![Page 1: The evolution of the bicycle - NTU Singapore | NTU 1 - Th… · THE FIRST BICYCLE The vehicle in the picture was invented by Baron Karl von Drais in 1817. He called it a Zlaufsmachine](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050210/5f5ce5f7a04dfe0b460fbe79/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The evolution of the bicycle
A history lesson
1Evolution of the bicycle (MPORA): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E-U02-RWUPc
![Page 2: The evolution of the bicycle - NTU Singapore | NTU 1 - Th… · THE FIRST BICYCLE The vehicle in the picture was invented by Baron Karl von Drais in 1817. He called it a Zlaufsmachine](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050210/5f5ce5f7a04dfe0b460fbe79/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
WHY WAS THE BICYCLE INVENTED?
2
![Page 3: The evolution of the bicycle - NTU Singapore | NTU 1 - Th… · THE FIRST BICYCLE The vehicle in the picture was invented by Baron Karl von Drais in 1817. He called it a Zlaufsmachine](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050210/5f5ce5f7a04dfe0b460fbe79/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
HOW DID PEOPLE TRAVEL IN THE PAST?
3
![Page 4: The evolution of the bicycle - NTU Singapore | NTU 1 - Th… · THE FIRST BICYCLE The vehicle in the picture was invented by Baron Karl von Drais in 1817. He called it a Zlaufsmachine](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050210/5f5ce5f7a04dfe0b460fbe79/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
WHAT WERE SOME PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THESE MODES OF
TRANSPORT?
Write down some problems associated with these old modes of transport.
• Walking
• Riding a horse
• Riding a carriage / cart
4
![Page 5: The evolution of the bicycle - NTU Singapore | NTU 1 - Th… · THE FIRST BICYCLE The vehicle in the picture was invented by Baron Karl von Drais in 1817. He called it a Zlaufsmachine](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050210/5f5ce5f7a04dfe0b460fbe79/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
THE BICYCLE WAS INVENTED AS A SOLUTION TO THESE PROBLEMS!
Did it work? Let’s take a look…
5
![Page 6: The evolution of the bicycle - NTU Singapore | NTU 1 - Th… · THE FIRST BICYCLE The vehicle in the picture was invented by Baron Karl von Drais in 1817. He called it a Zlaufsmachine](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050210/5f5ce5f7a04dfe0b460fbe79/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
THE FIRST BICYCLEThe vehicle in the picture was invented by Baron Karl von Drais in 1817.
He called it a ‘laufsmachine’, which is German for ‘running machine’. The British called it a draisine, after its inventor.
Why do you think he called it a ‘running machine’? What features can you see on it?
What problems did these features solve?6
![Page 7: The evolution of the bicycle - NTU Singapore | NTU 1 - Th… · THE FIRST BICYCLE The vehicle in the picture was invented by Baron Karl von Drais in 1817. He called it a Zlaufsmachine](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050210/5f5ce5f7a04dfe0b460fbe79/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
IvP Principle #1: Innovations are ideas that improve
on existing solutions
Was the bicycle an improvement over existing solutions?
7
![Page 8: The evolution of the bicycle - NTU Singapore | NTU 1 - Th… · THE FIRST BICYCLE The vehicle in the picture was invented by Baron Karl von Drais in 1817. He called it a Zlaufsmachine](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050210/5f5ce5f7a04dfe0b460fbe79/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
THE FIRST BICYCLE
The draisine solved some problems of transport. The wheels made it easier to move, and the cushions made it more comfortable.
However, it came with its own problems. Can you spot some?
8
![Page 9: The evolution of the bicycle - NTU Singapore | NTU 1 - Th… · THE FIRST BICYCLE The vehicle in the picture was invented by Baron Karl von Drais in 1817. He called it a Zlaufsmachine](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050210/5f5ce5f7a04dfe0b460fbe79/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
THE FIRST BICYCLE
The draisine solved some problems of transport. The wheels made it easier to move, and the cushions made it more comfortable.
However, it came with its own problems. Can you spot some?
It was difficult to use –people had to sit on it and use their feet to push themselves along.
9
![Page 10: The evolution of the bicycle - NTU Singapore | NTU 1 - Th… · THE FIRST BICYCLE The vehicle in the picture was invented by Baron Karl von Drais in 1817. He called it a Zlaufsmachine](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050210/5f5ce5f7a04dfe0b460fbe79/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
IMPROVING THE FIRST BICYCLE
This drawing comes from US Patent No 59,915, filed in 1866.
What has changed?
10
![Page 11: The evolution of the bicycle - NTU Singapore | NTU 1 - Th… · THE FIRST BICYCLE The vehicle in the picture was invented by Baron Karl von Drais in 1817. He called it a Zlaufsmachine](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050210/5f5ce5f7a04dfe0b460fbe79/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
THE SECOND BICYCLE
This type of bicycle was commonly known as a “boneshaker”.
The pedals made it easier to move.
However, it was very uncomfortable to ride, because the wheels were made out of wood, and the tires were made out of iron.
Hence, the name, “boneshaker”.
11
![Page 12: The evolution of the bicycle - NTU Singapore | NTU 1 - Th… · THE FIRST BICYCLE The vehicle in the picture was invented by Baron Karl von Drais in 1817. He called it a Zlaufsmachine](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050210/5f5ce5f7a04dfe0b460fbe79/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
THE SECOND BICYCLE
Also, riders soon discovered a new problem.
Do you remember riding such bicycles when you were younger? Were you happy riding it? What problems did you face? YOU CAN’T GO VERY
FAST…
12
![Page 13: The evolution of the bicycle - NTU Singapore | NTU 1 - Th… · THE FIRST BICYCLE The vehicle in the picture was invented by Baron Karl von Drais in 1817. He called it a Zlaufsmachine](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050210/5f5ce5f7a04dfe0b460fbe79/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Pause and Reflect
Why was the first bicycle invented?
Why did people try to make improvements to the first bicycle?
What was wrong with the first bicycle?
How did people discover the problems of the first bicycle?
13
![Page 14: The evolution of the bicycle - NTU Singapore | NTU 1 - Th… · THE FIRST BICYCLE The vehicle in the picture was invented by Baron Karl von Drais in 1817. He called it a Zlaufsmachine](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050210/5f5ce5f7a04dfe0b460fbe79/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Pause and Reflect
What have we learnt about the process of innovation?
14
![Page 15: The evolution of the bicycle - NTU Singapore | NTU 1 - Th… · THE FIRST BICYCLE The vehicle in the picture was invented by Baron Karl von Drais in 1817. He called it a Zlaufsmachine](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050210/5f5ce5f7a04dfe0b460fbe79/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Pause and Reflect
Sometimes, when we invent something to solve a problem, new problems appear!
IvP Principle #2:
A good innovation solves more problems than it creates. A poor innovation creates more
problems than it solves.
15
![Page 16: The evolution of the bicycle - NTU Singapore | NTU 1 - Th… · THE FIRST BICYCLE The vehicle in the picture was invented by Baron Karl von Drais in 1817. He called it a Zlaufsmachine](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050210/5f5ce5f7a04dfe0b460fbe79/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Pause and Reflect
These new problems tend to only get discovered when people use the innovation.
IvP Principle #3:
The best way to test an innovation is to get people to use it.
16
![Page 17: The evolution of the bicycle - NTU Singapore | NTU 1 - Th… · THE FIRST BICYCLE The vehicle in the picture was invented by Baron Karl von Drais in 1817. He called it a Zlaufsmachine](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050210/5f5ce5f7a04dfe0b460fbe79/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
THE THIRD BICYCLE
The second bicycle couldn’t travel very fast, because there is a limit to how fast a person could pedal.
So, people invented this bicycle…
17Demonstration of early bicycles: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DB9d20n4gkM
![Page 18: The evolution of the bicycle - NTU Singapore | NTU 1 - Th… · THE FIRST BICYCLE The vehicle in the picture was invented by Baron Karl von Drais in 1817. He called it a Zlaufsmachine](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050210/5f5ce5f7a04dfe0b460fbe79/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
THE THIRD BICYCLE
This bicycle is commonly known as the “penny farthing”, because it resembles a large coin (the penny) leading a smaller coin (the farthing).
The large front wheel allowed people to ride faster.
But this created a new problem. Can you spot it?
18
![Page 19: The evolution of the bicycle - NTU Singapore | NTU 1 - Th… · THE FIRST BICYCLE The vehicle in the picture was invented by Baron Karl von Drais in 1817. He called it a Zlaufsmachine](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050210/5f5ce5f7a04dfe0b460fbe79/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
THE THIRD BICYCLE
Innovations are ideas that improve on existing solutions.
The penny-farthing improved the speed of the bicycle, but it also made the bicycle more dangerous to ride.
WAS THE PENNY-FARTHING A GOOD INNOVATION?
19
![Page 20: The evolution of the bicycle - NTU Singapore | NTU 1 - Th… · THE FIRST BICYCLE The vehicle in the picture was invented by Baron Karl von Drais in 1817. He called it a Zlaufsmachine](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050210/5f5ce5f7a04dfe0b460fbe79/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
CONCLUSION
What have we learned about innovation?
• What is innovation?
• How do you tell the difference between a good innovation and a not-so-good one?
• How do you identify new problems with your innovation and make it even better?
20
![Page 21: The evolution of the bicycle - NTU Singapore | NTU 1 - Th… · THE FIRST BICYCLE The vehicle in the picture was invented by Baron Karl von Drais in 1817. He called it a Zlaufsmachine](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050210/5f5ce5f7a04dfe0b460fbe79/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Based on what you have learnt, determine if the following examples
are good innovations.
21
![Page 22: The evolution of the bicycle - NTU Singapore | NTU 1 - Th… · THE FIRST BICYCLE The vehicle in the picture was invented by Baron Karl von Drais in 1817. He called it a Zlaufsmachine](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050210/5f5ce5f7a04dfe0b460fbe79/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Noodle fan
22
![Page 23: The evolution of the bicycle - NTU Singapore | NTU 1 - Th… · THE FIRST BICYCLE The vehicle in the picture was invented by Baron Karl von Drais in 1817. He called it a Zlaufsmachine](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050210/5f5ce5f7a04dfe0b460fbe79/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Gutenberg Printing
Press
23
![Page 24: The evolution of the bicycle - NTU Singapore | NTU 1 - Th… · THE FIRST BICYCLE The vehicle in the picture was invented by Baron Karl von Drais in 1817. He called it a Zlaufsmachine](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050210/5f5ce5f7a04dfe0b460fbe79/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Head-mounted toilet paper dispenser
24
![Page 25: The evolution of the bicycle - NTU Singapore | NTU 1 - Th… · THE FIRST BICYCLE The vehicle in the picture was invented by Baron Karl von Drais in 1817. He called it a Zlaufsmachine](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050210/5f5ce5f7a04dfe0b460fbe79/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Portable handphone charger
25
![Page 26: The evolution of the bicycle - NTU Singapore | NTU 1 - Th… · THE FIRST BICYCLE The vehicle in the picture was invented by Baron Karl von Drais in 1817. He called it a Zlaufsmachine](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050210/5f5ce5f7a04dfe0b460fbe79/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
The Umbrella Tent!
26
![Page 27: The evolution of the bicycle - NTU Singapore | NTU 1 - Th… · THE FIRST BICYCLE The vehicle in the picture was invented by Baron Karl von Drais in 1817. He called it a Zlaufsmachine](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050210/5f5ce5f7a04dfe0b460fbe79/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
The refrigerator
27
![Page 28: The evolution of the bicycle - NTU Singapore | NTU 1 - Th… · THE FIRST BICYCLE The vehicle in the picture was invented by Baron Karl von Drais in 1817. He called it a Zlaufsmachine](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050210/5f5ce5f7a04dfe0b460fbe79/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Let’s Find a Problem!
28
![Page 29: The evolution of the bicycle - NTU Singapore | NTU 1 - Th… · THE FIRST BICYCLE The vehicle in the picture was invented by Baron Karl von Drais in 1817. He called it a Zlaufsmachine](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050210/5f5ce5f7a04dfe0b460fbe79/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Strategy #1: Bug list
One way to come up with problems is to think of things which have annoyed you.
• Reflect: When was the last time you felt angry / annoyed / frustrated? What was the cause?
• Act: This week, bring a notebook with you wherever you go. Make a note of every time you feel angry or frustrated, or when you see someone else feeling angry or frustrated
29
![Page 30: The evolution of the bicycle - NTU Singapore | NTU 1 - Th… · THE FIRST BICYCLE The vehicle in the picture was invented by Baron Karl von Drais in 1817. He called it a Zlaufsmachine](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050210/5f5ce5f7a04dfe0b460fbe79/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Strategy #2: Newspaper Review
One way to come up with problems is to find out what society is struggling with.
• Act: Read the newspapers (hardcopy or online). Focus on the ‘Home’ or ‘Singapore’ sections.
• Reflect: For each article, think about the problems being faced by the people in the article. Write down these problems in your notebook.
30