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chapter chapter 88Organizing the Organizing the SpeechSpeech
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Strategic Strategic OrganizationOrganization
Organizing speech to achieve particular result with particular audience
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Main PointsMain Points
Major points developed in body of speech
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Preparing Main Preparing Main PointsPoints
• Keep points separate• Try to use same pattern of
wording• Balance time devoted to
each
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Limiting Number of Main Limiting Number of Main PointsPoints
(click above to play)
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Chronological OrderChronological OrderMain points follow time pattern
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Chronological OrderChronological OrderI. Building the Great Wall
began during the Qin dynasty of 221-206 B.C.
II. New sections of the Great Wall were added during the Han dynasty of 206 B.C.-220 A.D.
III. The Great Wall was completed during the Ming Dynasty of 1368-1644.
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Using Chronological OrderUsing Chronological Order
(click above to play)
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Spatial OrderSpatial Order
Main points follow directional pattern
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Spatial OrderSpatial OrderI. Northern Italy is home to
Venice and its world-famous canals.
II. Central Italy is home to Rome and its historical treasures.
III. Southern Italy is home to Sicily and its culinary traditions.
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Causal OrderCausal Order
Main points show cause-effect relationship
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Causal OrderCausal OrderI. The U.S. faces a shortage
of qualified air-traffic controllers.
II. If this shortage continues, it will create serious problems for airline safety.
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Problem-Solution Problem-Solution OrderOrder
• First main point: The problem
• Second main point: The solution
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Problem-Solution Problem-Solution OrderOrder
I. Puppy mills are a serious problem across the U.S.
II. Solving the problem requires legislation and individual initiative.
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Using Problem-Solution Using Problem-Solution OrderOrder
(click above to play)
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Topical OrderTopical Order
Main points divide topic into logical, consistent subtopics
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Topical OrderTopical OrderI. As a teacher, Ida Wells-
Barnett opposed inferior schools for African-Americans.
II. As a journalist, Wells-Barnett campaigned against lynching.
III. As a civic organizer, Wells-Barnett helped found the NAACP.
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Supporting MaterialsSupporting MaterialsMaterials used to support speaker’s ideas
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ConnectiveConnective
Word or phrase connecting ideas
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Types of ConnectivesTypes of Connectives
• Transition• Internal preview• Internal summary• Signpost
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TransitionTransition
Indicates speaker has finished one thought & is moving to another
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TransitionTransition
“Now that we have a clear understanding of the problem, let me share the solution.”
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Internal PreviewInternal Preview
Statement in body of speech indicating what speaker will discuss next
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Internal PreviewInternal Preview“In discussing how Asian Americans have been stereotyped in the mass media, we’ll look first at the origins of the problem and second at its continuing impact today.”
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Internal SummaryInternal SummaryStatement in body of speech summarizing preceding point(s)
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Internal SummaryInternal Summary“First, we have seen that America’s criminal justice system is not deterring crime. Second, we have seen that prison rehabilitation programs are not successful.”
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SignpostSignpost
Brief statement showing where speaker is or focusing attention on key ideas
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SignpostsSignposts“The first cause of this problem is inefficient agricultural production.“The second cause is recurrent drought in the affected countries. “The final cause is mismanagement of available food resources.”
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