 1992
0
20
40
60
80
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
% C
OD
Co
nvers
ion
days
Control
120 C
150 C
170 C
175 C
Li Y.Y. & Noike T. (1992). Upgrading of anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge by thermal pretreatment
EFFECT OF THERMAL PRETREATMENT DIGESTION OF WASTE ACTIVATED SLUDGE
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SUMMARY – DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CONVENTIONAL AND POST THP DIGESTERS
Control parameters ”Cambi” digester Conventional digester
Retention time 10-15 days 15-20 days
Digester Volume < ½ of conventional 1
DS feed 9 – 12% 4 – 6%
VS load 5-7kg/m3/day (300-400 lb/1000 cuft)
2-3 kg/m3/day(100-200 lb/1000 cuft)
pH 7.5-8 6.8-7.5
Temperature 38-42ºC (100-108F) 35-37ºC
VFA / Total alkalinity 0.1-0.5 0.1-0.5
Ammonium 2000-3000 mg/l 600-1000 mg/l
Gas quality 65-68% CH4, H2S low 60-65% CH4, H2S high
Foaming bacteria None Nocardia, Microthrix
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CAMBI
4 December 2013
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Black & VeatchW
HA
T I
S T
HE
RM
AL
HY
DR
OL
YS
IS?
He
at(S
team
)
PULPER REACTORS (2 TO 6)
FLASH TANK
SLUDGE FEED(CONTINUOUS)
16% DS
320 oF90 PSI
HOLD FOR 30
MIN
DEPRESSURISE TO 45 PSI
DEPRESSURISE TO JUST ABOVE ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE
SLUDGE DISCHARGE
(CONTNUOUS)225 oF
14% DS
RECIRCULATION
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VEOLIA EXELYS
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Black & VeatchW
HA
T I
S T
HE
RM
AL
HY
DR
OL
YS
IS?
SLUDGE FEED(CONTINUOUS)
>22% DS
PRE HEAT BOILER FEED
HEAT RECOVERY
SLUDGE140–220OFREACT @ 320 OF, 90 PSI
PLUG FLOW REACTOR
DILUTION WATER
10-12% DS
Steam
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LYSOTHERM4 December 2013
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Black & VeatchW
HA
T I
S T
HE
RM
AL
HY
DR
OL
YS
IS?
THERMAL OIL HEATED FROM CHP
EXHAUST
REACT @ 320 OF, 90 PSI
PLUG FLOW REACTOR
30 - 60 MINUTE RETENTION
SLUDGE FEED(CONTINUOUS)
<7%DS SLUDGE DISCHARGE
PRE-HEATING WITH WATER TO SLUDGE HXUSING DOWNSTREAM HEAT RECOVERY
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BATCH THERMAL HYDROLYSIS PROCESS SCHEMATIC
Foul GasControl
Reactors
PulperFlashTank
DigestedSludge EQTank
Steam
Exchanger
Anaerobic DigestionComplex
16% Solids
14% Solids95°C1 bar
14% Solids170°C6 bar30 min
14% Solids105°C1.1 bar 11% Solids
85°C1 bar
7% Solids40°C1 bar
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STEAM CONTROL
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STEAM DEMAND – MATCH BOILER OUTPUT
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• 275 ton DS/d
• Doubling capacity of existing 8 x 2Mgal digesters
• 4x5 reactor Cambi THP
• 10 MW electricity
• Pasteurized product
• High dry solids final product
• Maximized VS reduction
• 10 megawatts of electricity
DAVYHULME (MANCHESTER), UK
B&V - 34
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• Less digester volume required
• Higher VS conversion in digesters
• More biogas
• Less dry solids for disposal
• Better dewaterability
• Pathogen free product for land application
• Reduced digester foaming
MAJOR IMPACTS
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WH
AT
IS
TH
ER
MA
L H
YD
RO
LY
SIS
?
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• Requires high pressure steam
• Requires pre-screening and pre-dewatering (Cambi and Exelys)
• Increases sidestream loads of P and N
• Odors prior to digestion.
CHALLENGES
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WH
AT
IS
TH
ER
MA
L H
YD
RO
LY
SIS
?
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THANK YOU!
QUESTIONS?
37
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EFFECT OF THERMAL HYDROLYSIS NOT ZIMPRO
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
50 100 150 200 250 300 325 350 375 400 450
dewaterability
digestibility
TEMPERATURE OF
ZimproCambiAutoclave
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DEWATERABILITY AFTER DIGESTION OF WAS ONLY HYDROLYSED SLUDGE IN ADMIXTURE WITH PRIMARY SLUDGE
Faulschlamm
FS-Cambi
36% improvement in dewaterability
22,7
10,5
30,8
12,8
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
DSdewatered Polymer demand
DS
[%
]; P
oly
me
r [
kg
/Mg
DS
]
untreated
Cambi
untreated
Cambi
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SOURCES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY AT WATER RECLAMATION FACILITIES
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Parameter Value(MMBtu/MG)
Equivalent Electrical Energy (KWh/MG) (1)
Thermal energy 75 22,000
Chemical energy 17 5,100
Hydraulic energy 0.033 10
Assumptions• Influent COD 358 mg/L (ENER1C12 models)• Chemical energy 5,971 Btu/lb COD (ENER1C12 models)• Heat energy ΔT=5 °C• Hydraulic energy of 3 feet headNotes1. Assumes 100% conversion
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W
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WERF- Energy Efficiency in Wastewater Treatment in North America: A Compendium of Best Practices and Case Studies of Novel Approaches, 2010
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BASELINE
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Source Value kWh/MG
MOP32, 2009 1,203
Wisconsin Study (SAIC, 2006) 2,300
WERF Fact Sheet (WERF,2011) 1,107 – 1,741
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ENERGY BALANCES
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2011 B&V PPT Template Presentation
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1. Dewatered 15-18% DS Digested sludge 6% DS
Mix of digested sludge (3/4)and hydrolyzed sludge (1/4)to digester. 7-8% DS
Cambi hydrolyzed sludge at 12-13% DS (pre-dilution)
Dewatered biosolids cake at 30-35%DS
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October 18 - 22, 2008B&V - 46
CAMBI - HOW DOES IT WORK?• Fill
• Heat
• Hold (170°C 20 to 30 min)
• Let down
• Blow down
Process gas
Re-used steam
To digester
Pulper
(97°C)
Reactor
(170°C)
Flash tank
(102°C)
Steam
Dewatered sludge feed
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INTRODUCTION
Advanced digestion drivers:
• Pathogen reduction
• Better sludge product
• Improved dewaterability
• Increased biogas production
• Improved digestion efficiency
• Thicker sludge
• Control of foaming
• Less (or re-use) of digestion infrastructure
Dublin Bay STC, Ireland
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CONCLUSIONS
• Advanced digestion technique = Thermal hydrolysis
• Pre-treatment stage to digestion
• Physical/mechanical process due to cell destruction.
October 18 - 22, 2008B&V - 48
Cotton Valley STC, UK
Advantages include increase of VSD, biogas production, product quality, as well as decrease in digester capacity requirement.
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PR
OC
ES
S O
VE
RV
IEW
SC
HE
MA
TIC
PROCESS OVERVIEW SCHEMATIC
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Biogas Treatment and Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
Final Dewatering
Class ALoadout
RecycleProcessing
MesophilicAnaerobicDigestion
Thermal Hydrolysis
Pre-Dewatering
1
2
3
5
Receiving/Blending
R
Emissions
BiogasSteam
Centrate Recycle
LESSONS LEARNED |
1
2
3
4
5
4
Biosolids Imports
Energy Balance
Digestion
Post Digestion Dewatering
Dewatering Liquors
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CAMBI THP
CAMBI THP AT DUBLIN'S RINGSEND SEWAGE TREATMENT WORKS
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Dublin Cambi Plant
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LYSOTHERM
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THERMAL HYDROLYSIS PROCESS (THP)
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Complex Organics Simpler Organics
• Lysis – breaking apart
• Hydro – with water (solubilization)
• Thermal – with heat
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CONVENTIONAL ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
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DIGESTION
EPS Bacteria
Pathogens Inert solids
• Hydrolysis / acidogenesis is achieved by bacteria
• Conversion of organics is limited by access to COD contained in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and cells
• Dewaterability is limited by EPS and cell water
• Pathogens are reduced but not eliminated
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WITH THERMAL HYDROLYSIS
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Black & Veatch
THP DIGESTION
• Thermal hydrolysis breaks open cells and solubilizes EPS
• Cell and EPS COD is made available for digestion
• High temperature kills bacteria and pathogens
• Water contained in cells is freed for dewatering
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BIOTHESYS
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WH
AT
IS
TH
ER
MA
L H
YD
RO
LY
SIS
?
BATCH THP4 December 2013
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BiosolidsH
eat
(Ste
am)
Output
Fill Heat Hold Empty
Energy Recovery
320oF90 psi
e.g. Cambi, Kruger / Veolia Biothelys
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WH
AT
IS
TH
ER
MA
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RO
LY
SIS
?
CONTINUOUS THP
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Black & Veatch
Biosolids Output
e.g. Kruger / Veolia ExelysSH+E Lysotherm
Heat Hold
Energy Recovery
He
at(S
team
)
HX320oF90 PSI HX
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Pioneering Module
Wastewater Treatment
Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment (CEPT)
Short SRT Step Feed
Anaerobic lagoon with gas capture
Nutrients
Sidestream P Recovery (OSTARA)
Sidestream N Removal (Deammonification)
Mainstream Simultaneous Nitritation-Denitritation (MBR)
Solids Handling
Advanced Digestion (Acid-Gas)
Digestion Pretreatment (Thermal Hydrolysis)
Digestion Pretreatment (Electrokinetic Disintegration)
Solar sludge drying
Energy Recovery/Production
Co-Digestion – FOG
Food Processing Waste
Residential Sink Food Processing
Waste process heat power production (Organic Rankine Cycle)
Wastewater heat recovery (adsorption chillers)
Water Source Heat Pumps, (WSHPs)
Gasification
Fluidized Bed with Energy Recovery
Multiple Hearth Energy Recovery
“PIONEERING” PROCESS MODULES
A6
B1E
G1E
B4
B1E
G1E
G1E
G1E
G1EG1EG1E
G1E
G1EG1E
B1E
B1EA6A6A5
Base Config.
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WH
AT
IS
TH
ER
MA
L H
YD
RO
LY
SIS
? • CONTINUOUS
• Emerging technology
• Constant heat demand
• Relies on plug flow for time & temperature
• Less complex?
• BATCH
• Established technology
• Variable heat demand
• Clear ‘lock in’ for time & temperature
• More complex?
BATCH VERSUS CONTINUOUS
Black & Veatch
61
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AMMONIA CONCENTRATION IN DIGESTERS
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DIGESTER FEED
DRY SOLIDS
% w/w DIGESTER AMMONIA CONCENTRATION (mg/l)
VS DESTRUCTION 50% 51% 52% 53% 54% 55% 56% 57% 58% 59% 60% 61% 62% 63% 64% 65%
3.5 850 850 850 900 900 900 950 950 950 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,050 1,050 1,050 1,100
4.0 950 950 1,000 1,000 1,050 1,050 1,050 1,100 1,100 1,100 1,150 1,150 1,150 1,200 1,200 1,250
4.5 1,050 1,100 1,100 1,150 1,150 1,150 1,200 1,200 1,250 1,250 1,300 1,300 1,300 1,350 1,350 1,400
5.0 1,200 1,200 1,250 1,250 1,300 1,300 1,300 1,350 1,350 1,400 1,400 1,450 1,450 1,500 1,500 1,550
5.5 1,300 1,300 1,350 1,350 1,400 1,450 1,450 1,500 1,500 1,550 1,550 1,600 1,600 1,650 1,650 1,700
6.0 1,400 1,450 1,450 1,500 1,550 1,550 1,600 1,600 1,650 1,650 1,700 1,700 1,750 1,800 1,800 1,850
6.5 1,550 1,550 1,600 1,600 1,650 1,700 1,700 1,750 1,750 1,800 1,850 1,850 1,900 1,900 1,950 2,000
7.0 1,650 1,700 1,700 1,750 1,800 1,800 1,850 1,850 1,900 1,950 1,950 2,000 2,050 2,050 2,100 2,150
7.5 1,750 1,800 1,850 1,850 1,900 1,950 1,950 2,000 2,050 2,050 2,100 2,150 2,200 2,200 2,250 2,300
8.0 1,900 1,900 1,950 2,000 2,050 2,050 2,100 2,150 2,150 2,200 2,250 2,300 2,300 2,350 2,400 2,450
8.5 2,000 2,050 2,050 2,100 2,150 2,200 2,250 2,250 2,300 2,350 2,400 2,450 2,450 2,500 2,550 2,600
9.0 2,100 2,150 2,200 2,250 2,300 2,300 2,350 2,400 2,450 2,500 2,550 2,550 2,600 2,650 2,700 2,750
9.5 2,200 2,250 2,300 2,350 2,400 2,450 2,500 2,550 2,600 2,600 2,650 2,700 2,750 2,800 2,850 2,900
10.0 2,350 2,400 2,450 2,500 2,550 2,550 2,600 2,650 2,700 2,750 2,800 2,850 2,900 2,950 3,000 3,050
10.5 2,450 2,500 2,550 2,600 2,650 2,700 2,750 2,800 2,850 2,900 2,950 3,000 3,050 3,100 3,150 3,200
11.0 2,550 2,600 2,650 2,700 2,800 2,850 2,900 2,950 3,000 3,050 3,100 3,150 3,200 3,250 3,300 3,350
CONVENTIONAL THPWH
AT
IS
TH
ER
MA
L H
YD
RO
LY
SIS
?
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B1E
Conventional Activated Sludge with Primary Treatment; WAS Mechanical Thickening, Anaerobic Digestion, Dewatering, and CHP
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