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The Skeletal System
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Skeleton from a macroscopic perspective
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Divisions of the Skeletal System
Axial vs. Appendicular
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Take 20 seconds: What prediction do you have
about axial and appendicular? (what comes to mind)
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Axial
•Bones along the longitudinal axis of the body. (Middle of the body)
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•80 of the body’s 206 bones• Includes the skull, hyoid bone, vertebrae, sternum, ribs and ossicles.
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Appendicular Skeleton
•Bones of the upper and lower limbs (extremities)
•Pelvic and pectoral girdle bones (connect the limbs to the axial skeleton)
•126 of the 206 bones
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• Color your diagram; one color for axial and a second for appendicular
• Pg 127 diagram• Then identify the 13 listed bones as
either axial or appendicular.
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Bone surface Markings
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Why do you suppose the bones of the body are not just smooth
surfaces?
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• Bones have numerous features on the surface to allow for:–Articulation (making joints)–Muscle attachment–Passage of nerves and blood
vessels
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Depressions and Openings
1. Foramen-A hole or opening for blood
vessels, nerves or ligaments to pass through
-Ex: foramen magnum (skull) – the large opening at the bottom of the skull
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2. Meatus- A tunnel or tube like passage through bone.- Ex: external auditory meatus – the ear canal
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3. Paranasal sinus- air filled spaces in the bone surrounding the nasal cavity- Ex: frontal sinus – just above the eyes
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4. Fossa- a depression (trench) in a bone- Ex: mandibular fossa – indentation in the skull where the mandible attaches.
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Processes that Form Joints
1.Condyle- rounded bump that form a joint- Ex: medial femoral condyle
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2. Head- a rounded bump at the end of a neck (thinner region)- Ex: head of the femur
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3. Facet- a smooth flat surface that forms a joint- Ex: vertebral facet
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Process of attachment
• Sites of tendon and ligament attachment
1. Tuberosity-roughened boney process-Ex: tibial tuberosity
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2. Spinous process or Spine- a sharp slender projection- Ex: spinous process of vertebra
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3. Trochanter- large blunt projection in the femur-Ex: greater trochanter
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4. Crest- A prominent border or ridge- Ex: iliac crest
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Review
1. What is a hole through a bone?2. What is a flat surface making a joint?3. What is a large bump for muscle
attachment, only on the femur?4. What is an indentation in bone?5. What is a rounded bump forming a
joint?
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The Skull
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Parts of the skull• Made up of two sets of
bones1. Cranial bones (8)
● enclose and protects brain2. Facial bones (14)
● forms the face
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What holds the bones together?
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Sutures
•Are immovable joints that hold the skull bones together.
•Only found in the skull
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1. Coronal suture
•Joins the frontal and 2 parietal bones together.
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2. Sagittal suture
•Joins the 2 parietal bones(Remember the sagittal
plane?)
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3.Lambdoid suture
•Joins the parietal bones and the occipital bone.
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4. Squamous suture
•Joins the parietal and temporal bones.
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Cranial Bones
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1. Frontal Bone
•Your forehead•Makes the anterior part of the cranial cavity and the roof of the eye sockets (Orbits)
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2. Parietal Bones
•2 (left and right)•Forms the roof and sides of the cranial cavity.
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3. Temporal Bones
• Form the lower sides and part of the floor of the cranial cavity.
• Mandibular fossa and the external auditory meatus are 2 key structures in these bones
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4. Occipital Bone
•Forms the posterior portion and part of the floor of the cranial cavity.
•A key feature of this bone is the foramen magnum
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5. Sphenoid Bone
•Forms the middle floor of the cranial cavity.
• It attaches to every other cranial bone.
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6. Ethmoid Bone
•Bone between the orbits of the eyes on the floor of the cranial cavity.
•The olfactory nerve (smell) passes through this bone.
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Review
• On a ½ sheet of paper number 1-10. Please write your name at the top
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Facial Bones
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1. Nasal Bones
•Form the bridge of the nose.
•Most of the nose is cartilage.
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2. Maxillae
•The upper jawbone.•Articulates with every bone of the face except the mandible.
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•Contains the maxillary sinus.
•Forms the anterior portion of the hard palate.
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3. Zygomatic Bones
•The cheek bones
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4. Lacrimal Bones
•The smallest bones of the face. (about the size of a fingernail)
•The tear ducts sit in these bones.
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5. Palatine Bones
•Makes the posterior portion of the hard palate.
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6.Inferior nasal conchae
•Small bones projecting into the nasal cavity.
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7. Vomer•Triangle shaped bone in the middle, posterior nasal cavity.
•Along with the ethmoid bone, divides the nasal cavity into a right and left chamber.
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8. Mandible
• Lower jawbone.• Largest of the facial bones
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Review
• On a ½ sheet of paper number 1-10. Please write your name at the top
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What is the most common injury at work?
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Low back pain affects 60% to 85% of all people in
their lifetime, and between 15% to 30% on any given
day.
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Vertebral column
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The Vertebral Column
• What, if anything, do you know about the vertebra and the vertebral column?– functions, parts/divisions– how do bones differ– things that can go wrong
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Vertebral column
•A series of bones called vertebrae.
•Also called the spine or backbone.
•26 bones in an adult (33 in a child)
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Function of the V.C.
1. Protects the spinal cord2. Allows for movement3. Supports the head4. Point of attachment for
muscles and ribs
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Divisions of the V.C.
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1. Cervical
•Bones of the neck•7 bones
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2. Thoracic
•Bones of the chest region•12 bones•Ribs attach to each vertebra
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3. Lumbar
•Lower back bones•5 bones
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4. Sacrum
•5 fused sacral vertebrae
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5. Coccyx
•4 fused coccygeal vertebrae
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Normal Curves of the Vertebral Column
● When looking at the spine from the side (lateral view) there are 4 curves in a normal spine.○ In the cervical and lumbar
spine the curve is toward the front / anterior of the body.
○ In the thoracic and sacral spine the curve is toward the back / posterior of the body.
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What might be the advantage of these
normal spinal curves
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● In a fetus and newborn there is a single spinal curve toward the back / posterior of the body (concave).○ At 3 months of age the
cervical curve starts to develop as the child begins to hold their head up.
○ The lumbar curve begins to develop when the infant begins to sit up and walk.
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Exit Slip
• What are the divisions of the spine (from superior to inferior)?
• How many bones are in each division?
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Warm-Up
• What are the divisions of the vertebral column and how many bones are in each?
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Divisions of the VC
• 7 cervical vertebrae (neck)• 12 thoracic vertebrae (chest
region)• 5 lumbar vertebrae (low back)• 1 sacrum (5 fused bones)• 1 coccyx (tailbone)
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Structures associated with vertebrae and vertebral column
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Intervertebral foramen
•Openings between 2 adjacent vertebrae.
•Allows for the passage of nerves from the spinal cord to the body.
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Intervertebral disc
•Elastic fibrocartilage cushion between the bones of the spine from C2 down
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Parts of a Typical Vertebra
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1. Body
• Large, anterior portion of the bone.
• Weight-bearing portion• Site of IVD attachment• forms the anterior or floor surface of the spinal (vertebral) canal.
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2. Vertebral arch
a. Pedicles (2)-short thick bony processes -forms the sides or walls of the spinal canal
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b. Lamina (2)-flat bony processes extending from the posterior of the pedicles-forms the posterior or roof of the spinal canal
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3. Vertebral foramen
•The opening formed by the vertebral arch.
• It serves as a passageway for the spinal cord.
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4. Transverse process (2)
•Bony processes that projects laterally.
•Originate from where the pedicle and lamina join together.
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5. Spinous process
•Bony process that projects posteriorly.
•Arises where the lamina join together
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6. Articular processes (4)
a. Superior articular processes (2)-articulate with the vertebra above.
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b. Inferior articular processes (2)- articulates with the vertebra below
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7.facet
•The surface of the 4 articular processes
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On a ½ sheet of paper write your name at the top and number 1-7.
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Warm up
• How can you tell a vertebra is from the cervical spine?
• How is C1 different than a typical cervical vertebra?
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Cervical vertebra
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C1
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C2
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C7
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Thoracic vertebra
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Lumbar vertebra
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sacrum
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The Thorax
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The Thorax
• Aka. the chest• This is the part of the body bordered by the Sternum, ribs and thoracic vertebrae.
• These bones make up the thoracic cage.
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Function of the Thoracic Cage
• It encloses and protects the organs of the thoracic cavity.
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• Serves as a point of attachment for the shoulder girdle and upper limbs.
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The Sternum
• Aka the breastbone• A flat narrow bone located in the anterior center of the thoracic cavity.
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1.Manubrium
• The upper portion of the sternum.
• Articulates with the clavicles and the upper 2 ribs.
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2.Body
• The middle large portion of the sternum
• Articulates with the second through tenth ribs.
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3.Xiphoid Process
• Lower portion of the sternum.
• No bone articulations
• Attachment site for abdominal muscle.
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Warm up
• What is a girdle bone?
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The ribs
• 12 pairs of ribs• Increase in length from 1-7 and then decrease in length.
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True ribs
• The first 7 ribs have a direct attachment to the sternum by costal cartilage.
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False Ribs
• Cartilage does not attach directly to the sternum or does not attach at all.
• 8th, 9th and 10th ribs - cartilage attaches to each other then to the cartilage of the 7th
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• 11th and 12th ribs - Anterior ends do not attach at all, these are called “floating ribs”.
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Intercostal spaces
• Space between the ribs that are occupied by muscles, blood vessels and nerves
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