The Periodic TableThe Periodic Table
Chap. 6Chap. 6Chap. 6Chap. 6
I.I. Early Attempts at Early Attempts at Organizing the ElementsOrganizing the Elements
I.I. Early Attempts at Early Attempts at Organizing the ElementsOrganizing the Elements
A.A. Lavoisier’s list: 23 elementsLavoisier’s list: 23 elements
I.I. Early Attempts at Early Attempts at Organizing the ElementsOrganizing the Elements
A.A. Lavoisier’s list: 23 elementsLavoisier’s list: 23 elements
B.B. 1870’s : 70 known elements1870’s : 70 known elements
I.I. Early Attempts at Early Attempts at Organizing the ElementsOrganizing the Elements
A.A. Lavoisier’s list: 23 elementsLavoisier’s list: 23 elements
B.B. 1870’s : 70 known elements1870’s : 70 known elements
C.C. Dobereiner’s triadsDobereiner’s triads
ClCl
Halogen TriadHalogen Triad
BrBr IImass
density
M.P.
B.P.
35.5 u
.00321
-101oC
-34 oC
79.9 u
3.12
-7oC
59oC
127 u
4.93
114oC
185oC
Self Check – Ex. 1Self Check – Ex. 1
CaCa SrSr BaBamass
density
M.P.
B.P.
40 u
1.55
842oC
1500oC
88 u
????
1412oC
137 u
3.62
727oC
1845 oC
Self Check – Ex. 1Self Check – Ex. 1
CaCa SrSr BaBamass
density
M.P.
B.P.
40 u
1.55
842oC
1500oC
88 u
2.62.6
77777700CC
1412oC
137 u
3.62
727oC
1845 oC
I.I. Early Attempts at Early Attempts at Organizing the ElementsOrganizing the Elements
A.A. Lavoisier’s list: 23 elementsLavoisier’s list: 23 elements
B.B. 1870’s : 70 known elements1870’s : 70 known elements
C.C. Dobereiner’s triadsDobereiner’s triads
D.D. Newlands: Law of OctavesNewlands: Law of Octaves
I.I. Early Attempts at Early Attempts at Organizing the ElementsOrganizing the Elements
E.E. Mendeleev’s TableMendeleev’s Table
I.I. Early Attempts at Early Attempts at Organizing the ElementsOrganizing the Elements
E.E. Mendeleev’s TableMendeleev’s Table
1.1. produced simultaneously produced simultaneously with Meyerwith Meyer
I.I. Early Attempts at Early Attempts at Organizing the ElementsOrganizing the Elements
E.E. Mendeleev’s TableMendeleev’s Table
1.1. produced simultaneously produced simultaneously with Meyerwith Meyer
2.2. organized elements by organized elements by increasing massincreasing mass
I.I. Early Attempts at Early Attempts at Organizing the ElementsOrganizing the Elements
E.E. Mendeleev’s TableMendeleev’s Table
3.3. rearranged a few elements rearranged a few elements to match propertiesto match properties
I.I. Early Attempts at Early Attempts at Organizing the ElementsOrganizing the Elements
E.E. Mendeleev’s TableMendeleev’s Table
3.3. rearranged a few elements rearranged a few elements to match propertiesto match properties
4.4. left gaps for undiscovered left gaps for undiscovered elementselements
I.I. Early Attempts at Early Attempts at Organizing the ElementsOrganizing the Elements
E.E. Mendeleev’s TableMendeleev’s Table
3.3. rearranged a few elements rearranged a few elements to match propertiesto match properties
4.4. left gaps for undiscovered left gaps for undiscovered elementselements
5.5. described periodic lawdescribed periodic law
Periodic LawPeriodic Law
When arranged according to increasing atomic number, there is a repeating pattern of an element’s properties
When arranged according to increasing atomic number, there is a repeating pattern of an element’s properties
II.II.The Modern Periodic TableThe Modern Periodic Table
II.II.The Modern Periodic TableThe Modern Periodic TableA.A. PeriodsPeriods
II.II.The Modern Periodic TableThe Modern Periodic TableA.A. PeriodsPeriods
B.B. Groups/FamiliesGroups/Families
II.II.The Modern Periodic TableThe Modern Periodic TableA.A. PeriodsPeriods
B.B. Groups/FamiliesGroups/Families
C.C. Metals/Non-Metals/SemimetalsMetals/Non-Metals/Semimetals
II.II.The Modern Periodic TableThe Modern Periodic TableA.A. PeriodsPeriods
B.B. Groups/FamiliesGroups/Families
C.C. Metals/Non-Metals/SemimetalsMetals/Non-Metals/Semimetals
D.D. Transition Metals/Inner Transition Metals/Inner Transition Metals/ Transition Metals/ Representative ElementsRepresentative Elements
II.II.The Modern Periodic TableThe Modern Periodic TableA.A. PeriodsPeriods
B.B. Groups/FamiliesGroups/Families
C.C. Metals/Non-Metals/SemimetalsMetals/Non-Metals/Semimetals
D.D. Transition Metals/Inner Transition Metals/Inner Transition Metals/ Transition Metals/ Representative ElementsRepresentative Elements
E.E. Physical StatesPhysical States
II.II.The Modern Periodic TableThe Modern Periodic TableA.A. PeriodsPeriods
B.B. Groups/FamiliesGroups/Families
C.C. Metals/Non-Metals/SemimetalsMetals/Non-Metals/Semimetals
D.D. Transition Metals/Inner Transition Metals/Inner Transition Metals/ Transition Metals/ Representative ElementsRepresentative Elements
E.E. Physical StatesPhysical States
F.F. Naturally occurring elementsNaturally occurring elements
III.III. Periodic TrendsPeriodic Trends
III.III. Periodic TrendsPeriodic TrendsA.A. Valence ElectronsValence Electrons
A.A. Valence ElectronsValence Electrons1.1. as you go down a group, the as you go down a group, the
number of valence electrons number of valence electrons ____________________
III.III. Periodic TrendsPeriodic Trends
A.A. Valence ElectronsValence Electrons1.1. as you go down a group, the as you go down a group, the
number of valence electrons number of valence electrons ____________________
2.2. as you go across a period, the as you go across a period, the number of valence electrons number of valence electrons ____________________
III.III. Periodic TrendsPeriodic Trends
B.B. Atomic RadiusAtomic RadiusIII.III. Periodic TrendsPeriodic Trends
Atomic radiusAtomic radius
Distance between the nucleus and the outermost electron.Distance between the nucleus and the outermost electron.
B.B. Atomic RadiusAtomic Radius1.1. as you go down a group, the as you go down a group, the
atomic radius __________atomic radius __________
III.III. Periodic TrendsPeriodic Trends
B.B. Atomic RadiusAtomic Radius1.1. as you go down a group, the as you go down a group, the
atomic radius __________atomic radius __________
2.2. as you go across a period, the as you go across a period, the atomic radius __________atomic radius __________
III.III. Periodic TrendsPeriodic Trends
Atomic Radius
13
20
19
18171615
14
12
11
1098765
4
3
21
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Atomic Number
Ato
mic
Rad
ius
(pm
)
Self Check – Ex. 2Self Check – Ex. 2
Put the following atoms in Put the following atoms in order from smallest to order from smallest to largest radiuslargest radius
P Mg O CaP Mg O Ca
C.C. Ionic RadiusIonic RadiusIII.III. Periodic TrendsPeriodic Trends
IonIon
An atom that has gained or lost an electronAn atom that has gained or lost an electron
C.C. Ionic RadiusIonic Radius1.1. as you remove an electron, as you remove an electron,
the radius __________the radius __________
III.III. Periodic TrendsPeriodic Trends
C.C. Ionic RadiusIonic Radius1.1. as you remove an electron, as you remove an electron,
the radius __________the radius __________
2.2. as you add an electron, the as you add an electron, the radius __________radius __________
III.III. Periodic TrendsPeriodic Trends
C.C. Ionic RadiusIonic Radius1.1. as you remove an electron, as you remove an electron,
the radius __________the radius __________
2.2. as you add an electron, the as you add an electron, the radius __________radius __________
3.3. the isoelectronic atoms that the isoelectronic atoms that are the smallest have the most are the smallest have the most ______________
III.III. Periodic TrendsPeriodic Trends
Isoelectronic atomsIsoelectronic atoms
Atoms that have the same number of electrons.Atoms that have the same number of electrons.
Self Check – Ex. 3Self Check – Ex. 3
Put the following in order Put the following in order of increasing radiusof increasing radius
ClCl-- Ca Ca2+2+ Ar K Ar K++
D.D. 11stst Ionization Energy Ionization EnergyIII.III. Periodic TrendsPeriodic Trends
Ionization EnergyIonization Energy
The energy required to remove an electron.The energy required to remove an electron.
D.D. 11stst Ionization Energy Ionization Energy1.1. as you go down a group the as you go down a group the
ionization energy ________ionization energy ________
III.III. Periodic TrendsPeriodic Trends
D.D. 11stst Ionization Energy Ionization Energy1.1. as you go down a group the as you go down a group the
ionization energy ________ionization energy ________
2.2. as you go across a period the as you go across a period the ionization energy ________ionization energy ________
III.III. Periodic TrendsPeriodic Trends
First Ionization Energy of Elements
1
2
3
45
6
78
9
10
11
12
13
14
15 16
17
18
19
20
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Atomic Number
Ion
iza
tio
n E
ne
rgy
(k
J/m
ol)
D.D. 11stst Ionization Energy Ionization Energy1.1. as you go down a group the as you go down a group the
ionization energy ________ionization energy ________
2.2. as you go across a period the as you go across a period the ionization energy ________ionization energy ________
3.3. as you remove each as you remove each additional electron the additional electron the ionization energy ________ionization energy ________
III.III. Periodic TrendsPeriodic Trends
Name1st IE
(kJ/mol)2nd IE
(kJ/mol)3rd IE
(kJ/mol)4th IE
(kJ/mol)
Boron 800 2430 3660 25020
Successive Ionization EnergySuccessive Ionization Energy
Self Check – Ex. 4Self Check – Ex. 4
For what ionization will a For what ionization will a large jump in ionization large jump in ionization energy be observed with energy be observed with aluminum?aluminum?
E.E. ElectronegativityElectronegativityIII.III. Periodic TrendsPeriodic Trends
ElectronegativityElectronegativity
The ability of an atom to attract electrons in a chemical bond.
The ability of an atom to attract electrons in a chemical bond.
E.E. ElectronegativityElectronegativity1.1. electronegativity values are electronegativity values are
only reported for elements only reported for elements that bond.that bond.
III.III. Periodic TrendsPeriodic Trends
E.E. ElectronegativityElectronegativity1.1. electronegativity values are electronegativity values are
only reported for elements only reported for elements that bond.that bond.
2.2. as you go down a group the as you go down a group the electronegativity ________.electronegativity ________.
III.III. Periodic TrendsPeriodic Trends
E.E. ElectronegativityElectronegativity1.1. electronegativity values are electronegativity values are
only reported for elements only reported for elements that bond.that bond.
2.2. as you go down a group the as you go down a group the electronegativity ________.electronegativity ________.
3.3. as you go across a period the as you go across a period the electronegativity ________.electronegativity ________.
III.III. Periodic TrendsPeriodic Trends
Self Check – Ex. 5Self Check – Ex. 5
Put these in order of Put these in order of decreasing electronegativity.decreasing electronegativity.
Sr O B Mg FSr O B Mg F
The EndThe End