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The Road to the Civil War The US-Mexico War, 1846-8 Gold Rush, Migration and Expansion Compromise of 1850 Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 1852 Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 Bleeding Kansas, 1854-6 Dredd Scott Decision, 1857 John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry 1860 Presidential Election
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The Road to the Civil War
Manifest Destiny and War expanded the US to the Pacific Ocean
Westward Expansion of Slavery after US-Mexico War
Debates over slavery in the West ripped the country apart
Ideologies of state’s rights Polarized the North & South No common ground in political parties
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The Election of 1860
“Slavery on trial” Nationalism Meaning of America? States-Federal Gov.? John Brown Distrust Democrats crumbled Lincoln (R) won
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The South Seceded, 1861
South Carolina first Propaganda MISS, FL, AL, GA,
LA, TX Confederate States
of America President Jefferson
Davis
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Ft. Sumter, March-April
South Carolina Troops trapped Stand-off Confederates fired Major Anderson
surrendered War began
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The Civil War, 1861-1865
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North vs. South (strengths)
North Industry Finances Population Railroads Federal
government
South Home field Skilled leaders Agriculture Defensive war Supplies
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North vs. South (weaknesses)
North Arrogance Leadership Distance Supplies
South Slave population Industry Railroads Finances Government
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The Nature of War
Long & bloody Militias Total War Divided families Women & blacks Benefited North Fought in South
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Preparing for War
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Battlefield Amputation
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Tent life, 1861 D.C.
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Southern Strategy
Outlast NorthDisperse troopsRighteousnessCotton &
Europe
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Northern Strategy
Missouri RiverNaval blockadeDivide/IsolateIndustryForce &
populationLand and sea
General Grant
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Turning Points, 1861-63
Bull Run, VA: warwould be harder…
Shiloh, TN: both sidesreassess tactics
Antietam, MD: worstday of fighting. North
Blocked SouthernInvasion
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Emancipation Proclamation
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Free African Americans
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African American Troops
-Over 200,000 served -80% from south-Lewis Douglass -Inequalities-54th Mass. Regiment
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Union Gains, June 1863…
Drafted 2 million men Gettysburg, PA 1863 (51,000 dead & War
turned against South) Vicksburg, MS 1863 (North gained River) Navy U.S. Grant, 1864
Atlanta
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Sherman’s March to the Sea
1864 100,000 people 280 x 50 miles Atlanta to Coast Charlestown Chased Lee to VA
Richmond
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Weaknesses in the South, 1864
Desertions and mutinies West Virginia broke away Anti-War protests Food Riots Questioning of slavery Women protesting War Financial ruin, debt, political conflict
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Civil War in the West
Civil War in New Mexico and Texas New Mexico was Union territory Texas Confederates invaded NM Texas was Confederate, but with
Union supporters Border Wars French invaded Mexico, 1863 and
expelled by Benito Juarez
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Thirteenth Amendment
Lincoln reelected in 1864 Amendment was ratified to the
constitution in 1865, before the end of the Civil War
Abolished slavery everywhere in the United States
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End of the War
April 1865 Virginia Appomattox
Courthouse Lee and Grant End of War Lincoln shot by
John Wilkes Booth, 1865
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Significance of War
Over 600,000 dead 25% southern men Southern economy Crops, roads, homes Strengthened Union Ended slavery “Fulfilled Declaration”
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Changes in America: The 1860s
Four million freed blacks Re-united Americans Heal wounds of War Labor conflict, New York draft riots,
anti-black violence Irish immigration Women in war industries
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Land and Prosperity
Homestead Act, 1862 Federal government gave land to people in
Western Territories Payment for soldiers Railroads and speculators
Land Grant College Act Each state will have land for university Sale of public lands will fund it Educated America
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Civil War: A Disaster for Indians
California Indian Laws New policies: concentration onto
reservations Military wars waged against tribes Southern tribes trapped Expansion of railroads & population Treaties declined after Civil War Full U.S. Army used after Civil War
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Reconstruction, 1865-1877
National effort to re-unite, or re-construct the north and south, and entire nation
Rebuild Southern economy Question of punishment for secession Loyalty oaths? Serve in office? Protect Black freedoms? Who will do the labor
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Southern Resistance, Northern Reaction
Southern politicians resisted Pres Johnson was lenient Pres Grant & “Radical Reconstruction” Military districts Loyalty oaths, debts, penalties Freedmen’s Bureau 14th Amendment
Citizenship and equal protection 15th Amendment
Voting rights
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Compromise of 1877
Republicans traded black equality to break a tie in the 1876 presidential election
Pulled troops out of south Race relations returned to pre-1865
dynamics, excluding slave status Focused on The West Industrialization Foreign imperial expansion
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Conclusions
Lincoln did not support social equality Resolution of sectionalism Power of federal gov’t Reconstruction, 1865-1877 Economic and industrial integration 14th Amendment: Citizenship & Due Process 15th Amendment: voting rights
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Why History is Important
Understand power in America See struggles of oppressed people People make history, not fate Multiple perspectives and views Evidence and arguments Myths and heroism Nationalism and patriotism History is who we are