Download - The growth of wild cherry (Prunus avium
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Rory Lunny EURAF Conference Montpellier, Monday 23rd – Wednesday 25th May 2016
The growth of wild cherry (Prunus avium L.) varieties
interplanted with willow (Salix spp.)
Lunny, Rory.1&3*, McAdam, Jim. 1&2, Douglas, Gerry C.3
1 School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast,
BT9 7BL
2 Agri-Food Bioscience Institute (AFBI), Newforge Lane, Belfast,
BT9 5PX
3 Teagasc, Kinsealy Research Centre, Malahide Road, Dublin 17.
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Rory Lunny EURAF Conference Montpellier, Monday 23rd – Wednesday 25th May 2016
Why do the research?
URGENT NEED!
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Rory Lunny EURAF Conference Montpellier, Monday 23rd – Wednesday 25th May 2016
• Forest cover Ireland - just over 11% of the land area (FAO, 2015).
- increase forest cover to 18% by 2050.
• Hardwood timber supply (2014) - heavy dependency
- imported 30,000m3 (€23.9 million).
- produced 5,756m3 (UNECE, 2015)
• Energy – Security of supply
- 2014: 85% import dependency - oil dominant energy source (47%) (SEAI, 2015)
- Need indigenous predictable renewable energy supply
• Climate Action and Low Carbon Development Bill 2015
• EU 2020 Commitment
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Rory Lunny EURAF Conference Montpellier, Monday 23rd – Wednesday 25th May 2016
Present Systems
Agroforestry System (AFS) for
high value timber and agricultural
production.
Short Rotation Coppice (SRC) for
energy wood production
Combine both systems
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Rory Lunny EURAF Conference Montpellier, Monday 23rd – Wednesday 25th May 2016
Alley Coppice System High Value Cherry Timber Crop
Willow Energy Inter-crop
Long Term Rotation (50-60 years)
Short Term Rotation (2-3 years)
=
= ? ? ? ?
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Rory Lunny EURAF Conference Montpellier, Monday 23rd – Wednesday 25th May 2016
Objectives • Measure the interactions between a cherry tree
crop and willow bioenergy intercrop in an Alley Coppice System.
• Identify the ideal buffer-zone (spacing) treatment between a cherry tree crop and a willow bioenergy crop.
• Identify suitable varieties for system - cherry &
willow
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Rory Lunny EURAF Conference Montpellier, Monday 23rd – Wednesday 25th May 2016
Why Willow?
• Proven biomass production potential.
• Easy to propagate & harvest.
• Broad genetic base to work from.
• Short rotation cycle (2-4 years) – available on predictable
basis.
• Vigorous juvenile growth.
• Resprouts vigorously after consecutive harvests.
• High in dry matter.
• Will tolerate poor wet soils – ‘marginal land’.
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Rory Lunny EURAF Conference Montpellier, Monday 23rd – Wednesday 25th May 2016
Why Cherry?
• Native noble hardwood species of high value.
•Tolerate a wide range of soils:- pH 4 – 8.
• Immune to damage from grey squirrels.
• Rapid growth in the first part of its life.
• Short rotation 55-70 years – compared with Oak (100
years) and Beech (120 years).
• Underutilised compared to other hardwoods.
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Rory Lunny EURAF Conference Montpellier, Monday 23rd – Wednesday 25th May 2016
Why Clonal rather than seed produced?
• Greater uniformity.
• Stronger apical dominance.
• Improved vigour.
- stem diameter & height.
• Better pest & disease resistance.
• Lower mortality rate.
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Rory Lunny EURAF Conference Montpellier, Monday 23rd – Wednesday 25th May 2016
Materials and Methods
Study Site
Loughgall, Co. Armagh
Lat: N54 23’ 53” Long: W6 36’ 41”
ASL: 34m a.s.l.
Soil Type: Brown earth
Climate: Maritime
Mean Annual Air Temp (2015): 9.5°C
Total Annual Rainfall (2015): 1093 mm
Belfast
Dublin
Loughgall
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Rory Lunny EURAF Conference Montpellier, Monday 23rd – Wednesday 25th May 2016
• Willow (Salix spp.)
• 9,600 cuttings (1,920 per
clonal variety)
- Clones Beagle, Resolution,
Endeavour, Terra Nova & Olof.
• Cherry (Prunus avium L.)
• 180 trees in total (30 per cultivar)
- 5 German cultivars – Neso,
Concordia, Pluto, Saturn &
Hermes.
- 1 U.K. - Control (Bare root)
Materials and Methods
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Rory Lunny EURAF Conference Montpellier, Monday 23rd – Wednesday 25th May 2016
Treatments
1 meter buffer-zone 2 meter buffer-zone
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Rory Lunny EURAF Conference Montpellier, Monday 23rd – Wednesday 25th May 2016
Experimental Design Main
Plot
BLOCK BLOCK BLOCK
1m 2m 1m 2m 2m 1m
Sub
Sub
Plot
Main
Plot
Main
Plot
Main
Plot
Main
Plot
Main
Plot
Sub
Plot
Sub
Plot
Sub
Plot
Sub
Plot
Sub
Plot
Sub
Plot
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Rory Lunny EURAF Conference Montpellier, Monday 23rd – Wednesday 25th May 2016
Establishment – Willow SRC
0.75m
0.60m
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Rory Lunny EURAF Conference Montpellier, Monday 23rd – Wednesday 25th May 2016
Overview: Alley Coppice System Ground Prep &
Planting
2 months after coppice
2 years after coppice
Coppiced after 1st season
2 months after planting
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Rory Lunny EURAF Conference Montpellier, Monday 23rd – Wednesday 25th May 2016
Measuring Process – Plant Growth
Total Height (cm)
Root Collar Diameter (mm)
•Cherry & Willow
• Monthly
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Rory Lunny EURAF Conference Montpellier, Monday 23rd – Wednesday 25th May 2016
Light Measurement
2m 2m
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Rory Lunny EURAF Conference Montpellier, Monday 23rd – Wednesday 25th May 2016
Harvesting Selection Sub-Plot Level
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Willow Guard Rows
Willow Guard Rows
Willow Guard Rows
CHERRY TREES CHERRY TREES
Selected Willow Stools
Selected Willow Stools
Sub-Plot Sub-Plot
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Rory Lunny EURAF Conference Montpellier, Monday 23rd – Wednesday 25th May 2016
Selection of Willow Stools for harvest
5
Stools
5
Stools
5
Stools
5
Stools
20
Stools
per
subplot
180 Subplots = 3600 stools
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Rory Lunny EURAF Conference Montpellier, Monday 23rd – Wednesday 25th May 2016
Harvesting Process – Fresh Weight
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Rory Lunny EURAF Conference Montpellier, Monday 23rd – Wednesday 25th May 2016
Post Harvest
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Rory Lunny EURAF Conference Montpellier, Monday 23rd – Wednesday 25th May 2016
Oven Drying Process – Dry Matter %
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Rory Lunny EURAF Conference Montpellier, Monday 23rd – Wednesday 25th May 2016
Growth Results
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Rory Lunny EURAF Conference Montpellier, Monday 23rd – Wednesday 25th May 2016
Mean Cherry Height July 2015
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Rory Lunny EURAF Conference Montpellier, Monday 23rd – Wednesday 25th May 2016
Mean Cherry Height 2015
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Rory Lunny EURAF Conference Montpellier, Monday 23rd – Wednesday 25th May 2016
Mean Cherry Height 2015
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Rory Lunny EURAF Conference Montpellier, Monday 23rd – Wednesday 25th May 2016
Mean Cherry rcd 2015
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Rory Lunny EURAF Conference Montpellier, Monday 23rd – Wednesday 25th May 2016
Mean Willow Height 2015
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Rory Lunny EURAF Conference Montpellier, Monday 23rd – Wednesday 25th May 2016
Mean Willow rcd 2015
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Rory Lunny EURAF Conference Montpellier, Monday 23rd – Wednesday 25th May 2016
Light Results
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Rory Lunny EURAF Conference Montpellier, Monday 23rd – Wednesday 25th May 2016
Mean PAR 2015
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Rory Lunny EURAF Conference Montpellier, Monday 23rd – Wednesday 25th May 2016
Yield Results
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Rory Lunny EURAF Conference Montpellier, Monday 23rd – Wednesday 25th May 2016
Total Willow Fresh Cut Weight per sub plot sample March 2016
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Rory Lunny EURAF Conference Montpellier, Monday 23rd – Wednesday 25th May 2016
Willow Dry Matter % March 2016
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Rory Lunny EURAF Conference Montpellier, Monday 23rd – Wednesday 25th May 2016
Conclusion
• 2 metre buffer zone allows for greater tree growth than 1 metre between the cherry and willow.
• Cherry varieties Concordia and Neso – superior growth.
• Willow varieties Endeavour best for dry matter %. Resolution, Olaf and Beagle still good.
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Rory Lunny EURAF Conference Montpellier, Monday 23rd – Wednesday 25th May 2016
Future Research
• Larger buffer zone treatments 4, 6 or 8 meters.
• Other alternative high value hardwoods e.g. Hybrid or Black Walnut.
• A 3 year rotation on the SRC willow crop.
• Willow from other breeding programmes e.g. North America.
• Poplar cultivars as alternative bioenergy crop.
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THANK YOU
Project supported by the Walsh Fellowship Fund
provided by Teagasc.