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Thermal analysis and Design optimization using
Pro Mechanica
Sasi Bhushan # 35763829Srikanth # 35762927
CAD Applications (MAE 477/577) - Final Project
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ObjectiveExplore the capability of Mechanica to study the
conduction/convection heat transfer analysis by considering simple examples and quantifying the ProM results with analytical calculations.
And the second part of the study involves exploring the design optimization capabilities of Mechanica.
The Game Plan
For the first part of the study we consider simple geometries like:
Flat PlateLong CylinderTwo Cylinders of different cross sections
For the second part of the study, we considered a Finned Plate and optimized its shape and size for a given set of constraints.
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Case Study 1: Flat Plate
Material: CopperDimensions:l = 95 mm, b = 100 mm, t = 10 mmheat transfer coefficient of air:H = 0.01 N/mm Sec SThermal Conductivity of Copper:K = 121.223 N/Sec C
The above plate is subjected to a uniform temperature of 100 C on one surface and the other surface is exposed to atmosphere at a temperature of 25 C. Therefore, there is convective heat transfer from the surface.
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Steady State Analysis
Temperature distribution in Flat Plate
Analytical Calculations:Temperature of hot surface: T1 = 100 CTemperature of Surroundings: 25 CArea of the plate: A = l*b = 9.5E-03 m^2Heat flux across the plate:q = k*A*(T1-T2)/t a) Conduction equationHeat transfer to the environment:q = h*A*(T2-Tatm) b) Convection equationAt steady state both conduction and convection should be equal. Solving the above two equations we get T2 = 99.9 C.
ProM Analytical
Max Temp 100 C 100 C
Min Temp 99.93818 C 99.9 C
Heat Flux 7.49E-01 0.749
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Analysis 2: Transient
One end maintained at 100 C and other end exposed to air at temp of 25 C through a convection heat transfer coefficient of 0.01 N/mm Sec C. The primary question we want to answer is to find the eventual temperature of the cold end of the plate, and the time it takes to reach the steady state.
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Analysis 3: Thermally Induced stresses
By fixing all degrees of freedom except displacement in X and Y direction on the hot surface we get : Maximum Stress: = 9.351600e+12 N/mm2
VonMises stresses induced
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Case Study 2: Cylindrical Rod
The above cylindrical rod is given a uniform heat flux of 100 mW on end and the other is exposed to convection to the atmospheric air.
Material Cu
Height 300 mm
Diameter 30 mm
Heat Source 100 mW
Boundary Conditions
h=0.01 N/mm SecC
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Analytical calculations for Flat Plate study: Heat transfer coefficient of air :h = 0.01 N/mm Sec
C Specific heat capacity: 3.77186e+08 mm^2/sec^2 Thermal Conductivity: K =121.223 N/Sec C Density : 8.21395e-06 kg/m^3 Poisson’s ratio: 0.35
At Surface 1 Heat Flux Q: k*A*(T1-T2)/L a) (Conduction) k= 121.223 N/Sec C A = π*r^2 = 7.065E-04 m^2
At Surface 2 Heat Flux Q: h*A*(T2-25) b) (Convection) Q = 0.1 WTherefore, solving the above two equations for T1 and
T2 : T1 = 39.5 C T2 = 39.15 C
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ProM results: Steady State AnalysisTemperature distribution
Heat Flux
ProM Analytical
Max Temp 39.51 C 39.5 C
Min Temp 39.91 C 39.15 C
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Analysis 2: Transient
As expected the temperatures at both the ends come down to 25 C as the heat load is shut off. Time = 1.06896e+07 sec
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Analysis 3: Thermally Induced stresses
By fixing all degrees of freedom except displacement in X and Y direction on the hot surface we get : Maximum Stress: = 1.970081e+02 N/mm2
VonMises stresses induced
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Case Study 3: 2 Cylindrical Rods with interface
The combined cylindrical rod is given a uniform heat flux of 100 mW on end and the other is exposed to convection to the atmospheric air.
Rod 1 Rod 2
Material Steel Copper
Height 300 mm 400 mm
Diameter 30 mm 20 mm
Heat Source 100 mW
Boundary Conditions
Insulated h=0.01 N/mm Sec C
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Steady State Analysis:• Convection Coefficient: h = 0.01 N/mm
Sec C• Heat load: q = 100 mW• Area of Rod1: A1 = 7.065E-04 m^2• Area of Rod2: A2 =3.14E-04 m^2• Length of Rod1:L1 = 0.3 m• Length of Rod2:L2 = 0.4 m• Tatm = 25 C
Steady state equations:At surface 1:
• q = k1*A1*(T1-T2)/L1 a)At Surface 2:
• q = K2*A2*(T2-T3)/L2 b)At Surface 3:
• q = h*A2*(T3-Tatm) c)Solving the above three equations we get,
• T1 = 58.87 C• T2 = 57.89 C• T3 = 56.84 C
Temperature distribution
ProM Analytical
Max Temp 5.89E+01 58.87 C
Interface Temp
5.76E+01 57.87 C
Min Temp 5.68E+01 56.84 C
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Analysis 2: Transient
Heat Load is turned on. And we want to find the time to reach the steady state temperatures.
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Analysis 3: Thermally Induced stresses
By fixing all degrees of freedom except displacement in X and Y direction on the hot surface we get : Maximum Stress: = 4.449016e+02N/mm2
VonMises stresses induced
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Finned Plate
In this study we will add fins for the flat plate discussed earlier and determine the optimum height and thickness of the fins to maximize heat transfer and minimize mass along with the steady state and transient thermal analysis.
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Finned Plate
Dimensions of the plate l = 95 mm, b = 100 mm, t = 10 mm
Dimensions of the Fins t= 5 mm, b = 100 mm, h = 5 mm
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Steady State AnalysisFor the given boundary conditions the temperature distribution in the fin is given by the equation:
ProM Analytical
Max Temp 100 C 100 C
Min Temp 95.6C 96.82C
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Sensitivity Analysis
Variation of temperature with respect to thickness and height of the fins
We run the global sensitivity analysis to determine the variation of Min Temperature and Mass with respect to the design variables.
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Optimization AnalysisThe optimization problem can be formulated as shown below:Objective function: f = MassConstraints: g = Min Temp <= 80 CDesign variables:height of the fins: 20<=h<=100thickness: 2<=t<=8Optimized vs. Initial Design
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Results
Initial Design Optimized design
Fin Height 50 mm 85.0972 mm
Fin Thickness 5 mm 2 mm
Mass 2.83E-03 2.1783E-03
Max Temp 100E+02 100E+01
Min Temp 9.56E+01 8.0000E+01
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Conclusions
In this project, we explored the design optimization, thermal stress, conduction/convection heat transfer analysis capabilities of ProE. We went through this process by taking a few simple examples for steady state/transient analysis and validating the obtained ProM results with analytical calculations. We can infer from the coincidence of the final results that our analysis calculations are true and thus validate the overall process.
The next step was taking up a more complex problem and exploring the design optimization capabilities of ProM. The finned plate problem is taken up and the whole previous process is went through to obtain thermal analysis data, which is used for optimizing the plate design for particular parameters. The thermal analysis of the final optimized design shows the improved performance with better design parameters.