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The Mogul Empire1526-1857
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Babur 1526-1530
• He founded the empire in 1526 when he defeated a Delhi sultan
• His army of 12,000 defeated the sultan’s 100,000 men
• Moguls were descendants of the Mongols, Turks, Iranians and Afghans
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Babur• Educated warrior• Fond of poetry• Created Persian gardens
wherever he conquered, missed cool climate of his homeland (see painting)
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Babur
• He had to fight to keep order in his society
• Victory at Kanwaha on March 10, 1527– Became absolute ruler of North
India
• Spent the rest of his life trying to organize his empire & build his capital- Agra
• Died 12/126/1530– Empire passed to his son Hymayan
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Humayan• Walks the fine line
between tragedy & embarassment
• Lost empire to rival, had to flee to Safavid empire (Persia / Iran) for help
• Son Akbar born during exile, left behind with mother and guardian
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• With help of Safavids, Humayan regained the empire, 1555
• Shortly after, fell down stairs of his observatory, and died (1556)
Humayan’s Tomb
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Akbar 1556-1605
• He was Babur’s grandson and took the throne at 13
• He spent most of his reign making and changing administrative policies
• Added many new territories to the empire and built the largest army in Mogul history
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Akbar
• He was one of the first Mogul rulers to effectively rule the diverse ethnic make-up of the empire
• Akbar, a Muslim, appointed Hindus to high ranking positions
• He encouraged intermarriage
• He accepted all religions and sects
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Jahangir• Often drunken and cruel,
his later years found him often incapacitated by opium and alcohol abuse
• Married a 34 year-old Persian widow he renamed Nur Jahan
Painting commissioned by Akbar celebrating the birth of Jahangir
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Jahangir
• Nur Jahan was the de facto ruler of the Mogul empire for the last half of Jahangir’s reign, due to his laziness and inebriation. – She schemed to get her relatives
in positions of power
• Replaced by his son Prince Khurram, who he renamed Shah Jahan (“Emperor of the World”)
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Shah Jahan 1627-1658
• Prince Khurram took the throne at 35 and changed his name to Shah Jahan
• He spent most of his time trying to expand south
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Shah Jhan
• He was a competent commander with a strict sense of justice
• During his rule he built palaces, mosques and gardens
• The best known structure is the Taj Mahal
• When he became sick his sons fought for control of the empire
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Shah Jahan
• Eventually his son Aurangzeb captured the throne and imprisoned his father at Fort Agra because he supported Dara Shukoh (an older son)
• Although it sounds harsh, most Mogul rulers killed their fathers upon succession
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TAJ MAHAL
• Shah Jahan built the mausoleum for his wife Mumtaz Mahal in Agra
• It is constructed of materials from India and all over Asia
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Mughal Expansion Under Aurangzeb
• Aurangzeb also known as Alamgir (“World Conqueror”)
• Aurangzeb launched military campaigns that eventually added most of the Deccan and South India to the empire
• The cost of these expeditions would later weaken the empire