The Foundations of Engineering and Architecture002*ANTIQUITY *
FIRST PART
Author Aleš Student, Klára Frolíková Palánová translation Klára Frolíková Palánová
Prehistory (500 000-1 000 000 years BC – 3 000-1 000 years BC)
Antiquity (till 476 a. d.)
Mesopotamia
Egypt
Aegean culture
Ancient Greece
Etruscan architecture
Ancient Rome
The Middle Ages (from the year 476 a. d. till 1492 a. d.)
The early Christian architecture
Byzantine architecture
Pre-Romanesque architecture
Romanesque architecture
Gothic
modern period (from the year 1492 till today)
Renaissance
Baroque
Classicism, Romanticism, Empire
Historicism
building in 20. Century
the current building
Antiquity till 476 a.d.
Mesopotamia
Egypt
Aegean culture
Ancient Greece
Etruscan architecture
Ancient Rome
MESOPOTAMIA
4.000 years b.c. to 6th century b.c.
the fertile lowland between the rivers Eufrat ang Tigris in the area of today's Iran and Iraq
•1*Sumers culture - 4000 years b.c. - City-States Ur, Uruk, Akkad (3200 years b.c. - picture font)
• 2*Akkadsko-sumer State - 2369 years b.c. -unification of City-States under the Akkadska Empire (Cuneiform)
• 3*Old-babylón Empire- 18. to 12th century b.c.
• 4*Asyrská empire - 9. to 7.st.b.c. in the northern part
• 5*New-babylon empire - 7. to 6th century BC in the southern part of the
Caspian Sea
Persian Gulf
Cyprus
Mediterraneansee
Egypt
TYPES OF BUILDINGS
PALACE - mostly, the Royal Palace (serail -Royal residence, harem - private part and chán - the economic part of the Palace), built from durable materials
TEMPLE - the Shrine had derived from a House floor plan (own shrine, cell, and the portico), It later developed the temple terrace and of them zikkurrat
HOUSE – townhouse (admission to the Hall, inner courtyard, a wide room open to the courtyard, staircase to the roof, sometimes even
bathroom and toilet)
THE FORTIFICATIONS – each sietch has been entrenched, masonry walls completed turrets
CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS – aqueducts, water treatment plant, bridges and roads
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MESOPOTAMIA
Architectural shapes are derived from the original construction of the Reed and the Brick
The Monuments
Disposition of the House (the three basic parts: the entrance to the Hall, inner courtyard, great room open to the courtyard - íván)
BUILDING MATERIALS
CLAY – compress clay, dried bricks, baked and glazed bricks. Joining by lime-sand mortar, plaster mortar and asphalt also
TIMBER – mostly from palm wood beams for suspended floor, rare cedar and cypress only on imports
STONE – only exceptionally to exceptional buildings
REEDS – reed mats joining by clay mortar and for interlacing of bricks walls to increase the strength of walls
PALM WOOD– beams for suspended floor
ASPHALT – on joining the brick, Road base, impregnation of wood and reeds
CONSTRUCTION
VERTICAL MOUNTING
WALLS – brick
COLUMNS AND PILLARS– minimum used
HORIZONTAL MOUNTING
ARCHES
WOODEN SUPPORTING BEAMS
SIGNIFICANT BUILDINGS
(a selection of some of the buildings)
001 * magasin - the beginnings of arch technologyBlind arch (diagonal intermediate joints are liaison, not loading)
002 * reconstruction of Babylon, at the bottom of the floor plan of the Royal Palace
Hanging gardens
courtyards
process path
Ishtar gate
Temple of goddes Nin-mach
Seven Wonders of the World
003 * reconstruction of the Babylonian ziggurat
004 * Chšajárchšá (Xerx) gate of propylaeum (Persepole, Persie – Ancient Iran)
005 * columns at PersepolePersian column at that time had no counterpart– He was taller and slimmer than
the Egyptian
006 * Darajavahuš Palace in Persepole Maintained only a stone wall, because the Building was predominantly of
bricks dried in the Sun
EGYPT5000 b.c. to 1 century b.c.
Upper Egypt, Lower Egypt the Valley of the Nile River and delta
TYPES OF BUILDINGS
FUNERARY BUILDINGS – the mastaba, the step pyramid, angled pyramid, the classic pyramid, the tomb in the rocks
TEMPLE -the symbol of the divine order of the world. Naos (cella) - custom (dark) shrine, behind her is a small Hall with four pillars and around rooms. Hypostyl (pillared Hall) - the inner pillars taller than the outer-lighting. The columned courtyard- the largest and lightest room of the temple. Pylon - in front of two blocks with the portal in the middle of. Avenue of Sphinxes.
HOUSE -the Palace, village houses, town houses, the workers ' houses (It contained the main foyer, lounge room, sometimes there is one smaller residential room, the kitchen and the cellar)
THE FORTIFICATIONS – the fortress on the border of the country
CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS – irrigation systems, dam, canals, bridges and roads
THE CHARACTERISTICS
The monumental stone architecture
Stacking masses by adding (Djoser pyramid)
Sophisticated composition of religious buildings
Using Hypostyle and architrave system
the transition from the clay to stone building materials
BUILDING MATERIAL
CLAY – poor clay, dried or burned bricks
TIMBER – mostly from date palm, import of cedar and ebony
STONE – limestone, sandstone, granite, basalt, quartzite syenite.
CONSTRUCTIONVERTICAL
MASONRY – from bricks or stones
COLUMN – three parts
PILLAR – monolithic, later brick, square or rectangular plan
HORISONTAL
ARCH – not often used
WOODEN CEILING – for common buildings
STONE CEILING – for important buildings – architrave system
TEORIE
Taking geometry (right angle, the circular geometry)
Building plans with complex mathematical calculations, stone and clay models of buildings
SIGNIFICANT BUILDINGS
(selection of some buildings)
001 * Djoser pyramid in SakkařeDesigned by Imhotep (vizier and architect) – high 60 m
002 * Raachef pyramid in Giza
003 * Menkaurev, Raachef and Chufew pyramid in Giza – highest one is Chufev (146 m).
004 * up – Chufew pyramiddown – Abusir – reconstruction of group of piramid on the banks of the Nile
004a * cut Pharaoh's burial chamber – architrav system
006 * temple of the queen Hatšepsowet in Dér el-BahríArchitect Senenmút
Temple Ramesseum on the left bank of the river Nil on the west of Wesetdedicated to God Amón.
009 * temple in Luxor
010 * temple in Luxor - plan
011 * temple in Luxor
012 * Temple of Horus at Edfu
013 * Temple of Horus at Edfu
014 * Temple of Horus at Edfu
015 * Temple of Horus at Edfu
THE AEGEAN ARCHITECTURE
• Cretan culture * 3500 – 1200 BC
• Mycenae * 1550 – 1150 BC
Culture of Cretan, Mycenaean, Troy, time concurrent with the Egyptian culture, constitute an excellent basis for later the emerging culture of ancient Greece.
area
TYPES OF BUILDINGS
PALACES
large monumental buildings high skirting without holes
hundreds of rooms around the great court
lighting by other smaller courtyards
sanitation (toilets ), water pipe (bathroom)
RESIDENTIAL HOUSES
basic megaron
the Palace, the village houses, town houses, workers ' houses
include the foyer, the main residential room, Sometimes one more smaller residential room, the kitchen and the cellar
TYPES OF BUILDINGS
THE FORTIFICATIONS
the massive masonry walls in the Peloponnese and Asia Minor (Troy)
cyclopean masonry up to 7 m wide, and up to 8 m high
THE TOMB
shaft tombs and the dome tombs - tholos
THE CHARACTERISTICS
The secular character of the buildings
the architecture was based on the human being, the intimate nature of the architecture
Later robust, warlike nature
BUILDING MATERIALS
CLAY – mud bricks on masonry
WOOD – most of the beams from olive wood, shaft columns
STONE – carved stone
STUCCO –plastering wall
MORTAR -binding of walls
CONSTRUCTION
VERTICAL
MASONRY BRICK– mud-brick wall intertwined olive beams
STONE MASONRY-cyclopean, regular from rectangular blocks,
WOODEN COLUMNS
HORIZONTAL
ARCHES – blind arch
WOODEN CEILINGS- for common buildings
ARCHITRAVE SYSTEM
SIGNIFICANT BUILDINGS
(the selection of certain buildings)
001 * Palace in KNOSSOS
002 * Palace in KNOSSOS
003 * Palace in KNOSSOS-floor planArea cca 20.000 m2, the orientation N-S, the building is built around a central
courtyard long 50 m – only two entrances North and South, two floors.
004 * The lion gate at Mycenaecyclopean walls and behind them the Acropolis
004a * cyclopean masonry and blind arches
005 * the tomb of Atre – entrance - Mycenae
006 * Tolos – the tomb