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Cell Biology Lecture1Monday, June,16,2008 1
Muhammad Rafi, PS, PIEAS
The Human Cell
Lecture:2 & 3
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Cell Biology
That
branch of Biology which deals withthe
anatomy and physiology of the cell
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Organization from cell to the planet
Biosphere
Ecosystem
Community
Population
Species
Multicultural organism Organ system
Organ
Tissue
Cell
Organelle Micro and macro molecule
Atom
Subatomic particle
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Definition of the cell
The cell is the basic structuraland functional unit of life
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Cond.
Average adult person has
approximately 4*1013cells
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Types of cell
Two main categories of
the cell are
a)Somatic cell
b)Genetic cell
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Cell Biology Lecture1Monday, June,16,2008 7
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Components of the cell
The cell consists of:
a)Cell Membraneb)Cytoplasm
c) NucleusCytoplasm Cell
membrane
Nucleus
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Cell Membrane
Anatomy
Outermost boundary composed of lipids and
proteins. Small amount of carbohydrates are
also present
Function
a) Allows only selective substances to pass
through itb) Takes in materials by endocytosis
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Cytoplasm
Anatomy
Material between plasma membrane and thenucleus. Contains:
a) Cytosol largely water with dissolved protein,salts, sugars, and other solutes
b) Cytoplasmic organelles metabolic machineryof the cell
Functiona) Acts as storage house of vital chemicals
b) Site of metabolic processes like glycolysis
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Nucleus
Anatomy
Contains
a) nuclear membrane
b) chromatin networkc) nucleoplasm
Function
It controls thea) Life
b) Activities of the cell
http://www.google.com.pk/imgres?imgurl=http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/9/9b/350px-Diagram_human_cell_nucleus.svg.png&imgrefurl=http://www.answers.com/topic/nuclear-pore&h=98&w=120&sz=41&tbnid=PWtM5gawgSsJ:&tbnh=98&tbnw=120&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddiagram%2Bof%2Bnucleus&hl=en&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=1&ct=image&cd=1 -
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Organelles
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Ribosomes
Golgi Bodies
Lysosomes
Peroxysomes
Centrosomes
Mitochondria
Microtubules
Microfilaments
Centrioles
Vacuoles
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
Anatomy Tubules like structure covering large portion of the
cytoplasm
Function Provide the mechanical support to the cell
ER are of two types:
1. Smooth ER: Lacks ribosomes on outer surface. Function
as lipid biosynthesis and drug detoxification.
2. Rough ER: Ribosomes stud outer surface. Function as
to manufacture proteins for incorporation into
membranes.
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Ribosomes
Tiny granular structures assembled
in the nucleolus of the nucleus from
where they are transported to the
cytoplasm via the pores in nuclear
membrane.
The factory of ribosomes is thenucleolus, while that of protein
synthesis is the ribosomes.
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Golgi Bodies
Anatomy
Flattened membranous type structure
FunctionModify the proteins and lipids by adding
carbohydrates and converting them
into glycoproteins and glycolipids
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Golgi Apparatus
Figure 3.18a
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Role of the Golgi Apparatus
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Lysosomes
Anatomy
Spherical membranous bags containing digestiveenzymes
Function Digest ingested bacteria, viruses, and toxins
Degrade nonfunctional organelles
Breakdown glycogen and release thyroid hormone
Breakdown nonuseful tissue
Breakdown bone to release Ca2+
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Peroxisomes
Anatomy
Membranous sacs containing varieties of enzymeslike oxidases and catalases
Function
Detoxify harmful or toxic substances
Neutralize dangerous free radicalsFree radicals highly reactive chemicals with
unpaired electrons (i.e., O2)
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Mitochondria
Anatomy
Rod or flattened like structure
FunctionExtracts energy from organic molecule and
packs it in ATP.
ATP Provides energy to the cell accordingthe cell demand
It is called as power house of the cell
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Mitochondria
Double membrane
structure with shelf
like cristae
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Plastid
The plastidis a major organellefound in the cellsof plantsand algae.
Plastids are the site of manufacture and storage of important chemical
compounds used by the cell. They often contain pigmentsused in
photosynthesis, and the types of pigments present can change or determine
the cell's color.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organellehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_pigmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_pigmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organelle -
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MicrotubulesMicrotubules are a component of the cytoskeleton, found throughout the
cytoplasm. These tubular polymers of tubulincan grow as long as 50 micrometres,with an average length of 25 m, and are highly dynamic. The outer diameter of a
microtubule is about 25 nmwhile the inner diameter is about 12 nm. They are
found in eukaryotic cellsand are formed by the polymerization of a dimerof two
globular proteins, alpha and beta tubulin
Microtubules are very important in a number of cellular processes. They are involved in
maintaining structure of the cell and together with microfilamentsand intermediate
filaments, they form the cytoskeleton. They also make up the internal structure of cilia
and flagella.They provide platforms for intracellular transport and are involved in a
variety of cellular processes, including the movement of secretoryvesicles, organelles,and intracellular substances
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoskeletonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubulinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_dimerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubulinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfilamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_filamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_filamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoskeletonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagellumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicle_(biology_and_chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organellehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organellehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicle_(biology_and_chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagellumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoskeletonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_filamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_filamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfilamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubulinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_dimerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubulinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoskeleton -
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Microfilaments
Microfilamentsor actin filamentsare the thinnest filaments of thecytoskeleton, a structure found in the cytoplasmof eukaryoticcells.
These linear polymersof actinsubunits are flexible and relatively strong.
Microfilaments are highly versatile, functioning in cytokinesis, amoeboid
movement, and changes in cell shape. In inducing this cell motility, one
end of the actin filament elongates while the other end contracts,presumably by myosin IImolecular motors.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoskeletonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopolymerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokinesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoeboidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myosin_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myosin_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoeboidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokinesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopolymerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoskeleton -
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Centriole
Centrioleis a cylindrical cell structurecomposed mainly of a protein calledtubulinthat is found in most eukaryoticcells. An associated pair ofcentrioles, surrounded by an amorphous mass of dense material, called thepericentriolar material, or PCM, makes up a compound structure called acentrosome. Most centrioles are made up of nine sets of microtubuletriplets, arranged in a cylinder.
Centrioles are involved in the organization of the mitotic spindleand in the
completion of cytokinesis.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organellehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubulinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericentriolar_materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitotic_spindlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokinesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokinesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitotic_spindlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericentriolar_materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubulinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organelle -
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Chromosomes
Thread like structures composed of DNA andproteins
All information necessary for cell activities arepresent in chromosomes in the form of genes,which are transferred from one generation to theother generation
In one species number of chromosomes are
same and constant from generation togeneration
In man there are 46 chromosomes i.e. 23 pairs
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Cond.
22 pairs are called as autosomes while
one pair is called as sexsome
In somatic cell, no of chromosomes is
diploid (2n) while in genetic cell this no is
haploid (n)
Autosomes are responsible for body
growth while sexsomes are reserved for
sex determination
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Chromosomes
Human
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Human
Chromosomes during Mitosis
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Chromosomes, DNA & Genes
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Cell to base
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World of DNA
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