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The history of eutrophication and restoration of Lake Geneva
Jean-Luc Loizeau and Janusz Dominik
CESNE and Institut F.-A. Forel, University of Geneva, Switzerland
curriculum in natural environmental science, 2005
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Satellite image of Southern France
phot
o : C
laud
e Jo
min
i
Rhone river mouth
Lake Geneva
Rhone river mouth
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10 km
Lausanne
Evian
N
Dranse River
Nyon
Morges
Thonon
Vevey
Montreux
St-Gingolph
Lutry
Versoix
Rolle
Yvoire
Geneva
Lake Geneva
100 - 200
200 - 300
300 - 309
0 - 100 m
Bathymetry
Rhone River
Rhone
Rive
r
Marse ille
Me diterranean Sea
40 km
Lyon Geneva
SwitzerlandFrance
Italy
Rho
ne R
iver
Petit-lac
Grand-lac
France
Italy
Germ any
CH
Spain
curriculum in natural environmental science, 2005
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Lake GenevaAlt itude : 372 m aslSurface 580.1 km2Volume : 89 km3Mean discharge : 250 m3/ s
Theoret ical residence t ime of water : 11.4 yearsMax depth : 309.7 mMean depth : 152.7 mShore ligne length : 200.2 kmLake/ wat ershed ratio : 0.078
Watershed : 7975 km2Watershed without lake : 7393km2Max. alt itude : 4634 mMean altitude : 1670 mGlaciated area : 9.4%Population: 933’750
Switzerland : 807’850France : 125’900
Tourism : 624’240Switzerland : 443’620
France : 180’620
Land use:uncultivated : 35%forests : 22%
pasture : 23%cult ivated : 20%
meadows : 63%open land : 27%vineyard : 6.6%orchard : 2.6market gardening: 1 %
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Lake GenevaWatershed : 7975 km2
Rhone River : 5220 km2
Dranse : 535 km2
Venoge : 231 km2
Aubonne : 91 km2
Promenthouse :100 km2
Geneva
50 km
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Years
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
P to
tal (
µg/
L)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Mean Ptot concentration
Management objective
Start of phosphateremoval in STP
Ban of P in textilewashing products(CH)
Data source: CIPELcurriculum in natural environmental science, 2005
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Evolution of mean N concentration in lake water
Years
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
NO
3- an
d N
tot (
µg
N*L
-1)
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
NO3-
Ntot
Data source: CIPELcurriculum in natural environmental science, 2005
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Evolution of N/P ratio in lake water
Years
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Pto
t (µ
g L-1
)
0
20
40
60
80
100N
- N
O3 /
P-P
O4 r
atio
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
Ptot
N-NO3/P-PO4 ratio
Data source: CIPELcurriculum in natural environmental science, 2005
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Dissolved oxygen in bottom water (309m)
Years
1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Dis
solv
ed o
xyg
en (
mg
L-1
)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Data source: CIPELcurriculum in natural environmental science, 2005
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Net yearly primary production
Years
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Prim
ary
prod
uctio
n (g
C /
m2 *
y)
0
100
200
300
400
500
Data source: CIPELcurriculum in natural environmental science, 2005
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Yearly average biomass (Center of the lake)
Years
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Phy
to.
biom
ass
(mg
L-1)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Pto
t (µ
g L-1
)
0
20
40
60
80
1004980
Data source: CIPELcurriculum in natural environmental science, 2005
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Evolution of the Secchi depth
Period of measurement
1874/75 1889/91 1957-60 1961-80 1981-2002
Dep
th (
m)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Summer meanAnnual mean
Data source: Forel 1892 and CIPELcurriculum in natural environmental science, 2005
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Lake water transparency
Years
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Sec
chi
dep
th (
m)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
summer meanannual mean
Data source: CIPELcurriculum in natural environmental science, 2005
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Seasonal variation of Secchi depth
Month
Mar May Jun Jul Aug Sep Nov
Sec
chi d
epth
(m
)0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
~1900 1931-1932 1954-1955 1957-1959
Data source: CIPELcurriculum in natural environmental science, 2005
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Years
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Zo
op
lan
kto
n (
mL
/m2 )
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Pto
t (µ
g L
-1)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Zooplankton
Ptot
Data source: CIPELcurriculum in natural environmental science, 2005
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Arctic char catches
Years1950 1960 1970 1980 1990
Fis
h c
atch
es (
ton
s)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Pto
t (µ
g L
-1)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Ptot
Data source: Rapin et al. 1995curriculum in natural environmental science, 2005
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Algal summer biomass in lake water
Years1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000S
um
mer
bio
mas
s (o
lig
o.
spec
ies)
(µ
g L
-1)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
To
tal
sum
mer
bio
mas
s (µ
g L
-1)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000All species
Oligotrophic species
Data source: Anneville et al. 2002curriculum in natural environmental science, 2005
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Waste water treatment plant capacity inLake Geneva watershed
Years1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
WW
TP
cap
acit
y (m
io in
hab
.-eq
uiv
.)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Total capacity
with dephosphatation step
Data source: Rapin et al. 1995curriculum in natural environmental science, 2005
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Primary stage basins of the Lausanne WWTP
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Tabellaria fenestrata
http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/monitoring/plankton/images/diatoms01.html
http://www.marbot.gu.se/sss/diatoms/diatom_frame.htm
Cyclotella spp.
Oligotrophic phytoplankton species
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http://www.science.uottawa.ca/bio/eng/prof/pick/lab/pages/images.htm
Ceratium hirundinella
5mm
Planktothrix rubescens
Eutrophic phytoplankton species
Anabaena flos-aquae
http://www-cyanosite.bio.purdue.edu/images/images.html
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Larvee of Chironomus riparius
Some benthic fauna species
Lymnaea
Pisidium
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Potamogeton pectinatus
Some macrophyte species
Cara major
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Cyprinus carpio
Fish
Lota lota
Coregonus sp.
Salmo truttaSalvelinus alpinus
Esox lucius
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« Lothar » storm at Vevey, December 26, 1999Lake Geneva and Mont Blanc during a windy day
Views from Lake Geneva
curriculum in natural environmental science, 2005