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The Rise of Judaism
Mr. Hawthorne
World Civilizations
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Introduction
• Israelites = Hebrews = Jews
• Judaism stood apart from other religions because of monotheism (belief in one all-powerful god).
• Judaism shares many beliefs with two later religions: Christianity and Islam.
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Introduction, cont.
• Abraham is regarded as the first Jew.
• He and his followers left Mesopotamia and settled in Canaan (now Lebanon, Israel and Jordan) at the commandment of God, in 1900 BC.
• Abraham’s grandson, Jacob (Israel), had 12 sons who each led his own tribe.
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Abraham’s Journey to Canaan
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Slavery and Exodus
• Famine caused the Israelites to migrate to Egypt, where Jacob’s son, Joseph, lived.– They were eventually
enslaved.
• Many of the monuments of Egypt’s New Kingdom were built by Israelite slaves.
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Slavery and Exodus, cont.
• Moses led the Israelites out of Egypt in the 13th century BC, possibly when Ramses II ruled.– Ten Plagues
– Crossing of the Red Sea
• Shortly afterward, Moses received the Ten Commandments on Mount Sinai.
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The Kingdom of Israel
• The Israelites fought for 200 years before successfully reclaiming Canaan.
• Saul became the first king of Israel, uniting the 12 tribes for the first time.
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The Kingdom of Israel
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The Kingdom of Israel, cont.
• Saul’s successor, David, ruled Israel from 1012 BC to 962 BC, and established Jerusalem as the capital.
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The Kingdom of Israel, cont.
• David’s son, Solomon, built the magnificent temple in Jerusalem, at the cost of high taxes and intensive labor.
• After Solomon’s death (922 BC), the two southern tribes split from Israel to create the kingdom of Judah.
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The Divided Kingdoms
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Exile
• Israel was conquered in 722 BC by the Assyrians, who scattered the Israelites throughout their empire.
• Judah was conquered in 597 BC by the Chaldeans, under King Nebuchadnezzar.– In 586, after a rebellion, they destroyed the
Temple in Jerusalem and captured many Jews to be slaves in Babylon.
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Exile, cont.
• Jews continued to maintain their religion while in exile.
• The Chaldeans were conquered in 539 BC by the Persians, under Cyrus the Great.– He allowed the Jews to
return to Jerusalem and rebuild the Temple.
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After Exile
• Judah/Israel would eventually be ruled by:– the Greeks (Alexander the Great)– the Romans– the Islamic Empire (when it became known as
Palestine)– the Ottoman Empire
• Israel would not be an independent state until 1948.
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Important Aspects of Judaism
• The Torah: the Jewish Bible, known by Christians as the Old Testament.– The first five books are
known as the Books of Moses.
• The Torah records the history of the Jews and is a collection of various Jewish holy writings.
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Important Aspects of Judaism, cont.
• Every human being is made in the image of God and has infinite worth.
• People work in partnership with God to strive to achieve a better world.
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10 Commandments
ONE: 'You shall have no other gods before Me.'
TWO: 'You shall not make for yourself a carved image--any likeness of anything that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth. '
THREE: 'You shall not take the name of the LORD your God in vain.'
FOUR: 'Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy.'
FIVE: 'Honor your father and your mother.'
SIX: 'You shall not murder.'
SEVEN: 'You shall not commit adultery.'
EIGHT: 'You shall not steal.'
NINE: 'You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor. '
TEN: 'You shall not covet your neighbor's house; you shall not covet your neighbor's wife, nor his male servant, nor his female servant, nor his ox, nor his donkey, nor anything that is your neighbor's.'
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Discussion Questions
1. What is monotheism?
2. How is Judaism similar & different from Egyptian & Mesopotamian religion?
3. Why might an Egyptian & a Jew disagree?
4. How are the Ten Commandments similar to and different from Hammurabi’s Code?
5. What plausible reasons might explain why Jews have been persecuted throughout their history?