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The Human WorldChapter 4
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• Elements of culture:
–All human groups have a culture. Each culture
has shared and unique sets of behaviors and
attitudes
–Language and religion are a part of culture.
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• Cultural Diffusion– The process of spreading knowledge from
one culture to another.
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• Cultural Hearth– A site from which basic ideas, materials, &
technology diffuse to many other cultures
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• Acculturation– When a society changes because it accepts
an innovation
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• Religion– Is a belief in a supernatural power that is
regarded as the creator of the universe
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• Monotheism– Is a belief in one God
• Ex: Christianity, Judaism, Islam
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• Polytheism– Is a belief in many Gods
• Ex: Hinduism
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• Population Geography:
–The world’s population is expanding
rapidly.
–Most of the world’s population lives in the
Northern Hemisphere.
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• Birthrate– The number of live births per thousand
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• Mortality Rate (Death Rate)– The number of deaths per thousand
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• Infant Mortality Rate– The number of deaths per thousand of infants
under the age of 1
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• Rate of natural increase (Population growth rate)– The rate at which the population is growing
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• Population Pyramid– A graphic device that shows sex and age
distribution of a population
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• Push-Pull Factors– Push Factors cause people to leave their
home and migrate to another region
(ex: War, Natural Disasters, Genocide Etc…)– Pull Factors attract people to a location
(ex: job opportunities etc…)
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• Population Density– The average number of people who live in an
area (usually a square mile)
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• Carrying Capacity– The number of organisms a piece of land can
support
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• Political Geography
–Size, shape, and location influence
political geography.
–States of the world have a variety of
political systems.
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• State– An independent political unit (a country)
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• Nation– A group of people living in a territory and
having a strong sense of unity.
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• Nation-State– When a nation and a state occupy the same
territory
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• Landlocked– A country surrounded by land with no direct
access to the sea
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• Democracy– A political system in which the citizens hold all
the power
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• Monarchy– A political system in which a king or queen
holds the power and may or may not share that power with the citizens
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• Dictatorship– A political system in which one person or a
small group holds all political power
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• Communism– A political system in which the government
controls everything including the economy
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• Economic Geography
–Resources, available technology, and
economic systems shape the economy of a
state.
–Economic activities are based on how goods
or services are produced and traded.
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• GDP (Gross Domestic Product)–GDP gives the total value of all goods
and services produced within a country in a specific period of time.
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• Command Economy– An economic system in which the government
plans and controls the economy.
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• Market Economy– An economic system in which consumer
demand controls the market.
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• Primary Economic Activities– Involves gathering raw materials
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• Secondary Economic Activities– Involves manufacturing products using raw
materials
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• Tertiary Economic Activities– Involves providing services
• (Teachers, Doctors etc…)
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• Natural Resources– Materials found on or in the Earth (oil, coal
etc…)• Resources can either be Renewable of Non-
Renewable
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• Renewable Resources– These can be replaced through natural
processes (ex: trees)
• Non-renewable Resources– These can NOT be replaced through natural
processes (ex: oil, metals, natural gas)
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• Urban Geography
-The study of how people use space in cities.
–Urban areas have expanded rapidly and now
are home to about one-half of the world’s
population.
–Functions of cities are similar.
–Land use patterns are unique to a place.
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• Cities– Areas with large populations that are also
centers of business and culture.
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• Suburbs– The Area directly outside of cities.
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• Metropolitan Areas – The cities and the suburbs combined.
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• Central Business District (CBD)– The core of a city where commercial activity
takes place.
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• Infrastructure– The basic urban necessities such as streets,
electricity, water, sewer, trash etc…
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THE END