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The role of self-
access learning in
preparing Japanese
students for global
citizenship
Katherine Thornton
Otemon Gakuin University
Japan Association for Self-
Access Learning (JASAL)
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Overview
Evolution of self-access language
learning (SALL)
Affordances offered by SALL & SALL
facilities
SALL and global citizenship
Challenges and future directions
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Your experiences of self-access?
As teachers/administrators
and/or
As learners
Self-Access facilities?
Independent learning programmes?
Learner autonomy as a programme goal?
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Evolution of self-access
language learning (SALL)
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What’s your image of a
self-access
centre/language learning
space?
Equipment Services
Staff Roles Materials
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Precursor to self-access
Language labs
(audiolingual
methods)
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Types of
language learning spaces
Example name Focus
Resource Centre Materials, worksheets
Language Lounge Target Language(s) Speaking
Practice (CLT)
Global Village / International
Room
Intercultural Exchange
Independent Learning
Centre
Learner autonomy/
metacognitive development
Language Cafe Social Learning
(sociocultural theory)
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Resource Centre
Supplement classroom learning
Students study individually
Worksheets
Books Audio-visual
materials
• Movies
• Satellite TV
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Language Lounge
Aim: Target Language Practice
CLT
EFL context
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Global Village
Aim: Intercultural Exchange
Cultural events
Language exchange
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Independent Learning Centres
Aim: Foster autonomy
Resources ≠ Autonomy
Language
Advising/Counselling as a
field
Gremmo (1995)
Mozzon-McPherson &
Vismans (2001)
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Social Learning Spaces
Learning as socially
mediated action
Interdependence
Importance of student
peers
Community of Practice (Wenger, 1998)
Nexus of Practice (mediated discourse analysis) (Scollon, 2001)
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Self-access in Japan
2001
Kanda University of
International Studies
Self-Access Learning
Centre (SALC)
1999
Soka University
World Language Center
(WLC)
2013 - SPACe
2004
Akita International University
Self-Access Centre(SAC)
2008 - Language Development and
Intercultural Studies Center
(LDIC)
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JASAL
Japan Association for Self-Access Learning
Founded 2005
2015 – 180 members
Currently 27 registered centres in Japan
…but many more emerging!
http://jasalorg.wordpress.com
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Affordances offered by
SALL & SALL facilities
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Discussion
How can students benefit from SALL
facilities on campus?
How can institutions benefit?
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Language Practice
Safe environment for target language
practice
Mono & multilingual centres
English-only policies – policing language
use?
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Self-directed skills development
Language Advising/Counselling Services
Dialogue & reflection
Metacognitive skill development
(Wenden, 1998)
PIME
Planning
Implementing
Monitoring
Evaluating (Thornton, 2010)
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Motivation for learning
Hub for like-minded people
(Near peer) Role-models (Murphey, 1996)
Community of Practice (Wenger, 1998)
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International friendships
Informal environment for
making friends
Spark interest in overseas &
language learning
Develop international posture
(Yashima, 2002)
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Intercultural Communication
“C”ulture or “c”ulture?
?
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SALL and global
citizenship
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What is “global jinzai”?
MEXT/METI (2011):
I. Linguistic and communicative competence
II. Independence and assertiveness,
determination to challenge oneself,
cooperativeness and flexibility, sense of
responsibility and duty
III. Understanding of foreign cultures and
identity as a Japanese
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Criticisms of MEXT definition
Too narrow
Overseas experience over domestic change
Too focused on linguistic competence (and
especially English education)
Measurable
Japanese-ness as a fixed construct –
contradiction?
(Chapple, 2013)
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Challenges to creating global
jinzai?
How can we encourage Japanese young people to gain international experience / study abroad?
How can we develop effective language and study
abroad programmes?
How can we attract more students from overseas to
study at Japanese universities?
Is there a place for these “globalised” citizens once
back in Japan?
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Challenges to creating global
jinzai
Decline in Study Abroad since 2004
Why?
oversupply of domestic higher education
decrease in affordability
Lack of compatibility with Japanese HE
(credit transfer etc.)
Timing for Job-hunting
Japanese can’t compete
(Ota, cited in Yonezawa, 2014)
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What can SALL facilities offer?
Inspiration/Preparation for Study Abroad
Alternative to Study Abroad
Globalised environment in Japan
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Attributes of Global Jinzai
Linguistic and communicative
competence
Authentic communication opportunities
SALL offers:
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Attributes of Global Jinzai
Independence and assertiveness,
determination to challenge oneself,
cooperativeness and flexibility, sense of
responsibility and duty
Opportunities to develop self-directed
language learning skills(Advising)
Work experience in quasi-international
environment
SALL offers:
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Attributes of Global Jinzai
Understanding of foreign cultures and
identity as a Japanese
Opportunities to learn about foreign
cultures through
Friendships with international students
Workshops and sessions offered by
international faculty and staff
Increased awareness of Japanese identity
SALL offers:
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Challenges and future
directions for SALL
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Technological advances
“We have the internet now!”
“Self-access centres are redundant.”
No need for physical materials & centres with expensive staff.
Relationships formed in SACs can be powerful motivators for learning
Metacognitive development requires trained staff
EFL environment – language practice
But…
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Shrinking university budgets
“Equipping and staffing centres is
expensive.”
Cheaper than sending 100s of students
abroad?
Positive impact on other areas of study
Good PR (Open Campus etc.)
Keep up with the Joneses.
But…
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Lack of understanding
“What do you do all day exactly?!”
“Your job is so easy – you just chat with
students!”
“Will SALL improve TOEIC scores?”
Leads to…
Understaffing (academic & administrative)
Pressure for numerical data
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Closed community?
“That place is only for fluent speakers.”
“I’m not welcome there.”
PR & incentives
Staff training
Integration with curriculum
Good relationships with Faculty
Solutions
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Learning Commons vs SAC
Cross pollination of ideas
Dedicated space for shared interests
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Future directions?
More centres across Japan
More use of mobile devices
Emphasis on social learning
SACs as hubs for cultural exchange
More multilingual centres
Greater appreciation of importance of self-directed learning skills/learner autonomy?
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SALL & Global Citizenship?
Global jinzai cannot be nurtured in
classrooms alone
Intercultural communicative competence
requires authentic communication in
informal & formal environments with a
variety of people
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SALL & Global Citizenship?
Language Learning Spaces can provide:
Opportunities for authentic interactions in
foreign languages
Access to other cultures through
meaningful human relationships
Opportunities to develop autonomous
learning skills
A bridge or alternative to study abroad
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Thank you!
Any comments/questions?
http://kandaeli.academia.edu/KatherineThornton
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JASAL 10th Anniversary
Conference
12 Dec., 2015 10:00 – 16:00
Kanda Institute of Foreign Languages
(神田外語学院) Tokyo, Kanda
12 presentations on self-access learning
Free
Pre-registration required
http://jasalorg.wordpress.com
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References Chapple, J. 2013. “Global Jinzai,” Japanese Higher Education and
the Path to Multiculturalism: Imperative, Imposter or Immature?
Working Paper Series Studies on Multicultural Societies, 25.
Shiga, Japan: Ryugoku University.
Gremmo, M.-J. 1995. Conseiller n'est pas enseigner: le rôle du
conseiller dans l'entretien de conseil. Mélanges
Pédagogiques, 22: 33–61.
MEXT. 2011. The Council on Promotion of Human Resource for of
Globalization Development. An Interim Report.
Mozzon-McPherson, M. & Vismans, R.(Eds.)2001. Beyond language
teaching towards language advising. London: CILT
Murphey, T. 1996. Near peer role models. Teachers Talking To
Teachers: JALT Teacher Education SIG Newsletter , 4 (3), 21-22
Murray, G. 2014. (Ed.) Social dimensions of autonomy in language
learning. Houndsmills, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
.
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References Scollon, R. 2002. Mediated Discourse: The Nexus of Practice.
London & New York: Routledge
Thornton, K. 2010. Supporting Self-Directed Learning: A Framework
for Teachers in: R. Stroupe (Ed.). Language Education in Asia,
2010, 1(1): 158-170.
Wenden, A. 1998. Learner Strategies for Learner Autonomy.
London, UK: Prentice Hall.
Wenger, E. 1998. Communities of practice: Learning, meaning, and
identity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Yashima, T. 2002. Willingness to communicate in a second
language: the Japanese EFL context. Modern Language
Journal, 86 (i) :54-66.
Yonezawa, A. 2014. Japan’s Challenge of Fostering “Global
Human Resources”: Policy Debates and Practices. Japan
Labour Review, 11(2).