Download - The Next Three Weeks:
![Page 1: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Next Three Weeks:• Today:
– Sanger Sequencing– Central Dogma Overview– Mutation
• Unpacking Central Dogma– Transcription (Mar 28)
– RNA Processing (Mar 28)
– Translation (Mar 28 / Apr 2) [+ Sculpting]
• Regulation of Gene Expression + Trivia (Apr 4)
• Tutorial (Apr 5)
• Review (Apr 9)
• EXAM 3 (Apr 11)
![Page 2: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Sanger Sequencing
![Page 3: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
dideoxyNucleoside TriPhosphate
![Page 4: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 6: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 7: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 8: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 9: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 10: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Central Dogma Overview
![Page 11: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 12: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
The Language of Genetics
DNA Language vs. Protein Language
Discuss: What does it mean to say that DNA is written in one language and Proteins are written in a different language?
![Page 13: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
DNA Language
3’ – GTGCA – 5’5’ – CACGT – 3’
The language of DNA is written in nucleotides.
![Page 14: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Protein Language• A protein is a chain of amino acids.
![Page 15: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Connecting the Languages
Transcribing versus Translating- Transcribe means: to rewrite
Transcription Example:3 parts gravel, 2 parts sand, 1 part cement.3 parts gravel, 2 parts sand, 1 part cement.
![Page 16: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
An Academic Transcript:
A copy of your grades
![Page 17: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Connecting the Languages
Transcribing versus Translating- Transcribe means: to rewrite- Translating means: to change languageTranslation Example:3 parts gravel, 2 parts sand, 1 part cement. 3 partes de grava, 2 partes de arena, 1 parte de cemento. 三石 二砂 一水泥
![Page 18: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The Language of Genetics
DNA Language vs. Protein Language
• DNA is written in the language of nucleotides.• A message on DNA can be transcribed (copied)
onto a piece of mRNA.• A message on mRNA can be translated into a chain
of amino acids.• Proteins are written in the language of amino acids.
![Page 19: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
DNA mRNA Amino Acids
• Transcribing:– Replace Thymine with Uracil.– Transcribe from the template strand.
![Page 20: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
DNA mRNA Amino Acids
5’– CCACTGATAGACCTT –3’3’– GGTGACTATCTGGAA –5’
mRNA is made using the template strand…
Template Strand
non -Template Strand
![Page 21: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
DNA mRNA Amino Acids
5’– CCACTGATAGACCTT –3’3’– GGTGACTATCTGGAA –5’5’– CCACUGAUAGACCUU –3’
The mRNA sequence is nearly identical to the non-template strand.
Transcribing… complete.
Template Strand
non -Template Strand
mRNA
![Page 22: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Translation Key:
![Page 23: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
DNA mRNA Amino Acids
Non-Templ: 5’– CCACTGATAGACCTT –3’Template: 3’– GGTGACTATCTGGAA –5’
mRNA: 5’– CCACUGAUAGACCUU –3’Pro - Leu - Ile - Asp - Leu
![Page 24: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Transcribe/Translate the Following Sequences:
5’– CTGCGTGACTGCAAA –3’3’– GACGCACTGACGTTT –5’
3’– CCGACTCACTGATGC –5’
3’– ATGTTTGAACTACAG –5’
5’– TACAAACTTGATGTC –3’
![Page 25: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Important Properties of the Code• It is redundant: All amino acids except two are encoded by
more than one codon.
• It is unambiguous: One codon never codes for more than one amino acid.
• It is nearly universal: With a few minor exceptions, all codons specify the same amino acids in all organisms.
• It is conservative: The first two bases are usually identical when multiple codons specify the same amino acid.
![Page 26: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Mutations… changes to the code
![Page 27: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
What’s a Mutation?
A mutation is any permanent change in an organism’s DNA.
Mutations result in new alleles!
![Page 28: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Point Mutations
• Point mutations occur when the DNA polymerase inserts the wrong base into the newly synthesized strand of DNA.
![Page 29: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Point Mutations• Point mutations may be as a result of a
substitution or an insertion/deletion and may be:– Silent mutations.
• Does not change the amino acid sequence of the gene product.
– Missense mutations.• Result in changes in the amino acid sequence of the
encoded protein.– Nonsense mutations.
• Results in a stop codon.
![Page 30: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Mutations and their impacts
![Page 31: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Mutations and their impacts
![Page 32: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Mutations and their impacts
![Page 34: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Mutations and their impacts
![Page 35: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Mutations and their impacts
![Page 36: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Describing a Mutation:
Three Categories:1. What happened?
– Insertion, deletion, substitution.2. What was the impact on the protein?
– Missense, nonsense, silent3. What was the reading frame?
– Frameshift
![Page 37: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Two Examples of mutation
1. Beach Mice (from the text)2. Taste in peas
![Page 38: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Peromyscus polionotus
![Page 39: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Fact Sheet: Peromyscus polionotus
• Common names: Beach Mouse or Old Field Mouse.
• Location: Southeastern U.S.A.• Habitat: Sand burrows in dunes or
old fields.• Home-range: ~1000 m2
• Breeding: Monogamous pair-bonding. Litters of 2-8 pups, every 30 days.
• Lifespan: 9-12 months.
![Page 40: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Fur Color:
![Page 41: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
The mc1r Gene
• The mc1r gene is located in Chromosome #16 in mammals.
• It codes for the MC1R protein that aids in pigment synthesis.
![Page 42: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 43: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
mc1r Gene Sequence5’TGCCCACCCAGGGGCCTCAGAAGAGGCTTCTGGGTTCTCTCAACTCCACCTCCACAGCCACCCCTCACCTTGGACTGGCCACAAACCAGACAGGGCCTTGGTGCCTGCAGGTGTCTGTCCCGGATGGCCTCTTCCTCAGCCTGGGGCTGGTGAGTCTGGTGGAGAATGTGCTGGTCGTGATAGCCATCACCAAAAACCGCAACCTGCACTCGCCCATGTATTCCTTCATCTGCTGTCTGGCCCTGTCTGACCTGATGGTGAGTATAAGCTTGGTGCTGGAGACGGCTATCATCCTGCTGCTGGAGGCAGGGGCCCTGGTGACCCGGGCCGCTTTGGTGCAACAGCTGGACAATGTCATTGACGTGCTCATCTGTGGCTCCATGGTGTCCAGTCTTTGCTTCCTTGGTGTCATTGCCATAGACCGCTACATCTCCATCTTCTATGCATTACGTTATCACAGCATTGTGACGCTGCCCCGGGCACGACGGGCCATCGTGGGCATCTGGGTGGCCAGCATCTTCTTCAGCACCCTCTTTATCACCTACTACAACCACACAGCCGTCCTAATCTGCCTTGTCACTTTCTTTCTAGCCATGCTGGCCCTCATGGCAATTCTGTATGTCCACATGCTCACCCGAGCATACCAGCATGCTCAGGGGATTGCCCAGCTCCAGAAGAGGCAGGGCTCCACCCGCCAAGGCTTCTGCCTTAAGGGTGCTGCCACCCTTACTATCATTCTGGGAATTTTCTTCCTGTGCTGGGGCCCCTTCTTCCTGCATCTCACACTCATCGTCCTCTGCCCTCAGCACCCCACCTGCAGCTGCATCTTTAAGAACTTCAACCTCTACCTCGTTCTCATCATCTTCAGCTCCATCGTCGACCCCCTCATCTATGCTTTTCGGAGCCAGGAGCTCCGCATGACACTCAGGGAGGTGCTGCTGTGCTCCTGGTGA 3’
![Page 44: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
mc1r Gene Sequence5’TGCCCACCCAGGGGCCTCAGAAGAGGCTTCTGGGTTCTCTCAACTCCACCTCCACAGCCACCCCTCACCTTGGACTGGCCACAAACCAGACAGGGCCTTGGTGCCTGCAGGTGTCTGTCCCGGATGGCCTCTTCCTCAGCCTGGGGCTGGTGAGTCTGGTGGAGAATGTGCTGGTCGTGATAGCCATCACCAAAAACTGCAACCTGCACTCGCCCATGTATTCCTTCATCTGCTGTCTGGCCCTGTCTGACCTGATGGTGAGTATAAGCTTGGTGCTGGAGACGGCTATCATCCTGCTGCTGGAGGCAGGGGCCCTGGTGACCCGGGCCGCTTTGGTGCAACAGCTGGACAATGTCATTGACGTGCTCATCTGTGGCTCCATGGTGTCCAGTCTTTGCTTCCTTGGTGTCATTGCCATAGACCGCTACATCTCCATCTTCTATGCATTACGTTATCACAGCATTGTGACGCTGCCCCGGGCACGACGGGCCATCGTGGGCATCTGGGTGGCCAGCATCTTCTTCAGCACCCTCTTTATCACCTACTACAACCACACAGCCGTCCTAATCTGCCTTGTCACTTTCTTTCTAGCCATGCTGGCCCTCATGGCAATTCTGTATGTCCACATGCTCACCCGAGCATACCAGCATGCTCAGGGGATTGCCCAGCTCCAGAAGAGGCAGGGCTCCACCCGCCAAGGCTTCTGCCTTAAGGGTGCTGCCACCCTTACTATCATTCTGGGAATTTTCTTCCTGTGCTGGGGCCCCTTCTTCCTGCATCTCACACTCATCGTCCTCTGCCCTCAGCACCCCACCTGCAGCTGCATCTTTAAGAACTTCAACCTCTACCTCGTTCTCATCATCTTCAGCTCCATCGTCGACCCCCTCATCTATGCTTTTCGGAGCCAGGAGCTCCGCATGACACTCAGGGAGGTGCTGCTGTGCTCCTGGTGA 3’
![Page 45: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Single Substitution…5’TGCCCACCCAGGGGCCTCAGAAGAGGCTTCTGGGTTCTCTCAACTCCACCTCCACAGCCACCCCTCACCTTGGACTGGCCACAAACCAGACAGGGCCTTGGTGCCTGCAGGTGTCTGTCCCGGATGGCCTCTTCCTCAGCCTGGGGCTGGTGAGTCTGGTGGAGAATGTGCTGGTCGTGATAGCCATCACCAAAAACTGCAACCTGCACTCGCCCATGTATTCCTTCATCTGCTGTCTGGCCCTGTCTGACCTGATGGTGAGTATAAGCTTGGTGCTGGAGACGGCTATCATCCTGCTGCTGGAGGCAGGGGCCCTGGTGACCCGGGCCGCTTTGGTGCAACAGCTGGACAATGTCATTGACGTGCTCATCTGTGGCTCCATGGTGTCCAGTCTTTGCTTCCTTGGTGTCATTGCCATAGACCGCTACATCTCCATCTTCTATGCATTACGTTATCACAGCATTGTGACGCTGCCCCGGGCACGACGGGCCATCGTGGGCATCTGGGTGGCCAGCATCTTCTTCAGCACCCTCTTTATCACCTACTACAACCACACAGCCGTCCTAATCTGCCTTGTCACTTTCTTTCTAGCCATGCTGGCCCTCATGGCAATTCTGTATGTCCACATGCTCACCCGAGCATACCAGCATGCTCAGGGGATTGCCCAGCTCCAGAAGAGGCAGGGCTCCACCCGCCAAGGCTTCTGCCTTAAGGGTGCTGCCACCCTTACTATCATTCTGGGAATTTTCTTCCTGTGCTGGGGCCCCTTCTTCCTGCATCTCACACTCATCGTCCTCTGCCCTCAGCACCCCACCTGCAGCTGCATCTTTAAGAACTTCAACCTCTACCTCGTTCTCATCATCTTCAGCTCCATCGTCGACCCCCTCATCTATGCTTTTCGGAGCCAGGAGCTCCGCATGACACTCAGGGAGGTGCTGCTGTGCTCCTGGTGA 3’
- Substituting 1 of 954 nucleotides- Cytosine to a Thymine
(Pyrimidine Pyrimidine)- Changed the mRNA codon
from CGC to UGC
![Page 46: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Translation Key:
![Page 47: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Consequence of Mutation• A single nucleotide mutation from a Cytosine to a
Thymine leads to…• An amino acid change from an Arginine to a Cysteine
Amino Acid Sequence Dark Fur:MPTQGPQKRLLGSLNSTSTATPHLGLATNQTGPWCLQVSIPDGLFLSLGLVSLVENVLVVIAITKNRNLHSPMYSFICCLALSDLMVSISLVLETAIILLLEAGALVTRAALVQQLDNVIDVLICGSMVSSLCFLGVIAIDRYISIFYALRYHSIVTLPRARRAIXGIWVASIFFSTLFITYYNHTAVLICLVTFFLAMLALMAXLYVHMLTRAYQHAQGIAQLQKRQGSTXQGFCLKGAXTLTIILGIFFLCWGPFFLHLTLIVLCPQHPTCSCIFKNFNLYLVLIIFSSIVDPLIYAFRSQELRMTLREVLLCSW
Amino Acid Sequence Light Fur:MPTQGPQKRLLGSLNSTSTATPHLGLATNQTGPWCLQVSVPDGLFLSLGLVSLVENVLVVIAITKNCNLHSPMYSFICCLALSDLMVSISLVLETAIILLLEAGALVTRAALVQQLDNVIDVLICGSMVSSLCFLGVIAIDRYISIFYALRYHSIVTLPRARRAIVGIWVASIFFSTLFITYYNHTAVLICLVTFFLAMLALMAILYVHMLTRAYQHAQGIAQLQKRQGSTRQGFCLKGAATLTIILGIFFLCWGPFFLHLTLIVLCPQHPTCSCIFKNFNLYLVLIIFSSIVDPLIYAFRSQELRMTLREVLLCSW
![Page 48: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Changing 1 amino acid:
• Arginine:– Strongest +charge– Very hydrophilic
• Cysteine:– Not hydrophilic– Forms disulfide bonds
![Page 49: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Two Examples of mutation1. Beach Mice
- Missense substitution mutation of one nucleotide CT
- Changes one amino acid: Arginine Cysteine
- Changes the function of the MC1R protein
2. Taste in peas
![Page 50: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Mendel’s Peas
![Page 51: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Fact Sheet: Pisum sativum
• Common names: Field peas.• Native to: Near East Iraq,
Turkey, Israel, Palestine, etc.• A key crop of the Neolithic
Agricultural Revolution, oldest recorded samples date to 10,000 BCE.
![Page 52: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
The Evolution of Wrinkled Peas
Wrinkled peas taste sweet.
WrinkledRound
![Page 53: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Molecular Biology: Central Dogma
The “R” allele of the sbe1 gene codes for the SBE1 protein.
The SBE1 protein is an enzyme that converts simple starch (amylose) to complex starch (amylopectin).
![Page 54: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Inside the Pea Cell: Sugar and Starch
![Page 55: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
![Page 56: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
![Page 57: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
![Page 58: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Sucrose
![Page 59: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
The Evolution of Wrinkled PeasWrinkled peas aren’t just wrinkled…
they taste good too!
Wrinkled(r allele of sbe1 gene)
Round(R allele of sbe1 gene)
G3P
(Intermediates)
Amylose
Amylopectin
G3P
(Intermediates)
Amylosenon-functioning starch branching enzyme
Sucrose
functioning starch branching enzyme
![Page 60: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
The Genetics ofRound and Wrinkled Peas
![Page 61: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
The sbe1 Gene
The sbe1 gene has two alleles:
Wrinkled Pea
Codes for functional
SBE1 protein.
Round Pea
Codes for non-functional
SBE1 protein.
![Page 62: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
3549 nucleotidesWhat does the “R” allele represent?
Round Pea
![Page 63: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
The R AlleleThese nucleotides code for a polypeptide protein of about 920 amino acids in length:
![Page 64: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
What does the “R” allele do?
How does the SBE protein lead to round seeds? It gives rise to highly branched starch (amylopectin).
Highly branched starch in the seeds leads to seeds with low water content. When the seeds dry, they stay round.
![Page 65: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
The original 3549 nucleotidesplus an additional 800 nucleotides
What does the “r” allele represent?
Round Pea
![Page 66: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Unbranched starch in the seeds leads to seeds with high water content. They are sweet, but when the seeds dry, they wrinkle.
How does the altered SBE protein lead to round seeds? It gives rise to unbranched starch only (amylose).
What does the “r” allele do?
![Page 67: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
The R allele and the r Allele:
800 bp fragment of DNA inserted
R allele genetic code
r allele genetic code
![Page 68: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Two Examples of mutation1. Beach Mice
- Missense substitution mutation of one nucleotide CT
- Changes one amino acid: Arginine Cysteine
- Changes the structure and function of the MC1R protein
2. Taste in peas
- Nonsense insertion mutation of 800 nucleotides.
- Disrupts amino acid production.- Changes the structure and
function of the starch branching enzyme.
![Page 69: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Mutations
• Insertion/Deletion/Substitution• Frameshift or no Frameshift• Silent/missense/nonsense
![Page 70: The Next Three Weeks:](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081511/568164c7550346895dd6df71/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Coming Up:
• Thursday:– Homework #5– StudyNotes 8a– Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation
• Tuesday:– Molecular Sculpting