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The Wonder ofWater
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Distribution of Water on Earth
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37%
63%
Sources of Drinking Water
US:
Virginia:
21%
79%
groundwater surface water
EPA Public Water System Inventory, FY2000
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What Water Do You Drink?
http://www.epa.gov/safewater/dwh/who.html
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Water and Heat
• Specific heat: 1 calorie = energy to heat 1 gram of water by 1o C = 4.184 J/g oC
• Heat of fusion: heat that must be absorbed to cause melting = 331 J/g for H2O
• Heat of vaporization: heat that must be absorbed to change liquid into vapor = 2250 J/g for H2O
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Electronegativity
• measure of an atom’s attraction for electrons in bonds
O atom is more electronegative than H atom…
…so the “shared” electrons tend to hang out there!
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Charge Density Model of Water Molecule
• Since water is bent, this means that one “end” is more negative, and the other more positive.• That is, water is polar.• This in turn makes water molecules bond to each other in a very special way.
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QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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Lots of open spaces!! (decrease density)
Structure of Ice
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↑
~4 ºC
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Natural Phenomenon: Lake Turnover
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Water as a Solvent
• solvent = a substance that dissolves other substances
• solute = substance that is dissolved
• solution = a homogenous mixture (if water is the solvent, it’s called an aqueous solution)
• electrolytes = solutes that conduct electricity
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• percent
• ppm and ppb
• molarity (moles/L)
Solute Concentration in Aqueous Solutions
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Example: Calculating ppm
If 1 liter of seawater contains 35 grams of dissolved NaCl, what is the concentration of NaCl in ppm?
In moles/liter?
Density of water is 1g/ml, or 1000g/L
(35 g/L)*(1000 mg/1 g)*(1 L/106 mg) = 35,000 mg/106 mg
35,000 mg/106 mg = 35,000 ppm
(35 g/L)*(1 mole/58.4 g) = 0.60 M NaCl
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Ionic vs. Covalent Compounds
• ions = charged atoms or molecules (e.g. Na+)
• ionic compounds = solid crystalline substances made of anions and cations (e.g. table salt)
• polar compounds = contain covalent bonds with electrons that are not shared equally (e.g. water)
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Ionic or Covalent?• Well, a little of both…• The more electronegativity in the compound, the
more likely the compound will dissociate into separate ions
• I.e. one atom “borrows” one or more electrons from the other
• Even water dissociates this way - there is a percentage of H+ and OH- ions in every glass of water you drink.
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Sodium Chloride Dissolving in Water
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Predicting Charge on Ions
Na
Cl
Mg
Li
O
Al
Na+
Cl-
Mg2+
Li+
O2-
Al3+
(Hint: Look at valence electrons…)
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Polyatomic Ions
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Formulae for Ionic Compounds
Mg + O
Mg + Cl
Al + O
magnesium sulfate
calcium phosphate
Mg2+ & O2- → MgO
Mg2+ & 2(Cl-) → MgCl2
2(Al3+) & 3(O2-) → Al2O3
Mg2+ & SO42- → MgSO4
3(Ca2+) & 2(PO43-) → Ca3(PO4)2